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Bluefish
Conservation status
Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Scombriformes
Family:	Pomatomidae Gill, 1863
Genus:	Pomatomus Lacépède, 1802
Species:	P. saltatrix
Binomial name
Pomatomus saltatrix (Linnaeus, 1766)

The bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix) is the only extant species of the family Pomatomidae. It is a marine pelagic fish found around the world in temperate and subtropical waters, except for the northern Pacific Ocean. Bluefish are known as tailor in Australia, elf in South Africa, and shad in Natal. Other common names are blue, chopper, and anchoa. It is a popular gamefish.

The bluefish is a moderately proportioned fish, with a broad, forked tail. The spiny first dorsal fin is normally folded back in a groove, as are its pectoral fins. Coloration is a grayish blue-green dorsally, fading to white on the lower sides and belly. Its single row of teeth in each jaw is uniform in size, knife-edged, and sharp. Bluefish commonly range in size from seven-inch (18-cm) "snappers" to much larger, sometimes weighing as much as 40 lb (18 kg), though fish heavier than 20 lb (9 kg) are exceptional.

Distribution

Bluefish are widely distributed around the world in tropical and subtropical waters. They are found in pelagic waters on much of the continental shelves along eastern America (though not between south Florida and northern South America), Africa, the Mediterranean and Black Seas (and during migration in between), Southeast Asia, and Australia. They are found in a variety of coastal habitats: above the continental shelf, in energetic waters near surf beaches, or by rock headlands. They also enter estuaries and inhabit brackish waters. Periodically, they leave the coasts and migrate in schools through open waters.

Along the U.S. East Coast, bluefish are found off Florida in the winter. By April, they have disappeared, heading north. By June, they may be found off Massachusetts; in years of high abundance, stragglers may be found as far north as Nova Scotia. By October, they leave the waters north of New York City, heading south (whereas some bluefish, perhaps less migratory, are present in the Gulf of Mexico throughout the year). In a similar pattern overall, the economically significant population that spawns in Europe's Black Sea migrates south through Istanbul (Bosphorus, Sea of Marmara, Dardanelles, Aegean Sea) and on toward Turkey's Mediterranean coast in the autumn for the cold season. Along the South African coast and environs, movement patterns are roughly in parallel.

Life history

Adult bluefish are typically between 20 and 60 cm long, with a maximum reported size of 120 cm and 14 kg. They reproduce during spring and summer, and can live up to 9 years. Bluefish fry are zooplankton, and are largely at the mercy of currents. Spent bluefish have been found off east-central Florida, migrating north. As with most marine fish, their spawning habits are not well known. In the western side of the North Atlantic, at least two populations occur, separated by Cape Hatteras in North Carolina. The Gulf Stream can carry fry spawned to the south of Cape Hatteras to the north, and eddies can spin off, carrying them into populations found off the coast of the mid-Atlantic, and the New England states.

Feeding habits

External videos
Bluefish blitz – YouTube
Bluefish Feeding Frenzy – YouTube

Adult bluefish are strong and aggressive, and live in loose groups. They are fast swimmers which prey on schools of forage fish, and continue attacking them in feeding frenzies even after they appear to have eaten their fill. Depending on area and season, they favor menhaden and other sardine-like fish (Clupeidae), jacks (Scombridae), weakfish (Sciaenidae), grunts (Haemulidae), striped anchovies (Engraulidae), shrimp, and squid. They are cannibalistic and can destroy their own young. Bluefish sometimes chase bait through the surf zone, attacking schools in very shallow water, churning the water like a washing machine. This behavior is sometimes referred to as a "bluefish blitz".

In turn, bluefish are preyed upon by larger predators at all stages of their lifecycle. As juveniles, they fall victim to a wide variety of oceanic predators, including striped bass, larger bluefish, fluke (summer flounder), weakfish, tuna, sharks, rays, and dolphins. As adults, bluefish are taken by tuna, sharks, billfish, seals, sea lions, dolphins, porpoises, and many other species.

Bluefish are aggressive and have been known to inflict severe bites on fishermen. Wading or swimming among feeding bluefish schools can be dangerous. In July 2006, a seven-year-old girl was attacked on a beach, near the Spanish town of Alicante, allegedly by a bluefish.

Parasites

As other fish, bluefish harbour a number of parasites. One spectacular parasite is Philometra saltatrix, a philometrid nematode in the ovaries. The females are brownish red and may be as long as 80 mm; the males are very small.

Commercial fisheries

In the U.S., bluefish are landed primarily in recreational fisheries, but important commercial fisheries also exist in temperate and subtropical waters. Bluefish population abundance is typically cyclical, with abundance varying widely over a span of 10 years or more.

Management

Bluefish are highly sought-after sportfish (and restaurant fish in some places) that have been widely overfished across the world's fisheries. Restrictions set forth by management organizations have somewhat helped the species' population stabilize. In the U.S., specifically along the seaboard of the middle Atlantic states, bluefish were at unhealthy levels in the late 1990s, but management resulted in this stocks being fully rebuilt by 2007. In other parts of the world, public awareness efforts, such as bluefish festivals, combined with catch limits, may be having positive effects in reducing the stress on the regional stocks. Some of these efforts are regionally controversial.

Culinary

Bluefish may be grilled, baked, poached, or smoked. Except for the very smallest ones ("snapper blues"), they are generally not fried as they are already very oily.

They are highly valued food fish in the Mediterranean and parts of the Atlantic coast of North America. They are often cooked with acidic ingredients, such as citrus, tomato, or vinegar, or with alcoholic ingredients such as wine or gin. In Turkey, especially in Istanbul, they are a favorite fish for grilling and cooking en papillote, and are finely classified by size.

Because of its fattiness, bluefish goes rancid rapidly, so it is generally not found far from its fisheries, but where it is available, it is often inexpensive. It must be refrigerated and consumed soon after purchase; some recipes call for keeping it in vinegar and wine before cooking, in vina d'alhos or en escabeche. By the same token, it is high in omega-3 fatty acids, but also in mercury and PCBs.

In the United States, increasing quantities of bluefish are hot-smoked, and the smoked product is often combined with cream cheese to make a spread called smoked bluefish pâté, although it is more similar to rillettes.

Other uses

Bluefish are often caught and used as live bait for tuna, shark, or billfish.

Similar species

The bluefish is the only extant species now included in the family Pomatomidae. At one time, gnomefishes were included, but these are now grouped in a separate family, Scombropidae. One extinct relative of the bluefish is Lophar miocaenius, from the Late Miocene of Southern California.

References

1. Template:IUCN
2. CAAB taxon report for Pomatomus saltatrix at the CSIRO
3. Heemstra, Phillip C.; Heemstra, Elaine (2004). Coastal Fishes of Southern Africa. NISC (PTY) LTD. pp. 187–188. ISBN 9781920033019.
4. "Bluefish Identification". Retrieved 2009-02-17.
5. http://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/publications/tm/tm144/tm144.pdf
6. McBride, R. S., Conover, D. O. 1991. Recruitment of young-of-the-year bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix to the New York Bight - variation in abundance and growth of spring-spawned and summer-spawned cohorts. Marine Ecology Progress Series 78(3): 205-216, www.int-res.com/articles/meps/78/m078p205.pdf
7. McBride, R. S., Ross, J. L., Conover, D. O. 1993. Recruitment of bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix to estuaries of the U.S. South Atlantic bight. Fishery Bulletin, U.S. 91(2): 389-395, http://fishbull.noaa.gov/912/mcbride.pdf
8. McBride, R. S., Scherer, M. D., Powell, J. C. 1995. Correlated variations in abundances, size, growth, and loss rates of age-0 bluefish in a southern New England estuary. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 124(6): 898-910, DOI: 10.1577/1548-8659(1995)124<0898:CVIASG>2.3.CO;2
9. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Pomatomus saltatrix". FishBase. March 2006 version.
10. ^ Pomatomus saltatrix (Linnaeus, 1766) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved October 2012.
11. "Pomatomus saltatrix (Bluefish)".
12. "Common Name: Bluefish".
13. "Saving the Sultan of Fish".
14. ^ "Pomatomus Saltatrix".
15. Norcross, J. J., Richardson, S. L., Massmann, W. H., Joseph, E. B. 1974. Development of young bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix and distribution of eggs and young in Virginian coastal waters. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 103:477-497.
16. Ditty, J. G., Shaw, R. F. 1993. http://www.galvestonlab.sefsc.noaa.gov/publications/pdf/832.pdf
17. Kendall, A. W., Jr., Walford, L. A. 1979. Sources and distribution of bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix, larvae and juveniles off the east coast of the United States. Fishery Bulletin, U.S. 77(1): 213-227, http://fishbull.noaa.gov/77-1/kendall.pdf
18. Schultz, Ken (2009) Ken Schultz's Essentials of Fishing John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9780470444313.
19. Lovko, Vincent J. (2008) Pathogenicity of the Purportedly Toxic Dinoflagellates Pfiesteria Piscicida and Pseudopfiesteria Shumwayae and Related Species ProQuest. ISBN 9780549882640.
20. "Un depredador rápido y muy voraz con dientes de sierra (in Spanish)" El País, July 14, 2006
21. Moravec, František; Chaabane, Amira; Neifar, Lassad; Gey, Delphine; Justine, Jean-Lou (2017). "Species of Philometra (Nematoda, Philometridae) from fishes off the Mediterranean coast of Africa, with a description of Philometra rara n. sp. from Hyporthodus haifensis and a molecular analysis of Philometra saltatrix from Pomatomus saltatrix". Parasite. 24: 8. doi:10.1051/parasite/2017008. ISSN 1776-1042.
22. Based on data sourced from the FishStat database
23. "Bluefish_ Status of Fishery Resources off the Northeastern US".
24. Ulanski, Stan (2011) Fishing North Carolina's Outer Banks University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 9780807872079.
25. http://icesjms.oxfordjournals.org/content/64/3/531.full
26. Bluefish FishWatch, NOAA. Retrieved 5 October 2012.
27. "Istanbul Celebrates New Hope for a Favorite Fish With First-Annual 'Lüfer Festival'".
28. ^ Alan Davidson, Mediterranean Seafood, 3rd edition, 2002, ISBN 1580084516, p. 100
29. ^ Fish Market: A Cookbook for Selecting and Preparing Seafood. p. 87. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
30. ^ Alan Davidson, North Atlantic Seafood, 1980, ISBN 0670515248, p. 92-93
31. Julee Rosso, "Herbed Bluefish Flamed with Gin", The Silver Palate Good Times Cookbook, p. 191
32. ^ Sam Sifton, "Smoked Bluefish Pâté", New York Times
33. Florence Fabricant, "Bluefish Escabeche", New York Times Cooking
34. Atlantic Bluefish Fishery Management: Environmental Impact Statement, 11 October 1998, 1:108
35. Roger Berkowitz, Jane Doerfer, "Smoked Bluefish Pâté", The New Legal Sea Foods Cookbook, 2003, ISBN 0767906918, p. 70
36. Florence Fabricant, "Rillettes of Fish? Traditional Dish Sheds Some Fat", New York Times, June 5, 1985, p. 1 full text

Further reading

• "Pomatomus saltatrix". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 30 January 2006.
• Bluefish NOAA FishWatch. Retrieved 4 November 2012.

External links

• Pomatomus saltatrix, The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
• Bluefish or Tailor video on Youtube
• Tailor in Australian Marine Reserve on Youtube
• FishBase info for Pomatomidae
• Encyclopedia of Life
• Life history of the bluefish
• Photo of a large bluefish
• Fisheries Western Australia Tailor Fact Sheet
• Bluefish feast in Italy

• IUCN Red List vulnerable species
• Pomatomidae
• Marine edible fish
• Fish of Africa
• Fish of Asia
• Fish of Europe
• Fish of North America
• Fish of Australia
• Fish of the United States
• Fly fishing target species
• Fish of the Atlantic Ocean
• Fish described in 1766