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Cupressus pigmaea
Conservation status
Vulnerable  (IUCN 2.3)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Division:	Pinophyta
Class:	Pinopsida
Order:	Pinales
Family:	Cupressaceae
Genus:	Cupressus
Species:	C. pigmaea
Binomial name
Cupressus pigmaea (Lemmon) Sarg.

Cupressus pigmaea (Mendocino Cypress) is a taxon of disputed status in the genus Cupressus endemic to certain coastal terraces and coastal mountain ranges of Mendocino and Sonoma Counties in northwestern California. It is a highly variable tree, and closely related to Cupressus goveniana, enough to sometimes be considered a subspecies of it.

Taxonomic status

Some authors treat Cupressus pigmaea as a distinct species following Sargent, including Wolf (1948), Griffin & Critchfield (1976), and Lanner (1999), while others treat it within Cupressus goveniana as either a variety (C. goveniana var. pigmaea Lemmon) or a subspecies (C. goveniana subsp. pigmaea (Lemmon) A.Camus), including Camus (1914), the Jepson Manual (1993) and Bartel (1991), and yet others do not distinguish it at all within C. goveniana, including the Flora of North America and Farjon (2005). It has also recently been transferred in one study to the genus Callitropsis as Callitropsis pigmaea (Lemmon) D. P. Little. Bartel, Farjon and most current dictionary sources recognize the name Cupressus pigmaea as the preferred taxonomic name. One of the most complex modern genetic characterizations of the Cupressaceae has been published by Little et. al in 2004, in which the designation Cupressus pigmaea is given.

The scientific name is sometimes spelled pygmaea, though this is an orthographic error.

Morphology

It is very variable in growth form, depending on soil conditions. In the pygmy forest plant community on poor, acidic, nutrient-starved podsol soils with drainage impeded by an iron hardpan, it is a stunted tree from 0.2–5 meters in height at maturity. Conversely, on deep, well-drained soils it can be a large tree up to 30–50 meters in height and 1–2.4 m in trunk diameter. The bark is dark gray-brown, with stringy texture, and fissured on old trees. When occurring in its pygmy form, it is sometimes called Pygmy Cypress.

The foliage is a dull dark to light green color, with scale-like leaves 1-1.5 mm long, with the leaf tips not spreading; seedlings bear needle-like leaves 8-10 mm long. The cones are small, 11-24 mm long, and almost spherical, with six or eight scales arranged in opposite decussate pairs, with the bract visible as no more than a small lump or short spine on the scale. The seeds are 3-5 mm long, with a pair of small wings along the sides. The cones remain closed on the trees for many years, until the trees are killed by a forest fire; after the tree is dead, the cones open to release the seeds which can then germinate successfully on the bare fire-cleared ground.

It barely differs from C. goveniana in morphology, with the most conspicuous difference in herbarium material being the usually glossy black seeds, unlike the dull brown seeds of C. goveniana, but even this character is not constant, with dull brown seeds found in the southernmos populations of C. pigmaea near Point Arena. Preliminary genetic studies have shown some differences, with notably some plastid sequences (matK, rbcL, and trnL) suggesting a possible closer relationship to C. macrocarpa, though other sequences confirm its close relationship to C. goveniana. In cultivation together with C. goveniana, it retains a very different crown shape, with a tall slender crown, contrasting with the broad, shrubby crown of C. goveniana; it also has darker green foliage (paler, yellow-green in C. goveniana).

The largest recorded specimen is located in Mendocino County, with recorded dimensions of 43 m height, 2.13 m diameter, and 12 m crown spread, in 2000.

Distribution

Mendocino Cypress occurs in very limited ranges within only Mendocino County and Sonoma County, on some of the historical lands of the Yuki Native American people. In Mendocino County the occurrence is in a discontinuous coastal terrace strip, primarily as a pygmy forest associated with Bishop Pine (Pinus muricata) and Mendocino Shore Pine (P. contorta var. bolanderi). Occurences are typically below 500 m in elevation. The Mendocino County official soils survey states that "While not formally recognized as a major forest cover type, the coastal portion of the survey area also includes Bishop Pine and Mendocino Cypress (pygmy) forest types."

There are sizeable pygmy forest areas on the northwest facing slopes and more level inner plateaus of Hood Mountain, with the predominant species being Mendocino Cypress associated with several Arctostaphylos species and coyote brush (Baccharis pilularis). The usual height of pygmy forest is 3-5 meters and these patches of relatively dense scrublands extend for one to two kilometers in patch size. In the period approximating ten million years ago, C. pigmaea may have dominated the recently uplifted Mayacmas Mountains, when the climate was moister.

It is separated from the C. goveniana of Monterey County by a gap of about 250 km, and from the also closely related C. abramsiana by a approximately 200 km.

Productivity

Along the Mendocino coastal terraces, whose geological age is approximately one million years, studies have been conducted of the biomass density and primary productivity of the Cupressus pigmaea-dominated pygmy forest. The terraces in this area extend a full five to ten kilometers inland from the Pacific Ocean.

In the Mendocino Cypress pygmy forests biomass was measured to range between 1.6 and 4.4 kilograms per square meter aboveground; moreover, net primary productivity was found to measure 180 to 360 grams per square meter per annum above the ground surface. Mean below-ground values are 3.5 kilograms biomass per square meter, productivity being 402 grams per meter per annum. The leaf-area ratio of the pygmy forest was estimated as 2.1 grams per square meter implying a high production efficiency per unit leaf area for an evergreen community (150 grams per meter aboveground ). According to Westman, productiviy of the C. pigmaea forest lie within the range expected for open, dry woodlands. A similar community for which data is available is a pygmy conifer-oak scrubland in southern Arizona.

References

1. Sargent, C. S. (1991). New or Little Known North American Trees. III. Botanical Gazette (Crawfordsville) 31 (4): 239.
2. ^ Wolf, C. B. & Wagener, W. E. (1948). The New World cypresses. El Aliso 1: 195-205.
3. ^ Griffin, J. R., & Critchfield, W. B. (1976). The Distribution of Forest Trees in California. USDA Forest Service Research Paper PSW-82.
4. ^ Lanner, R. M. (1999). Conifers of California. Cachuma Press, Los Olivos, California ISBN 0-9628505-3-5.
5. Lemmon, J. G. (1895). West-American Cone-Bearers. 3rd ed.
6. ^ Earle, C. J. 2005-06-14. Gymnosperm Database: Cupressus goveniana var. pigmaea
7. Camus, A. (1914). Les Cyprès. Encyclopédie Économique de Sylviculture 2: 50
8. ^ Jepson Flora Project (1993): C. goveniana subsp. pygmaea
9. Bartel, J. A. (1991). Nomenclatural changes in Dudleya (Crassulaceae) and Cupressus (Cupressaceae). Phytologia 70 (4): 229-230 ISSN 0031-9430
10. Eckenwalder, J. E. (1993) Flora of North America: Cupressus goveniana
11. ^ Farjon, A. (2005). A Monograph of Cupressaceae and Sciadopityaceae. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ISBN 1-900347-54-7.
12. ^ Little, D. P. (2006). Evolution and circumscription of the true Cypresses. Systematic Botany 31 (3): 461-480. ISSN 1548-2324
13. "Woodland Management and Productivity". Soil Survey of Mendocino County, California, Western Part. National Cooperative Soil Survey. 1993. Retrieved 2006-11-23.
14. Hogan, C. M. (2005). Ecology of the southern Mayacmas Range. Lumina Technologies, Santa Rosa, California.
15. Westman, W. E. & Whittaker, R. H. (1975). The Pygmy Forest Region of Northern California: Studies on Biomass and Primary Productivity. Journal of Ecology 63 (2): 493-520. ISSN 0022-0477.

• IUCN Red List vulnerable species
• Cupressaceae
• Flora of California