Misplaced Pages

Iraq War

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Ecpiandy (talk | contribs) at 23:31, 5 July 2019 (cleanup intro). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Revision as of 23:31, 5 July 2019 by Ecpiandy (talk | contribs) (cleanup intro)(diff) ← Previous revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff) This article is about the war that started in 2003. For the initial invasion, see 2003 invasion of Iraq. For the entire conflict from 2003 to the present, see Iraq conflict (2003–present). For other wars in Iraq, see Iraq War (disambiguation). War which started on 20 March 2003, based in Iraq

Iraq War
Part of the Iraqi conflict and the War on Terror

Clockwise from top: U.S. troops at Uday and Qusay Hussein's hideout; insurgents in northern Iraq; an Iraqi insurgent firing a MANPADS; the toppling of the Saddam Hussein statue in Firdos Square
Date20 March 2003 – 18 December 2011 (2011-12-18)
(8 years and 8 or 9 months)
LocationIraq
Result
Belligerents

Invasion phase (2003)
 United States
 United Kingdom
 Australia
 Poland
Peshmerga

Supported by:
 Canada
 Netherlands
Invasion phase (2003)
 Iraq

Post-invasion
(2003–11)
 United States
 United Kingdom

MNF–I
(2003–09)

New Iraqi government

Supported by:
Iran Iran
 Iraqi Kurdistan

Post-invasion (2003–11)
Ba'ath loyalists


Sunni insurgents


Shia insurgents

supported by:
 Iran


For fighting between insurgent groups, see Sectarian violence in Iraq (2006–08).
Commanders and leaders
Ayad Allawi
Ibrahim al-Jaafari
Nouri al-Maliki
Ricardo Sanchez
George W. Casey, Jr.
David Petraeus
Raymond T. Odierno
Lloyd Austin
George W. Bush
Barack Obama
Tommy Franks
Donald Rumsfeld
Robert Gates
Tony Blair
Gordon Brown
David Cameron
John Howard
Kevin Rudd
Silvio Berlusconi
Walter Natynczyk
José María Aznar
Anders Fogh Rasmussen
Aleksander Kwaśniewski

Ba'ath Party
Saddam Hussein (POW)
Izzat Ibrahim ad-Douri
Iraq Qusay Hussein 
Iraq Uday Hussein 
Iraq Abid Hamid Mahmud (POW)
Iraq Ali Hassan al-Majid (POW)
Iraq Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti (POW)
Iraq Taha Yasin Ramadan (POW)
Iraq Tariq Aziz (POW)
Iraq Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed


Sunni insurgency
Abu Musab al-Zarqawi 
Abu Ayyub al-Masri 
Abu Omar al-Baghdadi 
Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
File:IAILogo.png Ishmael Jubouri
Abu Abdullah al-Shafi'i (POW)


Shia insurgency
Muqtada al-Sadr
Abu Deraa
File:Asa'ib Ahl Al-Haq flag.png Qais al-Khazali
Akram al-Kaabi

Strength

Invasion forces (2003)
309,000
 United States: 192,000
 United Kingdom: 45,000
 Australia: 2,000
 Poland: 194
Kurdistan Region Peshmerga: 70,000


Coalition forces (2004–09)
176,000 at peak
United States Forces – Iraq (2010–11)
112,000 at activation
Security contractors 6,000–7,000 (estimate)
Iraqi security forces
805,269 (military and paramilitary: 578,269, police: 227,000)

Awakening militias
≈103,000 (2008)
Iraqi Kurdistan
≈400,000 (Kurdish Border Guard: 30,000, Peshmerga 375,000)

Iraqi Armed Forces: 375,000 (disbanded in 2003)
Special Iraqi Republican Guard: 12,000
Iraqi Republican Guard: 70,000–75,000
Fedayeen Saddam: 30,000


Sunni Insurgents
≈70,000 (2007)
al-Qaeda
≈1,300 (2006)

Islamic State of Iraq
≈1,000 (2008)
Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order
≈500–1,000 (2007)
Casualties and losses

Iraqi security forces (post-Saddam)
Killed: 17,690
Wounded: 40,000+
Coalition forces
Killed: 4,815 (4,496 U.S., 179 UK, 139 other)
Missing/captured (U.S.): 17 (8 rescued, 9 died in captivity)
Wounded: 32,776+ (32,252 U.S., 315 UK, 212+ other) Injured/diseases/other medical*: 51,139 (47,541 U.S., 3,598 UK)
Contractors
Killed: 1,554
Wounded & injured: 43,880
Awakening Councils
Killed: 1,002+
Wounded: 500+ (2007), 828 (2008)

Total dead: 25,285 (+12,000 policemen killed 2003–2005)""
Total wounded: 117,961

Iraqi combatant dead (invasion period): 7,600–10,800
Insurgents (post-Saddam)
Killed: 26,544 (2003–11)
Detainees: 12,000 (Iraqi-held)

Total dead: 34,144–37,344

Estimated deaths:
Lancet survey** (March 2003 – July 2006): 654,965 (95% CI: 392,979–942,636)
Iraq Family Health Survey*** (March 2003 – July 2006): 151,000 (95% CI: 104,000–223,000)
PLOS Medicine Study**: (March 2003 – June 2011): 405,000 (95% CI: 48,000–751,000), in addition to 55,000 deaths missed due to emigration.

Documented deaths from violence:
Iraq Body Count (2003 – 14 December 2011): 103,160–113,728 civilian deaths recorded, and 12,438 new deaths added from the Iraq War Logs
Associated Press (March 2003 – April 2009): 110,600

For more information see: Casualties of the Iraq War
* "injured, diseased, or other medical": required medical air transport. UK number includes "aeromed evacuations".
** Total excess deaths include all additional deaths due to increased lawlessness, degraded infrastructure, poorer healthcare, etc.
*** Violent deaths only – does not include excess deaths due to increased lawlessness, poorer healthcare, etc.
Iraq War (Outline)
Timeline

Invasion (2003)

Post-invasion insurgency (2003–2006)

Civil war (2006–2008)

Insurgency (2008–2011)

List of bombings during the Iraq War
indicates attacks resulting in over 100 deaths
§ indicates the deadliest attack in the Iraq War
This list only includes major attacks.
2003
1st Baghdad
2nd Baghdad
Najaf
3rd Baghdad
1st Nasiriyah
1st Karbala
2004
1st Erbil
Ashoura
1st Basra
1st Mosul
4th Baghdad
5th Baghdad
Karbala & Najaf
1st Baqubah
Kufa
Marez
2005
Suwaira bombing
1st Al Hillah
2nd Erbil
Musayyib
6th Baghdad
7th Baghdad
1st Balad
Khanaqin
2006
Karbala-Ramadi
1st Samarra
8th Baghdad
9th Baghdad
10th Baghdad
2007
11th Baghdad
12th Baghdad
13th Baghdad
14th Baghdad
15th Baghdad
2nd Al Hillah
1st Tal Afar
16th Baghdad
17th Baghdad
2nd & 3rd Karbala
2nd Mosul
18th Baghdad
Makhmour
Abu Sayda
2nd Samarra
19th Baghdad
Amirli
1st Kirkuk
20th Baghdad
21st Baghdad
§ Qahtaniya
Amarah
2008
22nd Baghdad
2nd Balad
23rd Baghdad
4th Karbala
24th Baghdad
Karmah
2nd Baqubah
Dujail
Balad Ruz
2009
25th Baghdad
26th Baghdad
Baghdad-Muqdadiyah
Taza
27th Baghdad
2nd Kirkuk
2nd Tal Afar
28th Baghdad
29th Baghdad
30th Baghdad
2010
31st Baghdad
32nd Baghdad
3rd Baqubah
33rd Baghdad
34th Baghdad
35th Baghdad
1st Pan-Iraq
36th Baghdad
37th Baghdad
2nd Pan-Iraq
38th Baghdad
39th Baghdad
40th Baghdad
2011
41st Baghdad
3rd Pan-Iraq
Karbala-Baghdad
42nd Baghdad
Tikrit
3rd Al Hillah
3rd Samarra
Al Diwaniyah
Taji
4th Pan-Iraq
43rd Baghdad
4th Karbala
44th Baghdad
2nd Basra
45th Baghdad
Persian Gulf Wars

The Iraq War was a protracted armed conflict that began in 2003 with the invasion of Iraq by a United States-led coalition that overthrew the government of Saddam Hussein. The conflict continued for much of the next decade as an insurgency emerged to oppose the occupying forces and the post-invasion Iraqi government. An estimated 151,000 to 600,000 or more Iraqis were killed in the first three to four years of conflict. In 2009, official US troops were withdrawn, but American soldiers continued to remain on the ground fighting in Iraq, hired by defence contractors and private military companies. The U.S. became re-involved in 2014 at the head of a new coalition; the insurgency and many dimensions of the civil armed conflict continue. The invasion occurred as part of a declared war against international terrorism and its sponsors under the administration of U.S. President George W. Bush following the unrelated September 11 terrorist attacks.

In October 2002, Congress authorized President George W. Bush to use military force against Iraq should he choose to. The Iraq war began on 19 March 2003, when the U.S., joined by the U.K. and several coalition allies, launched a "shock and awe" bombing campaign. Iraqi forces were quickly overwhelmed as U.S. forces swept through the country. The invasion led to the collapse of the Ba'athist government; Saddam was captured during Operation Red Dawn in December of that same year and executed by a military court three years later. However, the power vacuum following Saddam's demise and the mismanagement of the occupation led to widespread sectarian violence between Shias and Sunnis, as well as a lengthy insurgency against U.S. and coalition forces. Many violent insurgent groups were supported by Iran and al-Qaeda in Iraq. The United States responded with a troop surge in 2007, a build up of 170,000 troops. The surge in troops gave greater security to Iraq’s government and military, and was largely a success. The winding down of U.S. involvement in Iraq accelerated under President Barack Obama. The U.S. formally withdrew all combat troops from Iraq by December 2011.

The Bush administration based its rationale for the war principally on the assertion that Iraq, which had been viewed by the U.S. as a rogue state since the 1990–1991 Gulf War, supposedly possessed an active weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) program, and that the Iraqi government posed a threat to the United States and its coalition allies. Some U.S. officials falsely accused Saddam of harbouring and supporting al-Qaeda, while others cited the desire to end a repressive dictatorship and bring democracy to the people of Iraq. In 2004, the 9/11 Commission said there was no evidence of an operational relationship between the Saddam Hussein regime and Al Qaeda. No stockpiles of WMDs or an active WMD program were ever found in Iraq. Bush administration officials made numerous assertions about a purported Saddam-Al-Qaeda relationship and WMDs that were based on sketchy evidence, and which intelligence officials pushed back on. The rationale of U.S. pre-war intelligence faced heavy criticism both domestically and internationally. The Chilcot Report, a British inquiry into its decision to go to war, was published in 2016 and concluded military action may have been necessary but was not the last resort at the time and that the consequences of invasion were underestimated.

In the aftermath of the invasion, Iraq held multi-party elections in 2005. Nouri al-Maliki became Prime Minister in 2006 and remained in office until 2014. The al-Maliki government enacted policies that were widely seen as having the effect of alienating the country's Sunni minority and worsening sectarian tensions. In the summer of 2014, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) launched a military offensive in Northern Iraq and declared a worldwide Islamic caliphate, eliciting another military response from the United States and its allies. The Iraq War caused over a hundred thousand civilian deaths and tens of thousands of military deaths (see estimates below). The majority of deaths occurred as a result of the insurgency and civil conflicts between 2004 and 2007.

Background

Main articles: Lead-up to the Iraq War and Rationale for the Iraq War See also: Iraq and weapons of mass destruction and Iraq disarmament crisis

Strong international opposition to the Saddam Hussein regime began after Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990. The international community condemned the invasion, and in 1991 a military coalition led by the United States launched the Gulf War to expel Iraq from Kuwait. Following the Gulf War, the US and its allies tried to keep Saddam in check with a policy of containment. This policy involved numerous economic sanctions by the UN Security Council; the enforcement of Iraqi no-fly zones declared by the US and the UK to protect the Kurds in Iraqi Kurdistan and Shias in the south from aerial attacks by the Iraqi government; and ongoing inspections to ensure Iraq's compliance with United Nations resolutions concerning Iraqi weapons of mass destruction.

A UN weapons inspector in Iraq, 2002

The inspections were carried out by the United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM). UNSCOM, in cooperation with the International Atomic Energy Agency, worked to ensure that Iraq destroyed its chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons and facilities. In the decade following the Gulf War, the United Nations passed 16 Security Council resolutions calling for the complete elimination of Iraqi weapons of mass destruction. Member states communicated their frustration over the years that Iraq was impeding the work of the special commission and failing to take seriously its disarmament obligations. Iraqi officials harassed the inspectors and obstructed their work, and in August 1998 the Iraqi government suspended cooperation with the inspectors completely, alleging that the inspectors were spying for the US. The spying allegations were later substantiated.

In October 1998, removing the Iraqi government became official U.S. foreign policy with enactment of the Iraq Liberation Act. The act provided $97 million for Iraqi "democratic opposition organizations" to "establish a program to support a transition to democracy in Iraq." This legislation contrasted with the terms set out in United Nations Security Council Resolution 687, which focused on weapons and weapons programs and made no mention of regime change. One month after the passage of the Iraq Liberation Act, the US and UK launched a bombardment campaign of Iraq called Operation Desert Fox. The campaign's express rationale was to hamper Saddam Hussein's government's ability to produce chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons, but U.S. intelligence personnel also hoped it would help weaken Saddam's grip on power.

Following the election of George W. Bush as president in 2000, the US moved towards a more aggressive Iraq policy. The Republican Party's campaign platform in the 2000 election called for "full implementation" of the Iraq Liberation Act as "a starting point" in a plan to "remove" Saddam. However, little formal movement towards an invasion occurred until the 11 September attacks.

Pre-war events

Main articles: Preparations for 2003 invasion of Iraq and Failed Iraqi peace initiatives

After 9/11, the Bush Administration national security team actively debated an invasion of Iraq. On the day of the attacks, Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld asked his aides for: "best info fast. Judge whether good enough hit Saddam Hussein at same time. Not only Osama bin Laden." President Bush spoke with Rumsfeld on 21 November and instructed him to conduct a confidential review of OPLAN 1003, the war plan for invading Iraq. Rumsfeld met with General Tommy Franks, the commander of U.S. Central Command, on 27 November to go over the plans. A record of the meeting includes the question "How start?", listing multiple possible justifications for a U.S.–Iraq War. The rationale for invading Iraq as a response to 9/11 has been widely questioned, as there was no cooperation between Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda.

Excerpt from Donald Rumsfeld memo dated 27 November 2001

President Bush began laying the public groundwork for an invasion of Iraq in the January 2002 State of the Union address, calling Iraq a member of the Axis of Evil, and saying "The United States of America will not permit the world's most dangerous regimes to threaten us with the world's most destructive weapons." Bush said this and made many other dire allegations about the threat of Iraqi weapons of mass destruction despite the fact that the Bush administration knew that Iraq had no nuclear weapons and had no information about whether Iraq had biological weapons. He began formally making his case to the international community for an invasion of Iraq in his 12 September 2002 address to the UN Security Council. However, a September 5, 2002 report from Major General Glen Shaffer revealed that the Joint Chiefs of Staff's J2 Intelligence Directorate had concluded that the United States' knowledge on different aspects of the Iraqi WMD program ranged from essentially zero to about 75%, and that knowledge was particularly weak on aspects of a possible nuclear weapons program: "Our knowledge of the Iraqi nuclear weapons program is based largely – perhaps 90% – on analysis of imprecise intelligence," they concluded. "Our assessments rely heavily on analytic assumptions and judgment rather than hard evidence. The evidentiary base is particularly sparse for Iraqi nuclear programs."

Key U.S. allies in NATO, such as the United Kingdom, agreed with the US actions, while France and Germany were critical of plans to invade Iraq, arguing instead for continued diplomacy and weapons inspections. After considerable debate, the UN Security Council adopted a compromise resolution, UN Security Council Resolution 1441, which authorized the resumption of weapons inspections and promised "serious consequences" for non-compliance. Security Council members France and Russia made clear that they did not consider these consequences to include the use of force to overthrow the Iraqi government. The US and UK ambassadors to the UN publicly confirmed this reading of the resolution.

Resolution 1441 set up inspections by the United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC) and the International Atomic Energy Agency. Saddam accepted the resolution on 13 November and inspectors returned to Iraq under the direction of UNMOVIC chairman Hans Blix and IAEA Director General Mohamed ElBaradei. As of February 2003, the IAEA "found no evidence or plausible indication of the revival of a nuclear weapons program in Iraq"; the IAEA concluded that certain items which could have been used in nuclear enrichment centrifuges, such as aluminum tubes, were in fact intended for other uses. In March 2003, Blix said progress had been made in inspections, and no evidence of WMD had been found.

In October 2002, the US Congress passed the "Iraq Resolution", which authorized the President to "use any means necessary" against Iraq. Americans polled in January 2003 widely favored further diplomacy over an invasion. Later that year, however, Americans began to agree with Bush's plan (see popular opinion in the United States on the invasion of Iraq). The US government engaged in an elaborate domestic public relations campaign to market the war to its citizens. Americans overwhelmingly believed Saddam did have weapons of mass destruction: 85% said so, even though the inspectors had not uncovered those weapons. By February 2003, 64% of Americans supported taking military action to remove Saddam from power.

United States Secretary of State Colin Powell holding a model vial of anthrax while giving a presentation to the United Nations Security Council

On 5 February 2003, Secretary of State Colin Powell appeared before the UN to present evidence that Iraq was hiding unconventional weapons. However, Powell's presentation included information based on the claims of Rafid Ahmed Alwan al-Janabi, codenamed "Curveball", an Iraqi emigrant living in Germany who later admitted that his claims had been false. Powell also presented evidence alleging Iraq had ties to al-Qaeda. As a follow-up to Powell's presentation, the United States, United Kingdom, Poland, Italy, Australia, Denmark, Japan, and Spain proposed a resolution authorizing the use of force in Iraq, but NATO members like Canada, France, and Germany, together with Russia, strongly urged continued diplomacy. Facing a losing vote as well as a likely veto from France and Russia, the US, UK, Poland, Spain, Denmark, Italy, Japan, and Australia eventually withdrew their resolution.

From the left: French President Jacques Chirac, U.S. President George W. Bush, UK Prime Minister Tony Blair and Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi. Chirac was against the invasion, the other three leaders were in favor.

In March 2003, the United States, United Kingdom, Poland, Australia, Spain, Denmark, and Italy began preparing for the invasion of Iraq with a host of public relations and military moves. In an address to the nation on 17 March 2003, Bush demanded that Saddam and his two sons, Uday and Qusay, surrender and leave Iraq, giving them a 48-hour deadline.

The UK House of Commons held a debate on going to war on 18 March 2003 where the government motion was approved 412 to 149. The vote was a key moment in the history of the Blair administration, as the number of government MPs who rebelled against the vote was the greatest since the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846. Three government ministers resigned in protest at the war, John Denham, Lord Hunt of Kings Heath, and the then Leader of the House of Commons Robin Cook.

Opposition to invasion

Further information: criticism of the Iraq War, legitimacy of the 2003 invasion of Iraq, legality of the Iraq War, and Protests against the Iraq War

In October 2002, former U.S. President Bill Clinton warned about possible dangers of pre-emptive military action against Iraq. Speaking in the UK at a Labour Party conference he said: "As a preemptive action today, however well-justified, may come back with unwelcome consequences in the future.... I don't care how precise your bombs and your weapons are, when you set them off, innocent people will die." Of 209 House Democrats in Congress, 126 voted against the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002, although 29 of 50 Democrats in the Senate voted in favor of it. Only one Republican Senator, Lincoln Chafee, voted against it. The Senate's lone Independent, Jim Jeffords, voted against it. Sen. Jim Webb wrote shortly before the vote, "Those who are pushing for a unilateral war in Iraq know full well that there is no exit strategy if we invade."

In the same period, Pope John Paul II publicly condemned the military intervention. During a private meeting, he also said directly to George W. Bush: "Mr. President, you know my opinion about the war in Iraq. Let's talk about something else. Every violence, against one or a million, is a blasphemy addressed to the image and likeness of God."

Anti-war protest in London, September 2002. Organised by the British Stop the War Coalition, up to 400,000 took part in the protest.

On 20 January 2003, French Foreign Minister Dominique de Villepin declared "we believe that military intervention would be the worst solution". Meanwhile, anti-war groups across the world organized public protests. According to French academic Dominique Reynié, between 3 January and 12 April 2003, 36 million people across the globe took part in almost 3,000 protests against war in Iraq, with demonstrations on 15 February 2003 being the largest. Nelson Mandela voiced his opposition in late January, stating "All that (Mr. Bush) wants is Iraqi oil," and questioning if Bush deliberately undermined the U.N. "because the secretary-general of the United Nations a black man".

In February 2003, the US Army's top general, Eric Shinseki, told the Senate Armed Services Committee that it would take "several hundred thousand soldiers" to secure Iraq. Two days later, U.S. Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld said the post-war troop commitment would be less than the number of troops required to win the war, and that "the idea that it would take several hundred thousand U.S. forces is far from the mark." Deputy Defense Secretary Paul Wolfowitz said Shinseki's estimate was "way off the mark," because other countries would take part in an occupying force.

Germany's Foreign Secretary Joschka Fischer, although having been in favour of stationing German troops in Afghanistan, advised Federal Chancellor Schröder not to join the war in Iraq. Fischer famously confronted United States Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld at the 39th Munich Security Conference in 2003 on the secretary's purported evidence for Iraq's possession of weapons of mass destruction: "Excuse me, I am not convinced!"

There were serious legal questions surrounding the launching of the war against Iraq and the Bush Doctrine of preemptive war in general. On 16 September 2004, Kofi Annan, the Secretary General of the United Nations, said of the invasion, "I have indicated it was not in conformity with the UN Charter. From our point of view, from the Charter point of view, it was illegal."

In November 2008 Lord Bingham, the former British Law Lord, described the war as a serious violation of international law, and accused Britain and the United States of acting like a "world vigilante". He also criticized the post-invasion record of Britain as "an occupying power in Iraq". Regarding the treatment of Iraqi detainees in Abu Ghraib, Bingham said: "Particularly disturbing to proponents of the rule of law is the cynical lack of concern for international legality among some top officials in the Bush administration." In July 2010, Deputy Prime Minister of the UK Nick Clegg, in an official PMQs session in Parliament, condemned the invasion of Iraq as illegal.

2003: Invasion

Main articles: 2003 invasion of Iraq, 2003 in Iraq, Timeline of the 2003 invasion of Iraq, and List of people associated with the 2003 invasion of Iraq See also: Coalition military operations of the Iraq War, Iraq War order of battle, and Al Anbar campaign
Destroyed remains of Iraqi tanks near Al Qadisiyah
US Marines escort captured enemy prisoners to a holding area in the desert of Iraq on 21 March 2003.
U.S. soldiers at the Hands of Victory monument in Baghdad

The first Central Intelligence Agency team entered Iraq on 10 July 2002. This team was composed of members of the CIA's Special Activities Division and was later joined by members of the US military's elite Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC). Together, they prepared for the invasion of conventional forces. These efforts consisted of persuading the commanders of several Iraqi military divisions to surrender rather than oppose the invasion, and identifying all the initial leadership targets during very high risk reconnaissance missions.

Most importantly, their efforts organized the Kurdish Peshmerga to become the northern front of the invasion. Together this force defeated Ansar al-Islam in Iraqi Kurdistan before the invasion and then defeated the Iraqi army in the north. The battle against Ansar al-Islam, known as Operation Viking Hammer, led to the death of a substantial number of militants and the uncovering of a chemical weapons facility at Sargat.

At 5:34 a.m. Baghdad time on 20 March 2003 (9:34 pm, 19 March EST) the surprise military invasion of Iraq began. There was no declaration of war. The 2003 invasion of Iraq, led by U.S. Army General Tommy Franks, under the code-name "Operation Iraqi Freedom", the UK code-name Operation Telic, and the Australian code-name Operation Falconer. Coalition forces also cooperated with Kurdish Peshmerga forces in the north. Approximately forty other governments, the "Coalition of the Willing," participated by providing troops, equipment, services, security, and special forces, with 248,000 soldiers from the United States, 45,000 British soldiers, 2,000 Australian soldiers and 194 Polish soldiers from Special Forces unit GROM sent to Kuwait for the invasion. The invasion force was also supported by Iraqi Kurdish militia troops, estimated to number upwards of 70,000.

Iraqi tank on Highway 27 destroyed in April 2003

According to General Tommy Franks, there were eight objectives of the invasion, "First, ending the regime of Saddam Hussein. Second, to identify, isolate, and eliminate Iraq's weapons of mass destruction. Third, to search for, to capture, and to drive out terrorists from that country. Fourth, to collect such intelligence as we can relate to terrorist networks. Fifth, to collect such intelligence as we can relate to the global network of illicit weapons of mass destruction. Sixth, to end sanctions and to immediately deliver humanitarian support to the displaced and to many needy Iraqi citizens. Seventh, to secure Iraq's oil fields and resources, which belong to the Iraqi people. And last, to help the Iraqi people create conditions for a transition to a representative self-government."

The invasion was a quick and decisive operation encountering major resistance, though not what the U.S., British and other forces expected. The Iraqi regime had prepared to fight both a conventional and irregular, asymmetric warfare at the same time, conceding territory when faced with superior conventional forces, largely armored, but launching smaller scale attacks in the rear using fighters dressed in civilian and paramilitary clothes.

Map of the invasion routes and major operations/battles of the Iraq War through 2007

Coalition troops launched air and amphibious assault on the Al-Faw peninsula to secure the oil fields there and the important ports, supported by warships of the Royal Navy, Polish Navy, and Royal Australian Navy. The United States Marine Corps' 15th  Marine Expeditionary Unit, attached to 3 Commando Brigade and the Polish Special Forces unit GROM attacked the port of Umm Qasr, while the British Army's 16 Air Assault Brigade secured the oil fields in southern Iraq.

The heavy armor of the U.S. 3rd Infantry Division moved westward and then northward through the western desert toward Baghdad, while the 1st Marine Expeditionary Force moved more easterly along Highway 1 through the center of the country, and 1 (UK) Armoured Division moved northward through the eastern marshland. The U.S. 1st Marine Division fought through Nasiriyah in a battle to seize the major road junction. The United States Army 3rd Infantry Division defeated Iraqi forces entrenched in and around Talil Airfield.

With the Nasiriyah and Talil Airfields secured in its rear, the 3rd Infantry Division supported by the 101st Airborne Division continued its attack north toward Najaf and Karbala, but a severe sand storm slowed the coalition advance and there was a halt to consolidate and make sure the supply lines were secure. When they started again they secured the Karbala Gap, a key approach to Baghdad, then secured the bridges over the Euphrates River, and U.S. forces poured through the gap on to Baghdad. In the middle of Iraq, the 1st Marine Division fought its way to the eastern side of Baghdad, and prepared for the attack into Baghdad to seize it.

photograph of three Marines entering a partially destroyed stone palace with a mural of Arabic script
U.S. Marines from 1st Battalion 7th Marines enter a palace during the Fall of Baghdad.

On 9 April, Baghdad fell, ending Saddam's 24‑year rule. U.S. forces seized the deserted Ba'ath Party ministries and, according to some reports later disputed by the Marines on the ground, stage-managed the tearing down of a huge iron statue of Saddam, photos and video of which became symbolic of the event, although later controversial. Allegedly, though not seen in the photos or heard on the videos, shot with a zoom lens, was the chant of the inflamed crowd for Muqtada al-Sadr, the radical Shiite cleric. The abrupt fall of Baghdad was accompanied by a widespread outpouring of gratitude toward the invaders, but also massive civil disorder, including the looting of public and government buildings and drastically increased crime.

According to the Pentagon, 250,000 short tons (230,000 t) (of 650,000 short tons (590,000 t) total) of ordnance was looted, providing a significant source of ammunition for the Iraqi insurgency. The invasion phase concluded when Tikrit, Saddam's home town, fell with little resistance to the U.S. Marines of Task Force Tripoli.

In the invasion phase of the war (19 March – 30 April), an estimated 9,200 Iraqi combatants were killed by coalition forces along with an estimated 3,750 non-combatants, i.e. civilians who did not take up arms. Coalition forces reported the death in combat of 139 U.S. military personnel and 33 UK military personnel.

2003–2011: Post-invasion phase

Main article: History of Iraq (2003–2011) Further information: Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)

2003: Beginnings of insurgency

A Marine Corps M1 Abrams tank patrols a Baghdad street after its fall in 2003 during Operation Iraqi Freedom.
The humvee Staff Sgt. Michael F. Barrett, military policeman, Marine Wing Support Squadron 373, was riding when it was struck by an improvised explosive device attack in Iraq 29 September 2004. Barrett was severely injured in the attack and is still recovering from his wounds.
Polish GROM forces in sea operations during Operation Iraqi Freedom
Marines from D Company, 3rd Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion guard detainees prior to loading them into their vehicle.

On 1 May 2003, President Bush visited the aircraft carrier USS Abraham Lincoln operating a few miles west of San Diego, California. At sunset, he held his nationally televised "Mission Accomplished" speech", delivered before the sailors and airmen on the flight deck: Bush declared the end of major combat operations in Iraq, due to the defeat of Iraq's conventional forces, while still maintaining that much still needed to be done.

Nevertheless, Saddam Hussein remained at large, and significant pockets of resistance remained. After Bush's speech, coalition forces noticed a flurry of attacks on its troops began to gradually increase in various regions, such as the "Sunni Triangle". The initial Iraqi insurgents were supplied by hundreds of weapons caches created before the invasion by the Iraqi army and Republican Guard.

Initially, Iraqi resistance (described by the coalition as "Anti-Iraqi Forces") largely stemmed from fedayeen and Saddam/Ba'ath Party loyalists, but soon religious radicals and Iraqis angered by the occupation contributed to the insurgency. The three governorates with the highest number of attacks were Baghdad, Al Anbar, and Saladin. Those three governorates account for 35% of the population, but by December 2006 they were responsible for 73% of U.S. military deaths and an even higher percentage of recent U.S. military deaths (about 80%).

Insurgents used various guerrilla tactics, including mortars, missiles, suicide attacks, snipers, improvised explosive devices (IEDs), car bombs, small arms fire (usually with assault rifles), and RPGs (rocket propelled grenades), as well as sabotage against the petroleum, water, and electrical infrastructures.

Coalition efforts to establish post-invasion Iraq commenced after the fall of Saddam's regime. The coalition nations, together with the United Nations, began to work to establish a stable, compliant democratic state capable of defending itself from non-coalition forces, as well as overcoming internal divisions.

Meanwhile, coalition military forces launched several operations around the Tigris River peninsula and in the Sunni Triangle. A series of similar operations were launched throughout the summer in the Sunni Triangle. Toward late-2003, the intensity and pace of insurgent attacks began to increase. A sharp surge in guerrilla attacks ushered in an insurgent effort that was termed the "Ramadan Offensive", as it coincided with the beginning of the Muslim holy month of Ramadan.

To counter this offensive, coalition forces began to use air power and artillery again for the first time since the end of the invasion, by striking suspected ambush sites and mortar launching positions. Surveillance of major routes, patrols, and raids on suspected insurgents were stepped up. In addition, two villages, including Saddam's birthplace of al-Auja and the small town of Abu Hishma, were surrounded by barbed wire and carefully monitored.

Coalition Provisional Authority and the Iraq Survey Group

See also: Iraqi Governing Council, International Advisory and Monitoring Board, CPA Program Review Board, Development Fund for Iraq, and Reconstruction of Iraq

Shortly after the invasion, the multinational coalition created the Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA; Template:Lang-ar), based in the Green Zone, as a transitional government of Iraq until the establishment of a democratic government. Citing United Nations Security Council Resolution 1483 (22 May 2003) and the laws of war, the CPA vested itself with executive, legislative, and judicial authority over the Iraqi government from the period of the CPA's inception on 21 April 2003 until its dissolution on 28 June 2004.

Occupation zones in Iraq as of September 2003

The CPA was originally headed by Jay Garner, a former U.S. military officer, but his appointment lasted only until 11 May 2003, when President Bush appointed L. Paul Bremer. On 16 May 2003, his first day on the job, Paul Bremer issued Coalition Provisional Authority Order 1 to exclude from the new Iraqi government and administration members of the Baathist party. This policy, known as De-Ba'athification, eventually led to the removal of 85,000 to 100,000 Iraqi people from their job, including 40,000 school teachers who had joined the Baath Party simply to keep their jobs. U.S. army general Ricardo Sanchez called the decision a "catastrophic failure". Bremer served until the CPA's dissolution in June 2004.

In May 2003, the US Advisor to Iraq Ministry of Defense within the CPA, Walter B. Slocombe advocated changing the pre-war Bush policy to employ the former Iraq Army after hostilities on the ground ceased. At the time, hundreds of thousands of former Iraq soldiers who had not been paid for months were waiting for the CPA to hire them back to work to help secure and rebuild Iraq. Despite advice from US Military Staff working within the CPA, Bremer met with President Bush, via video conference, and asked for authority to change the U.S. policy. Bush gave Bremer and Slocombe authority to change the pre-war policy. Slocombe announced the policy change in the Spring of 2003. The decision led to the alienation of hundreds of thousands of former armed Iraq soldiers, who subsequently aligned themselves with various occupation resistance movements all over Iraq. In the week before the order to dissolve the Iraq Army no coalition forces were killed by hostile action in Iraq. The week after, five U.S. soldiers were killed. Then, on June 18, 2003, coalition forces opened fire on former Iraq soldiers protesting in Baghdad, who were throwing rocks at coalition forces. The policy to disband the Iraq Army was reversed by the CPA only days after it was implemented. But it was too late; the former Iraq Army shifted their alliance from one that was ready and willing to work with the CPA to one of armed resistance against the CPA and the coalition forces.

Another group created by the multinational force in Iraq post-invasion was the 1,400-member international Iraq Survey Group, who conducted a fact-finding mission to find Iraq weapons of mass destruction (WMD) programmes. In 2004, the ISG's Duelfer Report stated that Iraq did not have a viable WMD program.

Capturing former government leaders

See also: Supreme Iraqi Criminal Tribunal and Trial of Saddam Hussein
Saddam Hussein being pulled from his hideaway in Operation Red Dawn, 13 December 2003
File:Iraqi insurgents with MANPADS.jpg
Two insurgents in Iraq with SA-7b and SA-14 MANPADS

In summer 2003, the multinational forces focused on capturing the remaining leaders of the former government. On 22 July, a raid by the U.S. 101st Airborne Division and soldiers from Task Force 20 killed Saddam's sons (Uday and Qusay) along with one of his grandsons. In all, over 300 top leaders of the former government were killed or captured, as well as numerous lesser functionaries and military personnel.

Most significantly, Saddam Hussein himself was captured on 13 December 2003, on a farm near Tikrit in Operation Red Dawn. The operation was conducted by the United States Army's 4th Infantry Division and members of Task Force 121. Intelligence on Saddam's whereabouts came from his family members and former bodyguards.

With the capture of Saddam and a drop in the number of insurgent attacks, some concluded the multinational forces were prevailing in the fight against the insurgency. The provisional government began training the new Iraqi security forces intended to police the country, and the United States promised over $20 billion in reconstruction money in the form of credit against Iraq's future oil revenues. Oil revenue was also used for rebuilding schools and for work on the electrical and refining infrastructure.

Shortly after the capture of Saddam, elements left out of the Coalition Provisional Authority began to agitate for elections and the formation of an Iraqi Interim Government. Most prominent among these was the Shia cleric Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani. The Coalition Provisional Authority opposed allowing democratic elections at this time. The insurgents stepped up their activities. The two most turbulent centers were the area around Fallujah and the poor Shia sections of cities from Baghdad (Sadr City) to Basra in the south.

2004: Insurgency expands

Main article: 2004 in Iraq
See also: Military operations of the Iraq War for a list of all Coalition operations for this period, 2004 in Iraq, Iraqi coalition counter-insurgency operations, Iraqi insurgency (2003–11), United States occupation of Fallujah, Iraq Spring Fighting of 2004
Footage from the gun camera of a U.S. Apache helicopter killing suspected Iraqi insurgents
Coalition Provisional Authority director L. Paul Bremer signs over sovereignty to the appointed Iraqi Interim Government, 28 June 2004.

The start of 2004 was marked by a relative lull in violence. Insurgent forces reorganised during this time, studying the multinational forces' tactics and planning a renewed offensive. However, violence did increase during the Iraq Spring Fighting of 2004 with foreign fighters from around the Middle East as well as al-Qaeda in Iraq (an affiliated al-Qaeda group), led by Abu Musab al-Zarqawi helping to drive the insurgency.

U.S. troops fire mortars.

As the insurgency grew there was a distinct change in targeting from the coalition forces towards the new Iraqi Security Forces, as hundreds of Iraqi civilians and police were killed over the next few months in a series of massive bombings. An organized Sunni insurgency, with deep roots and both nationalist and Islamist motivations, was becoming more powerful throughout Iraq. The Shia Mahdi Army also began launching attacks on coalition targets in an attempt to seize control from Iraqi security forces. The southern and central portions of Iraq were beginning to erupt in urban guerrilla combat as multinational forces attempted to keep control and prepared for a counteroffensive.

The most serious fighting of the war so far began on 31 March 2004, when Iraqi insurgents in Fallujah ambushed a Blackwater USA convoy led by four U.S. private military contractors who were providing security for food caterers Eurest Support Services. The four armed contractors, Scott Helvenston, Jerko Zovko, Wesley Batalona, and Michael Teague, were killed with grenades and small arms fire. Subsequently, their bodies were dragged from their vehicles by local people, beaten, set ablaze, and their burned corpses hung over a bridge crossing the Euphrates. Photos of the event were released to news agencies worldwide, causing a great deal of indignation and moral outrage in the United States, and prompting an unsuccessful "pacification" of the city: the First Battle of Fallujah in April 2004.

A USMC M198 artillery piece firing outside Fallujah in October 2004

The offensive was resumed in November 2004 in the bloodiest battle of the war: the Second Battle of Fallujah, described by the U.S. military as "the heaviest urban combat (that they had been involved in) since the battle of Hue City in Vietnam." During the assault, U.S. forces used white phosphorus as an incendiary weapon against insurgent personnel, attracting controversy. The 46‑day battle resulted in a victory for the coalition, with 95 U.S. soldiers killed along with approximately 1,350 insurgents. Fallujah was totally devastated during the fighting, though civilian casualties were low, as they had mostly fled before the battle.

Another major event of that year was the revelation of widespread prisoner abuse at Abu Ghraib, which received international media attention in April 2004. First reports of the Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse, as well as graphic pictures showing U.S. military personnel taunting and abusing Iraqi prisoners, came to public attention from a 60 Minutes II news report (28 April) and a Seymour M. Hersh article in The New Yorker (posted online on 30 April.) Military correspondent Thomas Ricks claimed that these revelations dealt a blow to the moral justifications for the occupation in the eyes of many people, especially Iraqis, and was a turning point in the war.

2004 also marked the beginning of Military Transition Teams in Iraq, which were teams of U.S. military advisors assigned directly to New Iraqi Army units.

2005: Elections and transitional government

Further information: 2005 in Iraq and Military transition team
Convention center for Council of Representatives of Iraq

On 31 January, Iraqis elected the Iraqi Transitional Government in order to draft a permanent constitution. Although some violence and a widespread Sunni boycott marred the event, most of the eligible Kurd and Shia populace participated. On 4 February, Paul Wolfowitz announced that 15,000 U.S. troops whose tours of duty had been extended in order to provide election security would be pulled out of Iraq by the next month. February to April proved to be relatively peaceful months compared to the carnage of November and January, with insurgent attacks averaging 30 a day from the prior average of 70.

The Battle of Abu Ghraib on 2 April 2005 was an attack on United States forces at Abu Ghraib prison, which consisted of heavy mortar and rocket fire, under which an estimated 80–120 armed insurgents attacked with grenades, small arms, and two vehicle-borne improvised explosive devices (VBIED). The U.S. force's munitions ran so low that orders to fix bayonets were given in preparation for hand-to-hand fighting. It was considered to be the largest coordinated assault on a U.S. base since the Vietnam War.

Hopes for a quick end to the insurgency and a withdrawal of U.S. troops were dashed in May, Iraq's bloodiest month since the invasion. Suicide bombers, believed to be mainly disheartened Iraqi Sunni Arabs, Syrians and Saudis, tore through Iraq. Their targets were often Shia gatherings or civilian concentrations of Shias. As a result, over 700 Iraqi civilians died in that month, as well as 79 U.S. soldiers.

The summer of 2005 saw fighting around Baghdad and at Tall Afar in northwestern Iraq as U.S. forces tried to seal off the Syrian border. This led to fighting in the autumn in the small towns of the Euphrates valley between the capital and that border.

A referendum was held on 15 October in which the new Iraqi constitution was ratified. An Iraqi National Assembly was elected in December, with participation from the Sunnis as well as the Kurds and Shia.

Insurgent attacks increased in 2005 with 34,131 recorded incidents, compared to a total 26,496 for the previous year.

2006: Sectarian Violence and permanent Iraqi government

Further information: Sectarian violence in Iraq (2006–08) and Sectarian violence in Iraq Further information: Operation Together Forward and Provincial Reconstruction Team
U.S. Marines from 3rd Battalion 3rd Marines clear a house in Al Anbar Governorate.

The beginning of 2006 was marked by government creation talks, growing sectarian violence, and continuous anti-coalition attacks. Sectarian violence expanded to a new level of intensity following the al-Askari Mosque bombing in the Iraqi city of Samarra, on 22 February 2006. The explosion at the mosque, one of the holiest sites in Shi'a Islam, is believed to have been caused by a bomb planted by al-Qaeda.

Although no injuries occurred in the blast, the mosque was severely damaged and the bombing resulted in violence over the following days. Over 100 dead bodies with bullet holes were found on 23 February, and at least 165 people are thought to have been killed. In the aftermath of this attack the U.S. military calculated that the average homicide rate in Baghdad tripled from 11 to 33 deaths per day. In 2006 the UN described the environment in Iraq as a "civil war-like situation".

On 12 March, five United States Army soldiers of the 502nd Infantry Regiment raped the 15-year-old Iraqi girl Abeer Qassim Hamza al-Janabi, and then murdered her, her father, her mother Fakhriya Taha Muhasen and her six-year-old sister Hadeel Qassim Hamza al-Janabi. The soldiers then set fire to the girl's body to conceal evidence of the crime. Four of the soldiers were convicted of rape and murder and the fifth was convicted of lesser crimes for their involvement in the events, which became known as the Mahmudiyah rape and killings.

Nouri al-Maliki meets with George W. Bush, June 2006

On 6 June 2006, the United States was successful in tracking Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, the leader of al-Qaeda in Iraq who was killed in a targeted killing, while attending a meeting in an isolated safehouse approximately 8 km (5.0 mi) north of Baqubah. Having been tracked by a British UAV, radio contact was made between the controller and two United States Air Force F-16C jets, which identified the house and at 14:15 GMT, the lead jet dropped two 500‑pound (230 kg) guided bombs, a laser-guided GBU‑12 and GPS-guided GBU‑38 on the building where he was located. Six others—three male and three female individuals—were also reported killed. Among those killed were one of his wives and their child.

The government of Iraq took office on 20 May 2006, following approval by the members of the Iraqi National Assembly. This followed the general election in December 2005. The government succeeded the Iraqi Transitional Government, which had continued in office in a caretaker capacity until the formation of the permanent government.

Iraq Study Group report and Saddam's execution

Main articles: Iraq Study Group and Execution of Saddam Hussein

The Iraq Study Group Report was released on 6 December 2006. The Iraq Study Group, made up of people from both of the major U.S. parties, was led by co-chairs James Baker, a former Secretary of State (Republican), and Lee H. Hamilton, a former U.S. Representative (Democrat). It concluded that "the situation in Iraq is grave and deteriorating" and "U.S. forces seem to be caught in a mission that has no foreseeable end." The report's 79 recommendations include increasing diplomatic measures with Iran and Syria and intensifying efforts to train Iraqi troops. On 18 December, a Pentagon report found that insurgent attacks were averaging about 960 attacks per week, the highest since the reports had begun in 2005.

Coalition forces formally transferred control of a governorate to the Iraqi government, the first since the war. Military prosecutors charged eight U.S. Marines with the murders of 24 Iraqi civilians in Haditha in November 2005, 10 of them women and children. Four officers were also charged with dereliction of duty in relation to the event.

Saddam Hussein was hanged on 30 December 2006, after being found guilty of crimes against humanity by an Iraqi court after a year-long trial.

2007: U.S. troops surge

Further information: 2007 in Iraq, Iraq War troop surge of 2007, Timeline of the Iraq War troop surge of 2007, and Strategic reset
President George W. Bush announces the new strategy on Iraq from the White House Library, 10 January 2007.

In a 10 January 2007, televised address to the U.S. public, Bush proposed 21,500 more troops for Iraq, a job program for Iraqis, more reconstruction proposals, and $1.2 billion for these programs. On 23 January 2007, in the 2007 State of the Union Address, Bush announced "deploying reinforcements of more than 20,000 additional soldiers and Marines to Iraq".

On 10 February 2007, David Petraeus was made commander of Multi-National Force – Iraq (MNF-I), the four-star post that oversees all coalition forces in country, replacing General George Casey. In his new position, Petraeus oversaw all coalition forces in Iraq and employed them in the new "Surge" strategy outlined by the Bush administration.

On 10 May 2007, 144 Iraqi Parliamentary lawmakers signed onto a legislative petition calling on the United States to set a timetable for withdrawal. On 3 June 2007, the Iraqi Parliament voted 85 to 59 to require the Iraqi government to consult with Parliament before requesting additional extensions of the UN Security Council Mandate for Coalition operations in Iraq. Despite this, the mandate was renewed on 18 December 2007, without the approval of the Iraqi parliament.

Pressures on U.S. troops were compounded by the continuing withdrawal of coalition forces. In early 2007, British Prime Minister Blair announced that following Operation Sinbad, British troops would begin to withdraw from Basra Governorate, handing security over to the Iraqis. In July Danish Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen also announced the withdrawal of 441 Danish troops from Iraq, leaving only a unit of nine soldiers manning four observational helicopters.

Planned troop reduction

In a speech made to Congress on 10 September 2007, Petraeus "envisioned the withdrawal of roughly 30,000 U.S. troops by next summer, beginning with a Marine contingent ." On 13 September, Bush backed a limited withdrawal of troops from Iraq. Bush said 5,700 personnel would be home by Christmas 2007, and expected thousands more to return by July 2008. The plan would take troop numbers back to their level before the surge at the beginning of 2007.

Effects of the surge on security

By March 2008, violence in Iraq was reported curtailed by 40–80%, according to a Pentagon report. Independent reports raised questions about those assessments. An Iraqi military spokesman claimed that civilian deaths since the start of the troop surge plan were 265 in Baghdad, down from 1,440 in the four previous weeks. The New York Times counted more than 450 Iraqi civilians killed during the same 28‑day period, based on initial daily reports from Iraqi Interior Ministry and hospital officials.

U.S. soldiers take cover during a firefight with insurgents in the Al Doura section of Baghdad, 7 March 2007.

Historically, the daily counts tallied by The New York Times have underestimated the total death toll by 50% or more when compared to studies by the United Nations, which rely upon figures from the Iraqi Health Ministry and morgue figures.

The rate of U.S. combat deaths in Baghdad nearly doubled to 3.14 per day in the first seven weeks of the "surge" in security activity, compared to previous period. Across the rest of Iraq it decreased slightly.

On 14 August 2007, the deadliest single attack of the whole war occurred. Nearly 800 civilians were killed by a series of coordinated suicide bomb attacks on the northern Iraqi settlement of Kahtaniya. More than 100 homes and shops were destroyed in the blasts. U.S. officials blamed al‑Qaeda. The targeted villagers belonged to the non-Muslim Yazidi ethnic minority. The attack may have represented the latest in a feud that erupted earlier that year when members of the Yazidi community stoned to death a teenage girl called Du'a Khalil Aswad accused of dating a Sunni Arab man and converting to Islam. The killing of the girl was recorded on camera-mobiles and the video was uploaded onto the internet.

On 13 September 2007, Abdul Sattar Abu Risha was killed in a bomb attack in the city of Ramadi. He was an important U.S. ally because he led the "Anbar Awakening", an alliance of Sunni Arab tribes that opposed al-Qaeda. The latter organisation claimed responsibility for the attack. A statement posted on the Internet by the shadowy Islamic State of Iraq called Abu Risha "one of the dogs of Bush" and described Thursday's killing as a "heroic operation that took over a month to prepare".

A graph of U.S. troop fatalities in Iraq March 2003 – July 2010, the orange and blue months are the period of the troop surge and its aftermath.

There was a reported trend of decreasing U.S. troop deaths after May 2007, and violence against coalition troops had fallen to the "lowest levels since the first year of the American invasion". These, and several other positive developments, were attributed to the surge by many analysts.

Data from the Pentagon and other U.S. agencies such as the Government Accountability Office (GAO) found that daily attacks against civilians in Iraq remained "about the same" since February. The GAO also stated that there was no discernible trend in sectarian violence. However, this report ran counter to reports to Congress, which showed a general downward trend in civilian deaths and ethno-sectarian violence since December 2006. By late 2007, as the U.S. troop surge began to wind down, violence in Iraq had begun to decrease from its 2006 highs.

Entire neighborhoods in Baghdad were ethnically cleansed by Shia and Sunni militias and sectarian violence has broken out in every Iraqi city where there is a mixed population. Investigative reporter Bob Woodward cites U.S. government sources according to which the U.S. "surge" was not the primary reason for the drop in violence in 2007–08. Instead, according to that view, the reduction of violence was due to newer covert techniques by U.S. military and intelligence officials to find, target and kill insurgents, including working closely with former insurgents.

In the Shia region near Basra, British forces turned over security for the region to Iraqi Security Forces. Basra is the ninth governorate of Iraq's 18 governorates to be returned to local security forces' control since the beginning of the occupation.

Political developments

More than half of the members of Iraq's parliament rejected the continuing occupation of their country for the first time. 144 of the 275 lawmakers signed onto a legislative petition that would require the Iraqi government to seek approval from Parliament before it requests an extension of the UN mandate for foreign forces to be in Iraq, which expires at the end of 2008. It also calls for a timetable for troop withdrawal and a freeze on the size of foreign forces. The UN Security Council mandate for U.S.‑led forces in Iraq will terminate "if requested by the government of Iraq." Under Iraqi law, the speaker must present a resolution called for by a majority of lawmakers. 59% of those polled in the U.S. support a timetable for withdrawal.

In mid-2007, the Coalition began a controversial program to recruit Iraqi Sunnis (often former insurgents) for the formation of "Guardian" militias. These Guardian militias are intended to support and secure various Sunni neighborhoods against the Islamists.

Tensions with Iran

Further information: Iran–United States relations and Karbala provincial headquarters raid

In 2007, tensions increased greatly between Iran and Iraqi Kurdistan due to the latter's giving sanctuary to the militant Kurdish secessionist group Party for a Free Life in Kurdistan (PEJAK.) According to reports, Iran had been shelling PEJAK positions in Iraqi Kurdistan since 16 August. These tensions further increased with an alleged border incursion on 23 August by Iranian troops who attacked several Kurdish villages killing an unknown number of civilians and militants.

Coalition forces also began to target alleged Iranian Quds force operatives in Iraq, either arresting or killing suspected members. The Bush administration and coalition leaders began to publicly state that Iran was supplying weapons, particularly EFP devices, to Iraqi insurgents and militias although to date have failed to provide any proof for these allegations. Further sanctions on Iranian organizations were also announced by the Bush administration in the autumn of 2007. On 21 November 2007, Lieutenant General James Dubik, who is in charge of training Iraqi security forces, praised Iran for its "contribution to the reduction of violence" in Iraq by upholding its pledge to stop the flow of weapons, explosives and training of extremists in Iraq.

Tensions with Turkey

Further information: 2008 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq

Border incursions by PKK militants based in Northern Iraq have continued to harass Turkish forces, with casualties on both sides. In the fall of 2007, the Turkish military stated their right to cross the Iraqi Kurdistan border in "hot pursuit" of PKK militants and began shelling Kurdish areas in Iraq and attacking PKK bases in the Mount Cudi region with aircraft. The Turkish parliament approved a resolution permitting the military to pursue the PKK in Iraqi Kurdistan. In November, Turkish gunships attacked parts of northern Iraq in the first such attack by Turkish aircraft since the border tensions escalated. Another series of attacks in mid-December hit PKK targets in the Qandil, Zap, Avashin and Hakurk regions. The latest series of attacks involved at least 50 aircraft and artillery and Kurdish officials reported one civilian killed and two wounded.

Additionally, weapons that were given to Iraqi security forces by the U.S. military were being recovered by authorities in Turkey after being used by PKK in that state.

Blackwater private security controversy

Main article: Blackwater Baghdad shootings

On 17 September 2007, the Iraqi government announced that it was revoking the license of the U.S. security firm Blackwater USA over the firm's involvement in the killing of eight civilians, including a woman and an infant, in a firefight that followed a car bomb explosion near a State Department motorcade.

2008: Sectarian violence continues

Further information: 2008 in Iraq
Soldiers of the 3rd Brigade, 14th Iraqi Army division graduate from basic training.

Throughout 2008, U.S. officials and independent think tanks began to point to improvements in the security situation, as measured by key statistics. According to the U.S. Defense Department, in December 2008 the "overall level of violence" in the country had dropped 80% since before the surge began in January 2007, and the country's murder rate had dropped to prewar levels. They also pointed out that the casualty figure for U.S. forces in 2008 was 314 against a figure of 904 in 2007.

According to the Brookings Institution, Iraqi civilian fatalities numbered 490 in November 2008 as against 3,500 in January 2007, whereas attacks against the coalition numbered somewhere between 200 and 300 per week in the latter half of 2008, as opposed to a peak of nearly 1,600 in summer 2007. The number of Iraqi security forces killed was under 100 per month in the second half of 2008, from a high of 200 to 300 in summer 2007.

Meanwhile, the proficiency of the Iraqi military increased as it launched a spring offensive against Shia militias, which Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki had previously been criticized for allowing to operate. This began with a March operation against the Mehdi Army in Basra, which led to fighting in Shia areas up and down the country, especially in the Sadr City district of Baghdad. By October, the British officer in charge of Basra said that since the operation, the town had become "secure" and had a murder rate comparable to Manchester in England. The U.S. military also said there had been a decrease of about a quarter in the quantity of Iranian-made explosives found in Iraq in 2008, possibly indicating a change in Iranian policy.

Progress in Sunni areas continued after members of the Awakening movement were transferred from U.S. military to Iraqi control. In May, the Iraqi army – backed by coalition support – launched an offensive in Mosul, the last major Iraqi stronghold of al-Qaeda. Despite detaining thousands of individuals, the offensive failed to lead to major long-term security improvements in Mosul. At the end of the year, the city remained a major flashpoint.

3D map of southern Turkey and northern Iraq

In the regional dimension, the ongoing conflict between Turkey and PKK intensified on 21 February, when Turkey launched a ground attack into the Quandeel Mountains of Northern Iraq. In the nine-day-long operation, around 10,000 Turkish troops advanced up to 25 km into Northern Iraq. This was the first substantial ground incursion by Turkish forces since 1995.

Shortly after the incursion began, both the Iraqi cabinet and the Kurdistan regional government condemned Turkey's actions and called for the immediate withdrawal of Turkish troops from the region. Turkish troops withdrew on 29 February. The fate of the Kurds and the future of the ethnically diverse city of Kirkuk remained a contentious issue in Iraqi politics.

U.S. military officials met these trends with cautious optimism as they approached what they described as the "transition" embodied in the U.S.–Iraq Status of Forces Agreement, which was negotiated throughout 2008. The commander of the coalition, U.S. General Raymond T. Odierno, noted that "in military terms, transitions are the most dangerous time" in December 2008.

Spring offensives on Shiite militias

Further information: Iraq Spring Fighting of 2008, Siege of Sadr City, and Battle of Basra (2008)
An Iraqi soldier and vehicles from the 42nd Brigade, 11th Iraqi Army Division during a firefight with armed militiamen in the Sadr City district of Baghdad 17 April 2008

At the end of March, the Iraqi Army, with Coalition air support, launched an offensive, dubbed "Charge of the Knights", in Basra to secure the area from militias. This was the first major operation where the Iraqi Army did not have direct combat support from conventional coalition ground troops. The offensive was opposed by the Mahdi Army, one of the militias, which controlled much of the region. Fighting quickly spread to other parts of Iraq: including Sadr City, Al Kut, Al Hillah and others. During the fighting Iraqi forces met stiff resistance from militiamen in Basra to the point that the Iraqi military offensive slowed to a crawl, with the high attrition rates finally forcing the Sadrists to the negotiating table.

Following talks with Brig. Gen. Qassem Suleimani, commander of the Qods brigades of Iran's Revolutionary Guard Corps, and the intercession of the Iranian government, on 31 March 2008, al‑Sadr ordered his followers to ceasefire. The militiamen kept their weapons.

By 12 May 2008, Basra "residents overwhelmingly reported a substantial improvement in their everyday lives" according to The New York Times. "Government forces have now taken over Islamic militants' headquarters and halted the death squads and 'vice enforcers' who attacked women, Christians, musicians, alcohol sellers and anyone suspected of collaborating with Westerners", according to the report; however, when asked how long it would take for lawlessness to resume if the Iraqi army left, one resident replied, "one day".

In late April roadside bombings continued to rise from a low in January—from 114 bombings to more than 250, surpassing the May 2007 high.

Congressional testimony

General David Petraeus in testimony before Congress on 8 April 2008

Speaking before the Congress on 8 April 2008, General David Petraeus urged delaying troop withdrawals, saying, "I've repeatedly noted that we haven't turned any corners, we haven't seen any lights at the end of the tunnel," referencing the comments of then President Bush and former Vietnam-era General William Westmoreland. When asked by the Senate if reasonable people could disagree on the way forward, Petraeus said, "We fight for the right of people to have other opinions."

Upon questioning by then Senate committee chair Joe Biden, Ambassador Crocker admitted that Al‑Qaeda in Iraq was less important than the Al Qaeda organization led by Osama bin Laden along the Afghan-Pakistani border. Lawmakers from both parties complained that U.S. taxpayers are carrying Iraq's burden as it earns billions of dollars in oil revenues.

Iraqi security forces rearm

An Iraqi Army unit prepares to board a Task Force Baghdad UH-60 Blackhawk helicopter for a counterinsurgency mission in Baghdad in 2007.

Iraq became one of the top purchasers of U.S. military equipment with their army trading its AK‑47 assault rifles for the U.S. M‑16 and M‑4 rifles, among other equipment. In 2008 alone, Iraq accounted for more than $12.5 billion of the $34 billion U.S. weapon sales to foreign countries (not including the potential F-16 fighter planes.).

Iraq sought 36 F‑16s, the most sophisticated weapons system Iraq has attempted to purchase. The Pentagon notified Congress that it had approved the sale of 24 American attack helicopters to Iraq, valued at as much as $2.4 billion. Including the helicopters, Iraq announced plans to purchase at least $10 billion in U.S. tanks and armored vehicles, transport planes and other battlefield equipment and services. Over the summer, the Defense Department announced that the Iraqi government wanted to order more than 400 armored vehicles and other equipment worth up to $3 billion, and six C-130J transport planes, worth up to $1.5 billion. From 2005 to 2008, the United States had completed approximately $20 billion in arms sales agreements with Iraq.

Status of forces agreement

Main article: U.S.–Iraq Status of Forces Agreement

The U.S.–Iraq Status of Forces Agreement was approved by the Iraqi government on 4 December 2008. It established that U.S. combat forces would withdraw from Iraqi cities by 30 June 2009, and that all U.S. forces would be completely out of Iraq by 31 December 2011. The pact was subject to possible negotiations which could have delayed withdrawal and a referendum scheduled for mid-2009 in Iraq, which might have required all U.S. forces to completely leave by the middle of 2010. The pact required criminal charges for holding prisoners over 24 hours, and required a warrant for searches of homes and buildings that are not related to combat.

U.S. contractors working for U.S. forces were to be subject to Iraqi criminal law, while contractors working for the State Department and other U.S. agencies may retain their immunity. If U.S. forces commit still undecided "major premeditated felonies" while off-duty and off-base, they will be subject to the still undecided procedures laid out by a joint U.S.‑Iraq committee if the United States certifies the forces were off-duty.

Street fighting in Mosul in January 2008

Some Americans have discussed "loopholes" and some Iraqis have said they believe parts of the pact remain a "mystery". U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates predicted that after 2011 he expected to see "perhaps several tens of thousands of American troops" as part of a residual force in Iraq.

Several groups of Iraqis protested the passing of the SOFA accord as prolonging and legitimizing the occupation. Tens of thousands of Iraqis burned an effigy of George W. Bush in a central Baghdad square where U.S. troops five years previously organized a tearing down of a statue of Saddam Hussein. Some Iraqis expressed skeptical optimism that the U.S. would completely end its presence by 2011. On 4 December 2008, Iraq's presidential council approved the security pact.

A representative of Grand Ayatollah Ali Husseini al‑Sistani expressed concern with the ratified version of the pact and noted that the government of Iraq has no authority to control the transfer of occupier forces into and out of Iraq, no control of shipments, and that the pact grants the occupiers immunity from prosecution in Iraqi courts. He said that Iraqi rule in the country is not complete while the occupiers are present, but that ultimately the Iraqi people would judge the pact in a referendum. Thousands of Iraqis have gathered weekly after Friday prayers and shouted anti‑U.S. and anti-Israeli slogans protesting the security pact between Baghdad and Washington. A protester said that despite the approval of the Interim Security pact, the Iraqi people would break it in a referendum next year.

2009: Coalition redeployment

Further information: 2009 in Iraq

Transfer of Green Zone

Aerial view of the Green Zone, Baghdad International Airport, and the contiguous Victory Base Complex in Baghdad

On 1 January 2009, the United States handed control of the Green Zone and Saddam Hussein's presidential palace to the Iraqi government in a ceremonial move described by the country's prime minister as a restoration of Iraq's sovereignty. Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki said he would propose 1 January be declared national "Sovereignty Day". "This palace is the symbol of Iraqi sovereignty and by restoring it, a real message is directed to all Iraqi people that Iraqi sovereignty has returned to its natural status", al‑Maliki said.

The U.S. military attributed a decline in reported civilian deaths to several factors including the U.S.‑led "troop surge", the growth of U.S.-funded Awakening Councils, and Shiite cleric Muqtada al-Sadr's call for his militia to abide by a cease fire.

Provincial elections

Main article: 2009 Iraqi governorate elections
Election map showing the largest list in every governorate.

On 31 January, Iraq held provincial elections. Provincial candidates and those close to them faced some political assassinations and attempted assassinations, and there was also some other violence related to the election.

Iraqi voter turnout failed to meet the original expectations which were set and was the lowest on record in Iraq, but U.S. Ambassador Ryan Crocker characterized the turnout as "large". Of those who turned out to vote, some groups complained of disenfranchisement and fraud. After the post-election curfew was lifted, some groups made threats about what would happen if they were unhappy with the results.

Exit strategy announcement

U.S. President Barack Obama delivering a speech at Camp Lejeune on 27 February 2009

On 27 February, United States President Barack Obama gave a speech at Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune in the U.S. state of North Carolina announcing that the U.S. combat mission in Iraq would end by 31 August 2010. A "transitional force" of up to 50,000 troops tasked with training the Iraqi Security Forces, conducting counterterrorism operations, and providing general support may remain until the end of 2011, the president added. However, the insurgency in 2011 and the rise of ISIL in 2014 caused the war to continue.

The day before Obama's speech, Prime Minister of Iraq Nouri al‑Maliki said at a press conference that the government of Iraq had "no worries" over the impending departure of U.S. forces and expressed confidence in the ability of the Iraqi Security Forces and police to maintain order without U.S. military support.

Sixth anniversary protests

On 9 April, the 6th anniversary of Baghdad's fall to coalition forces, tens of thousands of Iraqis thronged Baghdad to mark the anniversary and demand the immediate departure of coalition forces. The crowds of Iraqis stretched from the Sadr City slum in northeast Baghdad to the square around 5 km (3.1 mi) away, where protesters burned an effigy featuring the face of U.S. President George W. Bush. There were also Sunni Muslims in the crowd. Police said many Sunnis, including prominent leaders such as a founding sheikh from the Sons of Iraq, took part.

Coalition forces withdraw

On 30 April, the United Kingdom formally ended combat operations. Prime Minister Gordon Brown characterized the operation in Iraq as a "success story" because of UK troops' efforts. Britain handed control of Basra to the United States Armed Forces.

On 28 July, Australia withdrew its combat forces as the Australian military presence in Iraq ended, per an agreement with the Iraqi government.

The withdrawal of U.S. forces began at the end of June, with 38 bases to be handed over to Iraqi forces. On 29 June 2009, U.S. forces withdrew from Baghdad. On 30 November 2009, Iraqi Interior Ministry officials reported that the civilian death toll in Iraq fell to its lowest level in November since the 2003 invasion.

Iraq awards oil contracts

U.S. Navy and Coast Guard personnel stand guard aboard the Al Basrah Oil Terminal in July 2009.

On 30 June and 11 December 2009, the Iraqi ministry of oil awarded contracts to international oil companies for some of Iraq's many oil fields. The winning oil companies enter joint ventures with the Iraqi ministry of oil, and the terms of the awarded contracts include extraction of oil for a fixed fee of approximately $1.40 per barrel. The fees will only be paid once a production threshold set by the Iraqi ministry of oil is reached.

2010: U.S. drawdown and Operation New Dawn

Further information: 2010 in Iraq and Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq

On 17 February 2010, U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates announced that as of 1 September, the name "Operation Iraqi Freedom" would be replaced by "Operation New Dawn".

On 18 April, U.S. and Iraqi forces killed Abu Ayyub al-Masri the leader of al-Qaeda in Iraq in a joint American and Iraqi operation near Tikrit, Iraq. The coalition forces believed al-Masri to be wearing a suicide vest and proceeded cautiously. After the lengthy exchange of fire and bombing of the house, the Iraqi troops stormed inside and found two women still alive, one of whom was al-Masri's wife, and four dead men, identified as al-Masri, Abu Abdullah al-Rashid al-Baghdadi, an assistant to al-Masri, and al-Baghdadi's son. A suicide vest was indeed found on al-Masri's corpse, as the Iraqi Army subsequently stated. Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki announced the killings of Abu Omar al-Baghdadi and Abu Ayyub al-Masri at a news conference in Baghdad and showed reporters photographs of their bloody corpses. "The attack was carried out by ground forces which surrounded the house, and also through the use of missiles," Mr Maliki said. "During the operation computers were seized with e-mails and messages to the two biggest terrorists, Osama bin Laden and Ayman al-Zawahiri", Maliki added. U.S. forces commander Gen. Raymond Odierno praised the operation. "The death of these terrorists is potentially the most significant blow to al‑Qaeda in Iraq since the beginning of the insurgency", he said. "There is still work to do but this is a significant step forward in ridding Iraq of terrorists."

U.S. Vice President Joe Biden stated that the deaths of the top two al‑Qaeda figures in Iraq are "potentially devastating" blows to the terror network there and proof that Iraqi security forces are gaining ground.

On 20 June, Iraq's Central Bank was bombed in an attack that left 15 people dead and brought much of downtown Baghdad to a standstill. The attack was claimed to have been carried out by the Islamic State of Iraq. This attack was followed by another attack on Iraq's Bank of Trade building that killed 26 and wounded 52 people.

Iraqi commandos training under the supervision of soldiers from the U.S. 82nd Airborne in December 2010

In late August 2010, insurgents conducted a major attack with at least 12 car bombs simultaneously detonating from Mosul to Basra and killing at least 51. These attacks coincided with the U.S. plans for a withdrawal of combat troops.

From the end of August 2010, the United States attempted to dramatically cut its combat role in Iraq, with the withdrawal of all U.S. ground forces designated for active combat operations. The last U.S. combat brigades departed Iraq in the early morning of 19 August. Convoys of U.S. troops had been moving out of Iraq to Kuwait for several days, and NBC News broadcast live from Iraq as the last convoy crossed the border. While all combat brigades left the country, an additional 50,000 personnel (including Advise and Assist Brigades) remained in the country to provide support for the Iraqi military. These troops are required to leave Iraq by 31 December 2011 under an agreement between the U.S. and Iraqi governments.

The desire to step back from an active counter-insurgency role did not however mean that the Advise and Assist Brigades and other remaining U.S. forces would not be caught up in combat. A standards memo from the Associated Press reiterated "combat in Iraq is not over, and we should not uncritically repeat suggestions that it is, even if they come from senior officials".

State Department spokesman P. J. Crowley stated "... we are not ending our work in Iraq, We have a long-term commitment to Iraq." On 31 August, Obama announced the end of Operation Iraqi Freedom from the Oval Office. In his address, he covered the role of the United States' soft power, the effect the war had on the United States economy, and the legacy of the Afghanistan and Iraq wars.

On the same day in Iraq, at a ceremony at one of Saddam Hussein's former residences at Al Faw Palace in Baghdad, a number of U.S. dignitaries spoke in a ceremony for television cameras, avoiding overtones of the triumphalism present in U.S. announcements made earlier in the war. Vice President Joe Biden expressed concerns regarding the ongoing lack of progress in forming a new Iraqi government, saying of the Iraqi people that "they expect a government that reflects the results of the votes they cast". Gen. Ray Odierno stated that the new era "in no way signals the end of our commitment to the people of Iraq". Speaking in Ramadi earlier in the day, Gates said that U.S. forces "have accomplished something really quite extraordinary here, how it all weighs in the balance over time I think remains to be seen". When asked by reporters if the seven-year war was worth doing, Gates commented that "It really requires a historian's perspective in terms of what happens here in the long run". He noted the Iraq War "will always be clouded by how it began" regarding Saddam Hussein's supposed weapons of mass destruction, which were never confirmed to have existed. Gates continued, "This is one of the reasons that this war remains so controversial at home". On the same day Gen. Ray Odierno was replaced by Lloyd Austin as Commander of U.S. forces in Iraq.

Alabama Army National Guard MP, MSG Schur, during a joint community policing patrol in Basra, 3 April 2010

On 7 September, two U.S. troops were killed and nine wounded in an incident at an Iraqi military base. The incident is under investigation by Iraqi and U.S. forces, but it is believed that an Iraqi soldier opened fire on U.S. forces.

On 8 September, the U.S. Army announced the arrival in Iraq of the first specifically-designated Advise and Assist Brigade, the 3d Armored Cavalry Regiment. It was announced that the unit would assume responsibilities in five southern governorates. From 10–13 September, Second Advise and Assist Brigade, 25th Infantry Division fought Iraqi insurgents near Diyala.

According to reports from Iraq, hundreds of members of the Sunni Awakening Councils may have switched allegiance back to the Iraqi insurgency or al-Qaeda.

In October, WikiLeaks disclosed 391,832 classified U.S. military documents on the Iraq War. Approximately, 58 people were killed with another 40 wounded in an attack on the Sayidat al‑Nejat church, a Chaldean Catholic church in Baghdad. Responsibility for the attack was claimed by the Islamic State in Iraq organization.

Coordinated attacks in primarily Shia areas struck throughout Baghdad on 2 November, killing approximately 113 and wounding 250 with around 17 bombs.

Iraqi arms purchases

M1 Abrams tanks in Iraqi service, January 2011

As U.S. forces departed the country, the Iraq Defense Ministry solidified plans to purchase advanced military equipment from the United States. Plans in 2010 called for $13 billion of purchases, to include 140 M1 Abrams main battle tanks. In addition to the $13 billion purchase, the Iraqis also requested 18 F-16 Fighting Falcons as part of a $4.2 billion program that also included aircraft training and maintenance, AIM‑9 Sidewinder air-to-air missiles, laser-guided bombs and reconnaissance equipment. All Abrams tanks were delivered by the end of 2011, but the first F-16s did not arrive in Iraq until 2015, due to concerns that the Islamic State might overrun Balad Air Base.

The Iraqi navy also purchased 12 U.S.‑built Swift-class patrol boats, at a cost of $20 million each. Delivery was completed in 2013. The vessels are used to protect the oil terminals at Basra and Khor al-Amiya. Two U.S.‑built offshore support vessels, each costing $70 million, were delivered in 2011.

UN lifts restrictions on Iraq

In a move to legitimize the existing Iraqi government, the United Nations lifted the Saddam Hussein-era UN restrictions on Iraq. These included allowing Iraq to have a civilian nuclear program, permitting the participation of Iraq in international nuclear and chemical weapons treaties, as well as returning control of Iraq's oil and gas revenue to the government and ending the Oil-for-Food Programme.

2011: U.S. withdrawal

Main article: Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq Further information: 2011 in Iraq

Muqtada al-Sadr returned to Iraq in the holy city of Najaf to lead the Sadrist movement after being in exile since 2007.

On 15 January 2011, three U.S. troops were killed in Iraq. One of the troops was killed on a military operation in central Iraq, while the other two troops were deliberately shot by one or two Iraqi soldiers during a training exercise.

On 6 June, five U.S. troops were killed in an apparent rocket attack on JSS Loyalty. A sixth soldier, who was wounded in the attack, died 10 days later of his wounds.

On 13 June 2011, two U.S. troops were killed in an IED attack located in Wasit Governorate.

U.S. Army soldier on the roof of an Iraqi police station in Haqlaniyah, July 2011

On 26 June 2011, a U.S. troop was killed. Sergeant Brent McBride was sentenced to four years, two months for the death.

On 29 June, three U.S. troops were killed in a rocket attack on a U.S. base located near the border with Iran. It was speculated that the militant group responsible for the attack was the same one which attacked JSS Loyalty just over three weeks before. With the three deaths, June 2011, became the bloodiest month in Iraq for the U.S. military since June 2009, with 15 U.S. soldiers killed, only one of them outside combat.

On 7 July, two U.S. troops were killed and one seriously injured in a IED attack at Victory Base Complex outside Baghdad. They were members of the 145th Brigade Support Battalion, 116th Cavalry Heavy Brigade Combat Team, an Idaho Army National Guard unit base in Post Falls, Idaho. Spc. Nathan R. Beyers, 24, and Spc. Nicholas W. Newby, 20, were killed in the attack, Staff Sgt. Jazon Rzepa, 30, was seriously injured.

In September, Iraq signed a contract to buy 18 Lockheed Martin F-16 warplanes, becoming the 26th nation to operate the F-16. Because of windfall profits from oil, the Iraqi government is planning to double this originally planned 18, to 36 F-16s. Iraq is relying on the U.S. military for air support as it rebuilds its forces and battles a stubborn Islamist insurgency.

With the collapse of the discussions about extending the stay of any U.S. troops beyond 2011, where they would not be granted any immunity from the Iraqi government, on 21 October 2011, President Obama announced at a White House press conference that all remaining U.S. troops and trainers would leave Iraq by the end of the year as previously scheduled, bringing the U.S. mission in Iraq to an end. The last American soldier to die in Iraq before the withdrawal was killed by a roadside bomb in Baghdad on 14 November.

In November 2011, the U.S. Senate voted down a resolution to formally end the war by bringing its authorization by Congress to an end.

U.S. and Kuwaiti troops closing the gate between Kuwait and Iraq on 18 December 2011

On 15 December, an American military ceremony was held in Baghdad putting a formal end to the U.S. mission in Iraq.

The last U.S. troops withdrew from Iraq on 18 December, although the U.S. embassy and consulates continue to maintain a staff of more than 20,000 including U.S. Marine Embassy Guards and between 4,000 and 5,000 private military contractors. The next day, Iraqi officials issued an arrest warrant for the Sunni Vice-President Tariq al-Hashimi. He has been accused of involvement in assassinations and fled to the Kurdish part of Iraq.

Aftermath – post U.S. withdrawal

Main article: Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013) See also: Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014), Northern Iraq offensive (August 2014), Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017), and American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–present)
June 2015 military situation:
  Controlled by Iraqi government  Controlled by the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIS)  Controlled by Iraqi Kurds  Controlled by Syrian government  Controlled by Syrian rebels  Controlled by Syrian Kurds

The invasion and occupation led to sectarian violence, which caused widespread displacement among Iraqi civilians. The Iraqi Red Crescent organization estimated the total internal displacement was around 2.3 million in 2008, with as many as 2 million Iraqis having left the country. Poverty led many Iraqi women to turn to prostitution to support themselves and their families, attracting sex tourists from regional lands. The invasion led to a constitution, which supported democracy as long as laws did not violate traditional Islamic principles, and a parliamentary election was held in 2005. In addition, the invasion preserved the autonomy of the Kurdish region, and stability brought new economic prosperity. Because the Kurdish region is historically the most democratic area of Iraq, many Iraqi refugees from other territories fled into the Kurdish land.

Sectarian violence continued in the first half of 2013. At least 56 people died in April when a Sunni protest in Hawija was interrupted by a government-supported helicopter raid and a series of violent incidents occurred in May. On 20 May 2013, at least 95 people died in a wave of car bomb attacks that was preceded by a car bombing on 15 May that led to 33 deaths; also, on 18 May, 76 people were killed in the Sunni areas of Baghdad. Some experts have stated that Iraq could return to the brutal sectarian conflict of 2006.

On 22 July 2013, at least five hundred convicts, most of whom were senior members of al-Qaida who had received death sentences, broke out of Iraq's Abu Ghraib jail when comrades launched a military-style assault to free them. The attack began when a suicide bomber drove a car packed with explosives into prison gates. James F. Jeffrey, the United States ambassador in Baghdad when the last American troops exited, said the assault and resulting escape "will provide seasoned leadership and a morale boost to Al Qaeda and its allies in both Iraq and Syria ... it is likely to have an electrifying impact on the Sunni population in Iraq, which has been sitting on the fence."

By mid-2014 the country was in chaos with a new government yet to be formed following national elections, and the insurgency reaching new heights. In early June 2014 the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) took over the cities of Mosul and Tikrit and said it was ready to march on Baghdad, while Iraqi Kurdish forces took control of key military installations in the major oil city of Kirkuk. The al-Qaida breakaway group formally declared the creation of an Islamic state on June 29, 2014, in the territory under its control.

Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki asked his parliament to declare a state of emergency that would give him increased powers, but the lawmakers refused. On 14 August 2014, Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki succumbed to pressure at home and abroad to step down. This paved the way for Haidar al-Abadi to take over on 19 August 2014.

In September 2014, President Obama acknowledged that the U.S. underestimated the rise of the Islamic State and overestimated the ability of the Iraqi military to fend off ISIL. As a result, he announced the return of U.S. forces to Iraq, but only in the form of aerial support, in an effort to halt the advance of ISIL forces, render humanitarian aid to stranded refugees and stabilize the political situation. A civil war between ISIL and the central government continued for the next three years, until the government declared victory in December 2017.

Following the election of Donald Trump, the United States intensified its campaign against the Islamic State by January 2017. Defense Secretary Jim Mattis said a tactical shift to surround Islamic State strongholds in Mosul, Iraq, and Raqqa, Syria, was devised not only to "annihilate" ISIL fighters hunkered down there, but also to prevent them from returning to their home nations in Europe, Africa and the Middle East. In 2017, U.S.-backed Kurdish forces captured Raqqa, which had served as the ISIL capital. By 2018, violence in Iraq was at its lowest level in ten years. This was greatly a result of the defeat of ISIL forces and the subsequent calming-down of the insurgency.

Casualty estimates

Main article: Casualties of the Iraq War See also: Foreign hostages in Iraq and List of bombings during the Iraq War
Wounded U.S. personnel flown from Iraq to Ramstein, Germany, for medical treatment (February 2007)
Marines unload a wounded comrade from an Army UH-60 Blackhawk helicopter for medical treatment at Al Qaim.

For coalition death totals see the infobox at the top right. See also Casualties of the Iraq War, which has casualty numbers for coalition nations, contractors, non-Iraqi civilians, journalists, media helpers, aid workers, and the wounded. Casualty figures, especially Iraqi ones, are highly disputed.

There have been several attempts by the media, coalition governments and others to estimate the Iraqi casualties. The table below summarizes some of these estimates and methods.

Source Iraqi casualties March 2003 to ...
Iraq Family Health Survey 151,000 violent deaths. June 2006
Lancet survey 601,027 violent deaths out of 654,965 excess deaths. June 2006
PLOS Medicine Study 460,000 excess deaths including 132,000 violent deaths from conflict violent deaths from the conflict. June 2011
Opinion Research Business survey 1,033,000 violent deaths from the conflict. August 2007
Iraqi Health Ministry 87,215 violent deaths per death certificates issued.
Deaths prior to January 2005 unrecorded.
Ministry estimates up to 20% more deaths are undocumented.
January 2005 to
February 2009
Associated Press 110,600 violent deaths.
Health Ministry death certificates plus AP estimate of casualties for 2003–04.
April 2009
Iraq Body Count 105,052–114,731 violent civilian deaths.
compiled from commercial news media, NGO and official reports.
Over 162,000 civilian and combatant deaths
January 2012
WikiLeaks. Classified Iraq War Logs 109,032 violent deaths including 66,081 civilian deaths. January 2004 to
December 2009

Criticism and cost

Further information: Criticism of the Iraq War, Opposition to the Iraq War, Legitimacy of the 2003 invasion of Iraq, Legality of the Iraq War, Views on the 2003 invasion of Iraq, Protests against the Iraq War, American popular opinion on invasion of Iraq, Governmental positions on the Iraq War prior to the 2003 invasion of Iraq, Media coverage of the Iraq War, and Public relations preparations for 2003 invasion of Iraq See also: Iraq War misappropriations, Habbush letter, and The Way of the World (book)
A city street in Ramadi heavily damaged by the fighting in 2006
A memorial in North Carolina in December 2007; U.S. casualty count can be seen in the background.

The Bush Administration's rationale for the Iraq War has faced heavy criticism from an array of popular and official sources both inside and outside the United States, with many U.S. citizens finding many parallels with the Vietnam War. For example, a former CIA officer described the Office of Special Plans as a group of ideologues who were dangerous to U.S. national security and a threat to world peace, and stated that the group lied and manipulated intelligence to further its agenda of removing Saddam. The Center for Public Integrity alleges that the Bush administration made a total of 935 false statements between 2001 and 2003 about Iraq's alleged threat to the United States.

Both proponents and opponents of the invasion have also criticized the prosecution of the war effort along a number of other lines. Most significantly, critics have assailed the United States and its allies for not devoting enough troops to the mission, not adequately planning for post-invasion Iraq, and for permitting and perpetrating human rights abuses. As the war has progressed, critics have also railed against the high human and financial costs. In 2016, the United Kingdom published the Iraq Inquiry, a public inquiry which was broadly critical of the actions of the British government and military in making the case for the war, in tactics and in planning for the aftermath of the war.

  Iraq   States participating in the invasion of Iraq   States in support of an invasion   States in opposition to an invasion   States with an uncertain or no official standpoint

Criticisms include:

Financial cost

In March 2013, the total cost of the Iraq War to date was estimated at $1.7 trillion by the Watson Institute of International Studies at Brown University. Some argue that the total cost of the war to the U.S. economy will range from $3 trillion to $6 trillion, including interest rates, by 2053, as described in the Watson Institute's report. The upper ranges of these estimates include long-term veterans costs and economic impacts. For example, Harvard's public finance expert Linda J. Bilmes has estimated that the long-term cost of providing disability compensation and medical care to U.S. troops injured in the Iraq conflict will reach nearly $1 trillion over the next 40 years, and that the war in Iraq diverted resources from the war in Afghanistan, led to rising oil prices, increased the federal debt, and contributed to a global financial crisis.

A CNN report noted that the United States-led interim government, the Coalition Provisional Authority lasting until 2004 in Iraq had lost $8.8 billion in the Development Fund for Iraq. In June 2011, it was reported by CBS News that $6 billion in neatly packaged blocks of $100 bills was air-lifted into Iraq by the George W. Bush administration, which flew it into Baghdad aboard C‑130 military cargo planes. In total, the Times says $12 billion in cash was flown into Iraq in 21 separate flights by May 2004, all of which has disappeared. An inspector general's report mentioned that "'Severe inefficiencies and poor management' by the Coalition Provisional Authority would leave no guarantee that the money was properly used", said Stuart W. Bowen, Jr., director of the Office of the Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction. "The CPA did not establish or implement sufficient managerial, financial and contractual controls to ensure that funds were used in a transparent manner." Bowen told the Times the missing money may represent "the largest theft of funds in national history."

Humanitarian crisis

Main articles: Humanitarian crises of the Iraq War and Refugees of Iraq
Child killed by a car bomb in Kirkuk, July 2011

The child malnutrition rate rose to 28%. Some 60–70% of Iraqi children were reported to be suffering from psychological problems in 2007. Most Iraqis had no access to safe drinking water. A cholera outbreak in northern Iraq was thought to be the result of poor water quality. As many as half of Iraqi doctors left the country between 2003 and 2006. The use of depleted uranium and white phosphorus by the U.S. military has been blamed for birth defects and cancers in the Iraqi city of Fallujah. Articles in The Lancet and Al Jazeera have suggested that the number of cases of cancer, birth defects, miscarriages, illnesses and premature births may have increased dramatically after the first and second Iraq wars, due to the presences of depleted uranium and chemicals introduced during American attacks.

By the end of 2015, according to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 4.4 million Iraqis had been internally displaced. The population of Iraqi Christians dropped dramatically during the war, from 1.5 million in 2003 to 500,000 in 2015, and perhaps only 275,000 in 2016.

The Foreign Policy Association reported that "Perhaps the most perplexing component of the Iraq refugee crisis ... has been the inability for the United States to absorb more Iraqis following the 2003 invasion of the country. To date, the United States has granted around 84,000 Iraqis refugee status, of the more than two million global Iraqi refugees. By contrast, the United States granted asylum to more than 100,000 Vietnamese refugees during the Vietnam War."

Human rights abuses

Main article: Human rights in post-invasion Iraq
This article is in list format but may read better as prose. You can help by converting this article, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (July 2013)
Gun camera footage of the airstrike of 12 July 2007 in Baghdad, showing the slaying of Namir Noor-Eldeen and a dozen other civilians by a U.S. helicopter

Throughout the entire Iraq war, there have been human rights abuses on all sides of the conflict.

Government of Iraq

  • The use of torture by Iraqi security forces.
  • Iraqi police from the Interior Ministry accused of forming Death Squads and committing numerous massacres and tortures of Sunni Arabs and the police collusion with militias in Iraq have compounded the problems.

Coalition forces and private contractors

Main article: Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse
This photograph from Abu Ghraib released in 2006 shows a pyramid of naked Iraqi prisoners.

Insurgent groups

Main article: Iraq War insurgent attacks Further information: Suicide bombings in Iraq since 2003 and Tactics of the Iraqi insurgency
Car bombings are a frequently used tactic by insurgents in Iraq.
  • Killing over 12,000 Iraqis from January 2005 to June 2006, according to Iraqi Interior Minister Bayan Jabr, giving the first official count for the victims of bombings, ambushes and other deadly attacks. The insurgents have also conducted numerous suicide attacks on the Iraqi civilian population, mostly targeting the majority Shia community. An October 2005 report from Human Rights Watch examines the range of civilian attacks and their purported justification.
  • Attacks against civilians including children through bombing of market places and other locations reachable by suicide bombers.
  • Attacks against civilians by sectarian death squads primarily during the Iraqi Civil war. Iraq Body Count project data shows that 33% of civilian deaths during the Iraq War resulted from execution after abduction or capture. These were overwhelmingly carried out by unknown actors including insurgents, sectarian militias and criminals.
  • Attacks on diplomats and diplomatic facilities including; the bombing of the UN headquarters in Baghdad in August 2003 killing the top UN representative in Iraq and 21 other UN staff members; beheading several diplomats: two Algerian diplomatic envoys Ali Belaroussi and Azzedine Belkadi, Egyptian diplomatic envoy al-Sherif, and four Russian diplomats.
  • The February 2006 bombing of the al-Askari Mosque, destroying one of the holiest Shiite shrines, killing over 165 worshipers and igniting sectarian strife and reprisal killings.
  • The publicised killing of several contractors; Eugene Armstrong, Jack Hensley, Kenneth Bigley, Ivaylo Kepov and Georgi Lazov (Bulgarian truck drivers.) Other non-military personnel murdered include: translator Kim Sun-il, Shosei Koda, Fabrizio Quattrocchi (Italian), charity worker Margaret Hassan, reconstruction engineer Nick Berg, photographer Salvatore Santoro (Italian) and supply worker Seif Adnan Kanaan (Iraqi.) Four private armed contractors, Scott Helvenston, Jerko Zovko, Wesley Batalona and Michael Teague, were killed with grenades and small arms fire, their bodies dragged from their vehicles, beaten and set ablaze. Their burned corpses were then dragged through the streets before being hung over a bridge crossing the Euphrates.
  • Torture or killing of members of the New Iraqi Army, and assassination of civilians associated with the Coalition Provisional Authority, such as Fern Holland, or the Iraqi Governing Council, such as Aqila al-Hashimi and Ezzedine Salim, or other foreign civilians, such as those from Kenya.

Public opinion on the war

Main article: Public opinion on the Iraq War

International opinion

Protesters on 19 March 2005, in London, where over 150,000 marched

In a March 2003 Gallup poll, the day after the invasion, 76% of Americans had approved of military action against Iraq. In a March 2003 YouGov poll, 54% of Britons supported the military action against Iraq.

According to a January 2007 BBC World Service poll of more than 26,000 people in 25 countries, 73% of the global population disapproved of U.S. handling of the Iraq War. A September 2007 poll conducted by the BBC found that two-thirds of the world's population believed the U.S. should withdraw its forces from Iraq.

In 2006 it was found that majorities in the UK and Canada believed that the war in Iraq was "unjustified" and – in the UK – were critical of their government's support of U.S. policies in Iraq.

According to polls conducted by the Arab American Institute, four years after the invasion of Iraq, 83% of Egyptians had a negative view of the U.S. role in Iraq; 68% of Saudi Arabians had a negative view; 96% of the Jordanian population had a negative view; 70% of the population of the United Arab Emirates and 76% of the Lebanese population also described their view as negative. The Pew Global Attitudes Project reports that in 2006 majorities in the Netherlands, (Germany), Jordan, France, Lebanon, Russia, China, Canada, Poland, Pakistan, Spain, Indonesia, Turkey, and Morocco believed the world was safer before the Iraq War and the toppling of Saddam, while pluralities in the United States and India believe the world is safer without Saddam Hussein.

Iraqi opinion

A woman pleads with an Iraqi army soldier from 2nd Company, 5th Brigade, 2nd Iraqi Army Division to let a suspected insurgent free during a raid near Tafaria, Iraq.

Directly after the invasion, polling suggested that a slight majority supported the U.S. invasion. Polls conducted between 2005 and 2007 showed 31–37% of Iraqis wanted U.S. and other Coalition forces to withdraw once security was restored and that 26–35% wanted immediate withdrawal instead. Despite a majority having previously been opposed to the U.S. presence, 60% of Iraqis opposed American troops leaving directly prior to withdrawal, with 51% saying withdrawal would have a negative effect. In 2006, a poll conducted on the Iraqi public revealed that 52% of the ones polled said Iraq was going in the right direction and 61% claimed it was worth ousting Saddam Hussein. In a March 2007 BBC poll, 82% of Iraqis expressed a lack of confidence in coalition forces based in Iraq.

Relation to the Global War on Terrorism

Main article: Iraq War and U.S. Global War on Terror Further information: Criticism of the War on Terrorism, Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda, and Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda timeline

Though explicitly stating that Iraq had "nothing" to do with 9/11, erstwhile President George W. Bush consistently referred to the Iraq war as "the central front in the War on Terror", and argued that if the United States pulled out of Iraq, "terrorists will follow us here". While other proponents of the war regularly echoed this assertion, as the conflict dragged on, members of the U.S. Congress, the U.S. public, and even U.S. troops questioned the connection between Iraq and the fight against anti-U.S. terrorism. In particular, a consensus developed among intelligence experts that the Iraq war actually increased terrorism. Counterterrorism expert Rohan Gunaratna frequently referred to the invasion of Iraq as a "fatal mistake".

London's International Institute for Strategic Studies concluded in 2004 that the occupation of Iraq had become "a potent global recruitment pretext" for Mujahideen and that the invasion "galvanised" al-Qaeda and "perversely inspired insurgent violence" there. The U.S. National Intelligence Council concluded in a January 2005 report that the war in Iraq had become a breeding ground for a new generation of terrorists; David Low, the national intelligence officer for transnational threats, indicated that the report concluded that the war in Iraq provided terrorists with "a training ground, a recruitment ground, the opportunity for enhancing technical skills ... There is even, under the best scenario, over time, the likelihood that some of the jihadists who are not killed there will, in a sense, go home, wherever home is, and will therefore disperse to various other countries." The Council's chairman Robert Hutchings said, "At the moment, Iraq is a magnet for international terrorist activity." And the 2006 National Intelligence Estimate, which outlined the considered judgment of all 16 U.S. intelligence agencies, held that "The Iraq conflict has become the 'cause célèbre' for jihadists, breeding a deep resentment of U.S. involvement in the Muslim world and cultivating supporters for the global jihadist movement."

Foreign involvement

Role of Saudi Arabia and non-Iraqis

See also: Saudi Arabia and terrorism
Origins of suicide bombers in Iraq 2003–2007
Nationality
Saudi Arabia 53
Iraq 18
Italy 8
Syria 8
Kuwait 7
Jordan 4
*Other 26
*Three each from Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Turkey, Yemen; two each from Belgium, France, Spain; one each from Britain, Lebanon, Morocco, Sudan

According to studies, most of the suicide bombers in Iraq are foreigners, especially Saudis.

Role of China and Russia

As an ally of Iraq, Russia was opposed to the invasion of Iraq. The foreign ministers of Russia, France and Germany made a joint declaration that they will "not allow" passage of a UN Security Council resolution authorising war against Iraq. Russia gave information to Saddam's government about the Bush administration's plans. The information included troop deployments, equipment, and their locations.

Though the Chinese and Russian governments opposed the Iraq War, both China and Russia have benefited from the Iraq War while suffering none of the losses incurred by the countries that invaded. Two of the biggest Iraqi oil contracts went to China and Russia, while the war itself allowed China to present itself as an alternative source of investment to the United States.

Role of Iran

Although some military intelligence analysts have concluded there is no concrete evidence, U.S. Major General Rick Lynch has claimed that Iran has provided training, weapons, money, and intelligence to Shiite insurgents in Iraq and that up to 150 Iranian intelligence agents, plus members of the Iranian Revolutionary Guard are believed to be active in Iraq at any given time. Lynch thinks that members of the IRGC's Quds Force have trained members of the Qazali terror network in explosives technology and also provided the network with arms, munitions, and military advisors. Many explosive devices, including improvised explosives (IEDs) and explosively-formed projectiles (EFPs), used by insurgents are claimed by Lynch to be Iranian-made or designed.

According to two unnamed U.S. officials, the Pentagon is examining the possibility that the Karbala provincial headquarters raid, in which insurgents managed to infiltrate an American base, kill five U.S. soldiers, wound three, and destroy three humvees before fleeing, was supported by Iranians. In a speech on 31 January 2007, Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki stated that Iran was supporting attacks against Coalition forces in Iraq and some Iraqis suspect that the raid may have been perpetrated by the Quds Force in retaliation for the detention of five Iranian officials by U.S. forces in the northern Iraqi city of Irbil on 11 January.

In 2011, U.S. ambassador James Franklin Jeffrey stated "that Iranian proxies accounted for roughly a quarter of US combat casualties in Iraq—around 1,100 deaths and many thousands more injuries."

A 1,300-page US Army Iraq War study, released in January 2019, concluded that “At the time of this project’s completion in 2018, an emboldened and expansionist Iran appears to be the only victor" and that the outcome of the war triggered a "deep skepticism about foreign interventions” among America's public opinion.

See also

Footnotes

  1. The conflict is also known as the War in Iraq, the Occupation of Iraq, the Second Gulf War, and Gulf War II. The period of the war lasting from 2003 to 2010 was referred to as Operation Iraqi Freedom by the United States military and Operation New Dawn from 2010-2011.

References

  1. Greg Weston (16 May 2011). "Canada offered to aid Iraq invasion: WikiLeaks". CBC News.
  2. Regering. "Rapport Commissie-Davids". rijksoverheid.nl. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
  3. Elaheh Rostami-Povey, Iran's Influence: A Religious-Political State and Society in Its Region, pp. 130–154, Zed Books Ltd, 2010.
  4. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  5. President Barack Obama Speaks With VICE News. YouTube. 16 March 2015.
  6. "Operations By Iran's Military Mastermind – Business Insider". Business Insider. 9 July 2014.
  7. Michael Petrou (9 September 2011). "The decline of al-Qaeda". Maclean's. George W. Bush gambled on surging thousands more troops to the embattled country. It paid off. Al-Qaeda in Iraq is now a diminished force without territory.
  8. Spencer C. Tucker (14 December 2015). U.S. Conflicts in the 21st Century: Afghanistan War, Iraq War, and the War on Terror. ISBN 978-1440838798. Al Qaeda in Iraq was decimated by the end of the Iraq War in 2011
  9. Galbraith, Peter W. (2007). The End of Iraq: How American Incompetence Created a War Without End. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0743294249.
  10. "Iran expands regional 'empire' ahead of nuclear deal". Reuters.
  11. "How to Stop Iran's Growing Hegemony – National Review Online". National Review Online.
  12. "The JRTN Movement and Iraq's Next Insurgency | Combating Terrorism Center at West Point". Ctc.usma.edu. Archived from the original on 26 August 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  13. "Al-Qaeda's Resurgence in Iraq: A Threat to U.S. Interests". U.S. Department of State. 5 February 2014. Retrieved 26 November 2010.
  14. "Operations By Iran's Military Mastermind – Business Insider". Business Insider. 9 July 2014.
  15. "A Timeline of Iraq War, Troop Levels". The Huffington Post.
  16. "Deputy Assistant Secretary for International Programs Charlene Lamb's Remarks on Private Contractors in Iraq". U.S. Department of State. 17 July 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
  17. International Institute for Strategic Studies; Hackett, James (ed.) (3 February 2010). The Military Balance 2010. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-85743-557-3. {{cite book}}: |author2= has generic name (help)
  18. Rubin, Alissa J.; Nordland, Rod (29 March 2009). "Troops Arrest an Awakening Council Leader in Iraq, Setting Off Fighting". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 March 2010.
  19. "The Kurdish peshmerga forces will not be integrated into the Iraqi army: Mahmoud Sangawi — Interview". Ekurd.net. 22 January 2010. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
  20. The Brookings Institution Iraq Index: Tracking Variables of Reconstruction & Security in Post-Saddam Iraq Archived 2 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine 1 October 2007
  21. Pincus, Walter. "Violence in Iraq Called Increasingly Complex". The Washington Post, 17 November 2006.
  22. 260 killed in 2003, 15,196 killed from 2004 through 2009 (with the exceptions of May 2004 and March 2009), 67 killed in March 2009, Archived 26 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine 1,100 killed in 2010, Archived 16 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine and 1,067 killed in 2011, thus giving a total of 17,690 dead
  23. "Iraq War" (PDF). U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
  24. ^ "Operation Iraqi Freedom". iCasualties. Archived from the original on 21 March 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  25. "Home and Away: Iraq and Afghanistan War Casualties". CNN. Retrieved 30 March 2010.
  26. ^ "Casualty" (PDF). Retrieved 29 June 2016.
  27. "Fact Sheets | Operations Factsheets | Operations in Iraq: British Fatalities". Ministry of Defence of the United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 11 October 2009. Retrieved 17 October 2009.
  28. "POW and MIA in Iraq and Afghanistan Fast Facts". CNN. Retrieved 5 June 2014.; As of July 2012, seven American private contractors remain unaccounted for. Their names are: Jeffrey Ake, Aban Elias, Abbas Kareem Naama, Neenus Khoshaba, Bob Hamze, Dean Sadek and Hussain al-Zurufi. Healy, Jack, "With Withdrawal Looming, Trails Grow Cold For Americans Missing In Iraq", The New York Times, 22 May 2011, p. 6.
  29. 33 Ukrainians , 31+ Italians Archived 28 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine, 30 Bulgarians , 20 Salvadorans , 19 Georgians , 18 Estonians , 16+ Poles "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 12 June 2007. Retrieved 7 January 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) , 15 Spaniards Archived 29 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine , 10 Romanians , 6 Australians "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 28 April 2011. Retrieved 6 January 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link), 5 Albanians, 4 Kazakhs "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 30 January 2012. Retrieved 7 January 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link), 3 Filipinos "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 6 January 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) and 2 Thais for a total of 212+
  30. ^ Many official U.S. tables at "Military Casualty Information" Archived 3 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine. See latest totals for injury, disease/other medical Archived 2 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  31. "Casualties in Iraq".
  32. ^ iCasualties.org (was lunaville.org). Benicia, California. Patricia Kneisler, et al., "Iraq Coalition Casualties" Archived 21 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  33. ^ "Defence Internet Fact Sheets Operations in Iraq: British Casualties" Archived 14 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine. UK Ministry of Defense. Latest combined casualty and fatality tables Archived 4 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
  34. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 June 2011. Retrieved 7 February 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  35. ^ "Office of Workers' Compensation Programs (OWCP) – Defense Base Act Case Summary by Nation". U.S. Department of Labor. Retrieved 15 December 2011.
  36. ^ T. Christian Miller (23 September 2009). "U.S. Government Private Contract Worker Deaths and Injuries". Projects.propublica.org. Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  37. 185 in Diyala from June 2007 to December 2007, 4 in assassination of Abu Risha, 25 on 12 November 2007, 528 in 2008, 27 on 2 January 2009, 53 From 6 to 12 April 2009, 13 on 16 November 2009,"Archived copy". Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 14 February 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) 15 in December 2009, 100+ from April to June 2010, 52 on 18 July 2010, total of 1,002+ dead Archived 18 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  38. Moore, Solomon; Oppel, Richard A. (24 January 2008). "Attacks Imperil U.S.-Backed Militias in Iraq". The New York Times.
  39. Greg Bruno. "Finding a Place for the 'Sons of Iraq'". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 26 December 2011.
  40. Press release (28 October 2003). "New Study Finds: 11,000 to 15,000 Killed in Iraq War; 30 Percent are Non-Combatants; Death Toll Hurts Postwar Stability Efforts, Damages US Image Abroad". Project on Defense Alternatives (via Common Dreams NewsCenter). Retrieved 2 September 2010. Archived 17 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  41. Conetta, Carl (23 October 2003). "The Wages of War: Iraqi Combatant and Noncombatant Fatalities in the 2003 Conflict — Project on Defense Alternative Research Monograph #8". Project on Defense Alternatives (via Commonwealth Institute). Retrieved 2 September 2010.
  42. 597 killed in 2003,, 23,984 killed from 2004 through 2009 (with the exceptions of May 2004 and March 2009), 652 killed in May 2004, 45 killed in March 2009, 676 killed in 2010, and 590 killed in 2011, thus giving a total of 26,544 dead
  43. "Amnesty: Iraq holds up to 30,000 detainees without trial". CNN. 13 September 2010. Archived from the original on 23 October 2010. Retrieved 6 January 2011. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  44. "Mortality after the 2003 invasion of Iraq: a cross-sectional cluster sample survey" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 September 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help) (242 KB). By Gilbert Burnham, Riyadh Lafta, Shannon Doocy, and Les Roberts. The Lancet, 11 October 2006
  45. "The Human Cost of the War in Iraq: A Mortality Study, 2002–2006" (PDF). (603 KB). By Gilbert Burnham, Shannon Doocy, Elizabeth Dzeng, Riyadh Lafta, and Les Roberts. A supplement to the October 2006 Lancet study. It is also found here: "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 November 2007. Retrieved 9 May 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  46. "Iraq Family Health Survey" New England Journal of Medicine 31 January 2008
  47. ^ Hagopian, Amy; Flaxman, Abraham D.; Takaro, Tim K.; Esa Al Shatari, Sahar A.; Rajaratnam, Julie; Becker, Stan; Levin-Rector, Alison; Galway, Lindsay; Hadi Al-Yasseri, Berq J.; Weiss, William M.; Murray, Christopher J.; Burnham, Gilbert; Mills, Edward J. (15 October 2013). "Mortality in Iraq Associated with the 2003–2011 War and Occupation: Findings from a National Cluster Sample Survey by the University Collaborative Iraq Mortality Study". PLoS Medicine. 10 (10): e1001533. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001533. PMC 3797136. PMID 24143140.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  48. "Iraq Body Count". Retrieved 27 April 2014.
  49. "Iraq War Logs: What the numbers reveal". Iraq Body Count. Retrieved 3 December 2010.
  50. Kim Gamel (23 April 2009). "AP Impact: Secret tally has 87,215 Iraqis dead". Fox News. Retrieved 26 April 2014.
  51. "Iraq War". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
  52. Gielink, Dirk; Maarten Buitenhuis; René Moelker (2007). "No Contractors on the Battlefield: The Dutch Military's Reluctance to Outsource". In Thomas Jäger, Gerhard Kümmel (ed.). Private Military and Security Companies: Chances, Problems, Pitfalls and Prospects. VS Verlag. p. 149. ISBN 3-531-14901-6.
  53. Flintoff, Corey (25 September 2009). "Blackwater's Prince Has GOP, Christian Group Ties". National Public Radio. Retrieved 28 February 2009.
  54. Gordon, Michael; Trainor, Bernard (1 March 1995). The Generals' War: The Inside Story of the Conflict in the Gulf. New York: Little Brown & Co.
  55. Collins, Dan. "Congress Says Yes To Iraq Resolution". CBS News. Retrieved 12 March 2019.
  56. "Iraq War | 2003–2011". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
  57. "Timeline: Invasion, surge, withdrawal; U.S. forces in Iraq". Reuters. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  58. Hanson, Victor Davis. "Iraq and Afghanistan: A tale of two surges". CBS News. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  59. Feller, Ben (27 February 2009). "Obama sets firm withdrawal timetable for Iraq". Yahoo! News. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2 March 2009. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  60. "Raw Data: Text of Resolution on Iraq". Fox News. Associated Press. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  61. Center for American Progress (29 January 2004) "In Their Own Words: Iraq's 'Imminent' Threat" Archived 15 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine americanprogress.org
  62. Senator Bill Nelson (28 January 2004) "New Information on Iraq's Possession of Weapons of Mass Destruction", Archived 20 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine Congressional Record
  63. "Saddam's al Qaeda Connection". The Weekly Standard.
  64. "President Discusses the Future of Iraq" Archived 1 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine The White House, 26 February 2003
  65. "Bush Sought 'Way' To Invade Iraq?" Archived 8 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine 60 Minutes
  66. "Cheney on torture report: Saddam Hussein 'had a 10-year relationship with al-Qaida'". @politifact. Retrieved 28 May 2019.
  67. ^ "The Iraq War and WMDs: An intelligence failure or White House spin?". The Washington Post. 2019.
  68. L, Jonathan S.; Newspapers, ay-McClatchy. "Pentagon office produced `alternative' intelligence on Iraq". mcclatchydc. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
  69. Jervis, Robert (February 2006). "Reports, Politics, and Intelligence Failures: The Case of Iraq" (PDF). Journal of Strategic Studies. 29 (1): 3–52. doi:10.1080/01402390600566282. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 October 2016. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  70. "Sir John Chiclot's public statement 6 July 2016". Archived from the original on 23 November 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  71. "World Acts Against Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait." Archived 21 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine. GlobalSecurity.org.
  72. ^ Zilinskas, Raymond A., "UNSCOM and the UNSCOM Experience in Iraq", Politics and the Life Sciences, Vol. 14, No. 2 (Aug. 1995), 230.
  73. Robert Fisk (18 December 2007). The Great War for Civilisation: The Conquest of the Middle East. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-307-42871-4. Digital copy, does not include page numbers.
  74. Barton Gellman (2 March 1999). "U.S. Spied on Iraq Via U.N." Washington Post. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
  75. "Iraq Liberation Act of 1998 (Enrolled as Agreed to or Passed by Both House and Senate)". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 11 July 2008. Retrieved 25 May 2006. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  76. "Resolution 687 (1991)". 8 April 1991. Archived from the original on 23 May 2006. Retrieved 25 May 2006. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  77. William, Arkin (17 January 1999). "The Difference Was in the Details". The Washington Post. p. B1. Archived from the original on 9 September 2006. Retrieved 23 April 2007. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  78. "Republican Platform 2000". CNN. Archived from the original on 21 April 2006. Retrieved 25 May 2006.
  79. Bob Woodward (21 April 2004). Plan of Attack. Simon and Schuster. pp. 9–23. ISBN 978-0-7432-6287-3.
  80. "Plans For Iraq Attack Began on 9/11". CBS News. 4 September 2002. Archived from the original on 25 May 2006. Retrieved 26 May 2006. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  81. Woodward 2004, 1–3.
  82. ^ "'Building momentum for regime change': Rumsfeld's secret memos". MSNBC. 23 June 2001. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
  83. Michael Isikoff (16 March 2013). "'Building momentum for regime change': Rumsfeld's secret memos". MSNBC. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
  84. Smith, Jeffrey R. "Hussein's Prewar Ties To Al-Qaeda Discounted". The Washington Post, Friday, 6 April 2007; Page A01. Retrieved on 23 April 2007.
  85. "The President's State of the Union Address" Archived 2009-05-02 at the Wayback Machine
  86. Vox, 9 Jul. 2016, "No, Really, George W. Bush Lied about WMDs"
  87. George W. Bush, "President's Remarks at the United Nations General Assembly: Remarks by the President in Address to the United Nations General Assembly, New York City", official transcript, press release, The White House, 12 September 2002. Retrieved 24 May 2007.
  88. IBT Staff Reporter (8 February 2011). "Little evidence for Iraq WMDs ahead of 2003 war: U.S. declassified report". International Business Times. Retrieved 30 December 2018.
  89. Shaffer, Glen (5 September 2002). "Iraq: Status of WMD Programs". Politico. Archived from the original on 24 April 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2018.
  90. "France threatens rival UN Iraq draft". BBC News, 26 October 2002. Retrieved on 23 April 2007
  91. "U.S. Wants Peaceful Disarmament of Iraq, Says Negroponte". Embassy of the United States in Manila. 8 November 2002. Archived from the original on 3 January 2006. Retrieved 26 May 2006.
  92. "Statements of the Director General". IAEA. Archived from the original on 3 September 2006. Retrieved 7 September 2006. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  93. Blix, H. (7 March 2003) "Transcript of Blix's U.N. presentation" Archived 9 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine CNN
  94. "Poll: Talk First, Fight Later". CBS.com, 24 January 2003. Retrieved on 23 April 2007.
  95. Ferran, Lee (15 February 2011). "Iraqi Defector 'Curveball' Admits WMD Lies, Is Proud of Tricking U.S." ABC News.
  96. "US, Britain and Spain Abandon Resolution". Associated Press. 17 March 2003. Retrieved 6 August 2006.
  97. "Bush: Iraq is playing 'willful charade'". CNN. 7 March 2003. Retrieved 6 August 2006.
  98. "President Says Saddam Hussein Must Leave Iraq Within 48 Hours" (Press release). White House Office of the Press Secretary. 17 March 2003. Retrieved 28 July 2010.
  99. "Division No. 117 (Iraq)". Hansard. 401 (365). Parliament of the United Kingdom. 18 March 2003. Retrieved 29 October 2011.
  100. "CNN Inside Politics". CNN. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
  101. Grice, Andrew (3 October 2002). "Clinton urges caution over Iraq as Bush is granted war powers". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2010. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  102. Knight, Danielle. "Winning Over the Senate With Frank Words and a Keen Mind". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
  103. LaRepubblica, (it]
  104. "Anti-war protests under way". BBC News. 31 October 2002. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
  105. "Press conference of Foreign Affairs Minister Dominique de Villepin (excerpts)". Embassy of France in the U.S. 20 January 2003. Archived from the original on 27 September 2006. Retrieved 13 February 2007.
  106. Anti-war protests do make a difference Archived 21 March 2006 at the Wayback Machine, Alex Callinicos, Socialist Worker, 19 March 2005.
  107. Jarrett Murphy (30 January 2003). "Mandela Slams Bush on Iraq". CBS News. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
  108. "Army chief: Force to occupy Iraq massive". USA Today. 25 February 2003. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
  109. "Administration fends off demands for war estimates – Mar. 3, 2003". CNN. 26 February 2003. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
  110. Connolly, Kate (10 February 2003). "I am not convinced, Fischer tells Rumsfeld". ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 10 November 2017.
  111. "Iraq war illegal, says Annan". BBC News. 16 September 2004. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  112. Top judge: US and UK acted as 'vigilantes' in Iraq invasion Archived 1 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine, The Guardian, 18 November 2008
  113. Clegg brands Iraq War illegal in his first PMQs – with the backing of No10, Daily Mail, 21 July 2010
  114. ^ Operation Hotel California, The Clandestine War inside Iraq, Mike Tucker and Charles Faddis, 2008.
  115. ^ Bob Woodward (2004). Plan of Attack: The Definitive Account of the Decision to Invade Iraq. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0743255486.
  116. A Nation at War: Second Front; Allied Troops Are Flown In To Airfields In North Iraq, By C. J. Chivers, 24 March 2003
  117. A Nation at War: in the Field the Northern Front; Militants Gone, Caves in North Lie Abandoned By C. J. Chivers, 30 March 2003
  118. "Keeping 4th ID in the Mediterranean created element of surprise. Iraq did not expect attack to begin until 4th ID arrived in Kuwait." Rumsfeld, D., Franks, T.: Summary of Lessons Learned Archived 31 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Prepared testimony for the Senate Armed Services Committee, 9 July 2003.
  119. "Operation Iraqi Freedom". Target Iraq. GlobalSecurity.org. 27 April 2005.
  120. Friedman, G.: What Happened To The American Declaration Of War? Archived 23 January 2013 at archive.today, Forbes, 30 March 2011.
  121. Patrick E. Tyler (21 March 2003). "A nation at war: The attack; U.S. and British troops push into Iraq as missiles strike Baghdad compound". The New York Times. p. B8.
  122. Australian Department of Defence (2004). The War in Iraq. ADF Operations in the Middle East in 2003 Archived 9 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Page 11.
  123. MAJ Isaac J. Peltier. "Surrogate Warfare: The Role of U.S. Army Special Forces". U.S. Army. p. 29. Archived from the original on 11 February 2009. Retrieved 13 September 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  124. Sale, Michelle; Khan, Javid. "Missions Accomplished?". Retrieved 25 June 2012.
  125. Keegan, John (2005). The Iraq War. Vintage Books. p. 169. ISBN 978-1-4000-7920-9.
  126. Carney, Stephen A. (2011). Allied Participation in Operation Iraqi Freedom (PDF). United States Army Center of Military History. pp. 10, 98.
  127. Keegan, 145.
  128. Keegan, 148-53.
  129. Gordon, Michael R.; Trainor, Bernard E. (2006). Cobra II: The Inside Story of the Invasion and Occupation of Iraq. Pantheon. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-375-42262-1.
  130. Keegan, 154-5.
  131. West, Bing; General Ray L. Smith (September 2003). The March Up: Taking Baghdad with the 1st Marine Division. New York: Bantam Books. ISBN 978-0-553-80376-1.
  132. ^ Zucchino, David (3 July 2004). "Army Stage-Managed Fall of Saddam Statue". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
  133. The Rachel Maddow Show. 18 August 2010, MSNBC
  134. Collier, R. (9 April 2003) "Baghdad closer to collapse" Archived 16 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine San Francisco Chronicle
  135. "Stuff Happens". Defenselink.mil. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
  136. Conetta, Carl (20 October 2003). "Research Monograph no. 8: The Wages of War: Iraqi Combatant and Noncombatant Fatalities in the 2003 Conflict". Project on Defense Alternatives. Archived from the original on 31 August 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  137. Reuters (25 October 2005). "A Look at U.S. Deaths in the Iraq War". The Washington Post. Retrieved 11 November 2013. {{cite news}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  138. "Operation Iraqi Freedom | Iraq | Fatalities By Nationality". iCasualties. 28 May 2010. Retrieved 23 April 2014.
  139. "Operation Iraqi Freedom Maps". GlobalSecurity.Org.
  140. "iCasualties: Iraq Coalition Casualty Count — Deaths by Province Year/Month". Icasualties.org. Archived from the original on 8 July 2008. Retrieved 27 October 2008.
  141. "Poll: Iraqis out of patience". USA Today. 30 April 2004. Archived from the original on 16 January 2005. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  142. Karouny, Mariam (23 July 2006). "Gloom descends on Iraqi leaders as civil war looms". Turkish Daily News. Reuters. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  143. "US Blunders in Iraq" Archived 29 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine Intelligence and National Security Vol. 25, No. 1, 76–85, February 2010.
  144. Sanchez, Wiser in Battle, p.185.
  145. "Reintegration of Regular Army", DDR Tasks – The Army, 03/07/2003 10:03 AM
  146. America vs. Iraq, August 26, 2013, National Geographic, Television Production, Documentary
  147. "Comprehensive Report of the Special Advisor to the DCI on Iraq's WMD – Central Intelligence Agency".
  148. "Pentagon: Saddam is POW". CNN. 10 January 2004.
  149. "Saddam 'caught like a rat' in a hole". CNN. 15 December 2003.
  150. "Why the U.S. is Running Scared of Elections in Iraq". The Guardian. London. 19 January 2004. Retrieved 21 November 2006.
  151. "Tape Shows Apache Pilots Firing on Iraqis". ABC. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
  152. "frontline: private warriors: contractors: the high-risk contracting business". PBS. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
  153. Flower, Kevin; Gray, Melissa; Kroll, Sue; Paulsen, Vivian; Sadik, Auday (31 March 2004). "U.S. expects more attacks in Iraq: Residents hang slain Americans' bodies from bridge". CNN. Archived from the original on 6 April 2004. Retrieved 6 April 2004.
  154. ScanEagle Proves Worth in Fallujah Fight Archived 15 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine, DefenseLINK News
  155. Thomas Ricks (2006) Fiasco: 398–405
  156. Hersh, S. (10 May 2004) "Torture at Abu Ghraib" Archived 1 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine The New Yorker
  157. Thomas E. Ricks (2006) Fiasco, The American Military Adventure in Iraq. Penguin
  158. "U.S. to pull out 15,000 from Iraq". BBC News. 4 February 2005. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
  159. "Insurgents attack Abu Ghraib prison". CNN. 3 April 2005. Retrieved 26 March 2014.
  160. ^ Thomas Ricks (2006) Fiasco: 413
  161. Thomas Ricks (2006) Fiasco: 414
  162. "Decrying violence in Iraq, UN envoy urges national dialogue, international support". UN News Centre. 25 November 2006.
  163. A Soldier's Shame Archived 23 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine 9 July 2006
  164. Killings shattered dreams of rural Iraqi families Archived 26 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine MSNBC
  165. Barrouquere, Brett (29 May 2009). "Iraqi family's relatives confront killer". The Sydney Morning Herald.
  166. "Attacks in Iraq at All-Time High, Pentagon Report Says". Newshour. PBS. 19 December 2006.
  167. Watkins, Thomas (22 December 2006). "Marine Officers Charged in Haditha Case". Washington Post.
  168. "Saddam Hussein executed in Iraq". BBC News. 30 December 2006. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
  169. "President's Address to the Nation". The White House. 10 January 2007.
  170. Holusha, John (23 January 2007). "Petraeus Calls Iraq Situation Dire". The New York Times.
  171. Gordon, Michael (5 January 2007). "Bush to Name a New General to Oversee Iraq". The New York Times.
  172. Iraq Bill Demands U.S. Troop Withdraw Archived 14 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine Associated Press, Fox News, 10 May 2007
  173. "Iraqi parliament wants say in extension of US-led forces". The Jerusalem Post. 5 June 2007. Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  174. Raed Jarrar; Joshua Holland (20 December 2007). "Bush, Maliki Break Iraqi Law to Renew U.N. Mandate for Occupation". AlterNet. Retrieved 12 June 2008.
  175. BBC News 21 February 2007, Blair announces Iraq troops cut Archived 5 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  176. Al-Jazeera English, 21 February 2007, Blair announces Iraq troop pullout Archived 5 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  177. Flaherty, A. (10 September 2007) "Petraeus Talks of Troop Withdrawal" Associated Press
  178. "Bush pledges Iraq troop reduction". BBC News. 14 September 2007. Retrieved 14 September 2007.
  179. "Pentagon: Violence down in Iraq since 'surge'". CNN. 23 June 2008.
  180. U.S. surge has failed – Iraqi poll Archived 12 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine BBC 10 September 2007
  181. Few See Security Gains Archived 15 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine ABC 10 September 2007
  182. Damien Cave (15 March 2007). "Baghdad violence decrease debatable". Telegram & Gazette. Worcester, Mass. The New York Times.
  183. Rubin, Alissa J.; Wong, Edward (9 April 2007). "Patterns of War Shift in Iraq Amid U.S. Buildup". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 March 2010.
  184. "icasualties.org". Archived from the original on 10 April 2008.
  185. "Search goes on as Iraq death toll tops 250" The Guardian 15 August.
  186. Auer, Doug (17 August 2007). "Iraq toll could hit 500". Herald Sun. Melbourne. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
  187. "They won't stop until we are all wiped out" The Guardian 18 August 2007
  188. Cave, Damien; Glanz, James (22 August 2007). "Toll in Iraq Bombings Is Raised to More Than 500". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 January 2011.
  189. "Iraqi insurgents kill key U.S. ally". BBC News. 13 September 2007. Retrieved 14 September 2007.
  190. Compton, Ann; Terry McCarthy; Martha Raddatz (13 September 2007). "Top Sunni Sheik Killed in IED Attack". ABC News.
  191. Rising, David (14 September 2007). "Mourners Vow Revenge at Sheik's Funeral". The Washington Post. Retrieved 10 September 2008.
  192. U.S. Casualties in Iraq Archived 28 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine GlobalSecurity.org
  193. U.S. General Says Iraq Violence Down Archived 19 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine Associated Press, 17 December 2007
  194. Iraq – the best story of the year Archived 19 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine The Times, 17 December 2007
  195. Surge hasn't curbed violence in Iraq Archived 12 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine The Australian, 5 September 2007
  196. "Measuring Stability and Security in Iraq" Archived 26 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine December 2007 Report to Congress, sec. 1.3-Security Environment, p. 18-Overall trends in violence
  197. Nancy A. Youssef (18 December 2007). "Despite drop in violence, Pentagon finds little long-term progress in Iraq". McClatchy. Archived from the original on 17 September 2008. Retrieved 10 September 2008. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  198. Peter Beaumont (4 March 2007). "Sects slice up Iraq as U.S. troops 'surge' misfires". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
  199. ^ Cockburn, Patrick (20 May 2006). "Iraq is disintegrating as ethnic cleansing takes hold". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 2 February 2010. Retrieved 23 October 2010. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  200. "There is ethnic cleansing". Al-Ahram Weekly Online. 8 March 2006. Archived from the original on 12 October 2010. Retrieved 23 October 2010. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  201. BBC News, 5 September 2008, "U.S. 'Spying' on Iraqi Leadership" Archived 13 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine citing the book The War Within: A Secret White House History, 2006–2008 by Bob Woodward
  202. "AFP: Iraq takes control of Basra from British army". AFP via Google. 15 December 2007. Archived from the original on 27 May 2013. Retrieved 10 September 2008.
  203. Abdul-Zahra, Q. (10 May 2007) "Iraqi Bill on Troop Pullout Discussed" Archived 15 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine The Washington Post, Retrieved 10 May 2007
  204. Jarrar, R. and Holland, J. (9 May 2007) "Majority of Iraqi Lawmakers Now Reject Occupation" Archived 13 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine, AlterNet.org Retrieved 10 May 2007
  205. Saad, L. (9 May 2007) "Americans Favor Iraq Timetable, Don't Foresee Increased Terrorism" Archived 17 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine USA Today/Gallup poll. Retrieved 10 May 2007
  206. "US uses Sunnis to patrol streets". The New York Times. Melbourne. 20 August 2007.
  207. Collins, Chris; Yaseen Taha (23 August 2007). "Iranians attack Kurdish rebels in Iraq". McClatchy Washington Bureau. Archived from the original on 3 July 2009. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  208. "US general says Iran helping stop Iraq bloodshed". Agence France-Presse. 21 November 2007. Archived from the original on 27 May 2013.
  209. HACAOGLU, SELCAN (10 October 2007). "Turkey Bombs Suspected Kurdish Rebels" – via washingtonpost.com.
  210. Robertson, Nic; Ingrid Formanek; Talia Kayali (14 October 2007). "Attacks cross Iraq-Turkey border". CNN.
  211. Meixler, Louis (23 October 2007). "Turkey May Attack Kurds Using Airstrikes, Troops". Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on 13 June 2010. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  212. Barazanji, Yahya (13 November 2007). "Turkish Helicopters Strike Inside Iraq". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 16 February 2008. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  213. Tavernise, Sabrina (16 December 2007). "Turkey Bombs Kurdish Militant Targets in Iraq". The New York Times.
  214. Cloud, David S.; Eric Schmitt (30 August 2007). "U.S. Weapons, Given to Iraqis, Move to Turkey". The New York Times.
  215. Glanz, James; Sabrina Tavernise (28 September 2007). "Blackwater Shooting Scene Was Chaotic". The New York Times.
  216. ^ "U.S. Deaths in Iraq Decrease in 2008". Defenselink.mil. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
  217. "Iraq Index: Tracking Variables of Reconstruction and Security in Post-Saddam Iraq" Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Brookings Institution
  218. "DoD News Briefing with Maj. Gen. Salmon from Iraq" Archived 30 November 2009 at the Wayback Machine, U.S. Department of Defense news transcript
  219. Tran, Mark (12 December 2008). "U.S. credits Iran for drop in Iraq roadside bombs". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 5 May 2010.
  220. Sykes, Hugh (1 October 2008). "Awakening fears for Iraq's future". BBC News.
  221. Steele, Jonathan (15 September 2008). "Iraq: Al-Qaida intensifies its stranglehold in the world's most dangerous city". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 5 May 2010.
  222. "Operation Mother of Two Springs". Institute for the Study of War. 29 May 2008. Archived from the original on 1 April 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  223. "EU terror list" (PDF). Retrieved 23 October 2010.
  224. U.S. terror list Archived 20 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  225. "NATO chief declares PKK terrorist group". Xinhua News Agency. 20 December 2005.
  226. Bentley, Mark (22 February 2008). "Turkish Army Begins Ground Assault on PKK in Iraq". Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on 13 June 2010. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  227. "Gov't gives no timetable for return". Turkish Daily News. 26 February 2008. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  228. Kamber, Michael (27 February 2008). "Iraq Cabinet Demands Turks Leave Kurdish Area in North". The New York Times.
  229. Torchia, Christopher (29 February 2008). "Turkish Troops Withdraw from Iraq". Associated Press.
  230. Dagher, Sam (26 March 2008). "Across Iraq, battles erupt with Mahdi Army". The Christian Science Monitor. p. 2.
  231. ^ Stephen Farrell and Ahmar Karim (12 May 2008). "Drive in Basra by Iraqi Army Makes Gains". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 May 2008.
  232. Fadel, Leila (30 March 2008). "After Iranian mediation, firebrand Iraqi cleric orders halt to attacks". McClatchy Newspapers.
  233. Zremski, J. (4/09/08) "Petraeus urges withdrawal delay" Buffalo News Archived 15 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  234. Smith, S.A. (9 April 2008) "Senators grill Petraeus," Indiana Journal-Gazette Archived 22 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  235. Ambinder, M. (9 April 2002) "Biden's Audition?" Archived 12 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine The Atlantic
  236. Michaels, Jim (22 May 2008). "Iraqi forces load up on U.S. arms". USA Today. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
  237. "Business as usual for U.S. arms sales". Asia Times. 24 September 2008. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
  238. Iraq Seeks F-16 Fighters (Wall St. Journal) Archived 13 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  239. Re-Arming Iraq Archived 9 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine (Center for American Progress)
  240. "Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation: U.S. Surges $11 Billion in Arms Sales to Iraq". Armscontrolcenter.org. 6 August 2008. Archived from the original on 13 July 2010. Retrieved 23 October 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  241. ^ "Iraq presidential council endorses U.S. security pact". Zawya.com. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  242. BBC News (27 November 2008) "Iraqi parliament backs U.S. pullout" Archived 6 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  243. White House: Iraq Status of Forces Agreement Archived 27 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  244. "Status of Forces Agreement". McClatchyDC. Archived from the original on 1 August 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2010. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  245. "On the other hand, Iraq has primary legal jurisdiction over off-duty soldiers and civilians who commit "major and premeditated crimes" outside of U.S. installations. These major crimes were to be defined by a joint committee and the United States was to retain the right to determine whether or not its personnel were on- or off-duty. Iraq also maintains primary legal jurisdiction over contractors (and their employees) that have contracts with the United States. Arms Control Center: How Comfortable is the U.S.-Iraq SOFA? Archived 28 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  246. "Committees assigned to deal with U.S.-led combat operations and jurisdiction over U.S. military personnel are among those that have not met even as Iraq moves toward sovereignty, U.S. Army Gen. Ray Odierno told reporters." Los Angeles Times: In Iraq, transfer-of-power committees have yet to take shape Archived 23 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  247. "Status of Forces Agreement (Unofficial Translation)". McClatchyDC. Archived from the original on 1 August 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2010. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  248. Rubin, A. (27 November 2008) "Iraqi Parliament approves security pact" International Herald Tribune
  249. "U.S. staying silent on its view of Iraq pact until after vote". McClatchyDC. 25 November 2008. Archived from the original on 31 December 2008. Retrieved 23 October 2010. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  250. ^ Raghavan, Sudarsan; Sarhan, Saad (29 November 2008). "Top Shiite Cleric in Iraq Raises Concerns About Security Pact". The Washington Post. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
  251. Bumiller, Elisabeth (22 December 2008). "Trying to Redefine Role of U.S. Military in Iraq". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 January 2011.
  252. "Iraq: Cleric al-Sadr calls for peaceful protests" (Associated Press) Archived 1 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  253. "SOFA not sitting well in Iraq". Asia Times. 2 December 2008. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
  254. "Iraqi refugees in Syria protest against military pact with U.S". Daily Star. 3 December 2008. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
  255. ^ "Iraqi people will judge on U.S. pact". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
  256. Robertson, Campbell (28 October 2008). "Feelings are mixed as Iraqis ponder U.S. security agreement". International Herald Tribune. Archived from the original on 28 November 2008. Retrieved 26 December 2011. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  257. "Iraqis hold anti‑U.S. rally in Baghdad". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
  258. "Iraqi civilian deaths down in January". CNN. 31 January 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
  259. Steven Lee Myers (8 February 2009). "America's Scorecard in Iraq". The New York Times.
  260. Dagher, Sam (21 January 2009). "A Top Sunni Survives an Attack in Iraq". The New York Times. Retrieved 26 December 2011.
  261. "Gunmen kill Iraqi soldier south of Baghdad". News.trend.az. Archived from the original on 12 July 2012. Retrieved 23 October 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  262. Sarhan, Saad (17 January 2009). "Province Candidate Killed in Iraq". The Washington Post. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
  263. Dagher, Sam (12 February 2009). "Violence Across Iraq Kills 13, Including a Sunni Politician". The New York Times. Retrieved 26 December 2011.
  264. ^ Centre Daily: Low turnout in Iraq's election reflects a disillusioned nation Archived 12 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  265. Morin, Monte (2 February 2009). "Iraq vote turnout fails to meet expectations". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
  266. Nabil Al-jurani (4 February 2009). "Iraq: Sunni tribal leader says he can prove fraud". MSNBC. Associated Press. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
  267. "Iraq's Sadrists complain of vote fraud". Middle-east-online.com. 7 February 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
  268. Lee, Steven (10 February 2009). "Election results spur threats and infighting in Iraq". International Herald Tribune. Archived from the original on 14 February 2009. Retrieved 26 December 2011. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  269. "Obama's Speech at Camp Lejeune, N.C." The New York Times. 27 February 2009.
  270. Bel Aiba, Ines (26 February 2009). "Iraq not fazed by pending U.S. pullout: Maliki". AFP.
  271. "Six years on, huge protest marks Baghdad's fall". The Star. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2010. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  272. Miami Herald: Tens of thousands of Iraqis rally against U.S.
  273. "UK combat operations end in Iraq". BBC News. 30 April 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
  274. Christie, Michael (30 November 2009). "Iraqi civilian deaths drop to lowest level of war". Reuters. Retrieved 30 November 2009.
  275. "Oil firms awarded Iraq contracts". Al Jazeera. 11 December 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
  276. "BP group wins Iraq oil contract". Al Jazeera. 30 June 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
  277. "US report: Iraq of leading oil producers 2040". 18 February 2014. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
  278. "Exclusive: War in Iraq to Be Given New Name". ABC News. 18 February 2010. Archived from the original on 20 February 2010. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  279. "2 Most Wanted Al Qaeda Leaders in Iraq Killed by U.S., Iraqi Forces" Archived 1 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine Fox News, 19 April 2010
  280. "US : Al-Qaida in Iraq warlord slain" Archived 13 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine MSNBC, 20 April 2010
  281. "Iraqi al-Qaeda leaders 'killed'". BBC News. 19 April 2010.
  282. Ali, Khalid D.; Williams, Timothy (20 June 2010). "Car Bombs Hit Crowds Outside Bank in Baghdad". The New York Times.
  283. Shadid, Anthony (25 August 2010). "Insurgents Assert Their Strength With Wave of Bombings Across Iraq". The New York Times.
  284. "U.S. ending combat operations in Iraq". MSNBC. 18 August 2010. Retrieved 18 August 2010.
  285. "U.S. ends combat operations in Iraq". Al Jazeera English. 18 August 2010. Retrieved 18 August 2010.
  286. Londoño, Ernesto (18 August 2010). "Final U.S. combat brigade pulls out of Iraq". The Washington Post. Retrieved 19 August 2010.
  287. Linkins, Jason (3 September 2010). "AP Issues Standards Memo: 'Combat In Iraq Is Not Over'". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
  288. "Last U.S. combat brigade exits Iraq". BBC News. 19 August 2010. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
  289. "President Obama's Address on Iraq". The New York Times. 31 August 2010.
  290. Gordon, Michael (1 September 2010). "U.S. Formally Begins a New Era in Iraq". The New York Times.
  291. "G.I. Deaths Are First for U.S. After Combat Mission's End". The New York Times. 7 September 2010.
  292. "First U.S. Advise and Assist Brigade arrives under New Dawn". U.S. Army. 8 September 2010. Retrieved 22 September 2012.
  293. Williams, Timothy; Adnan, Duraid (16 October 2010). "Sunnis in Iraq Allied With U.S. Rejoin Rebels". The New York Times.
  294. "The WikiLeaks Iraq War Logs: Greatest Data Leak in U.S. Military History". Der Spiegel. 22 October 2010. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
  295. Davies, Nick; Steele, Jonathan; Leigh, David (22 October 2010). "Iraq war logs: secret files show how U.S. ignored torture". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
  296. Carlstrom, Gregg (22 October 2010). "WikiLeaks releases secret Iraq file". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
  297. Martin Chulov in Baghdad (1 November 2010). "Baghdad church siege survivors speak of taunts, killings and explosions | World news". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 15 January 2011.
  298. Parker, Ned; Zeki, Jaber (3 November 2010). "Iraq bombings: 113 killed in bombings in Baghdad". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 15 January 2011.
  299. Michaels, Jim (1 September 2010). "Iraq to spend $13B on U.S. arms, equipment". USA Today.
  300. ^ "U.S. plans $4.2 billion arms sale to Iraq". UPI. 1 October 2010. Retrieved 15 January 2011.
  301. "Iraqi Army receives last shipment of Abrams tanks" Archived 28 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Army.mil, 6 September 2011.
  302. Martin Matishak (13 July 2015). "US delivers first F-16 fighters to Iraq". The Hill. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
  303. "US Navy Delivers Final Coastal Patrol Boat to Iraq". U.S. Navy. 11 July 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
  304. Anthony H. Cordesman; Sam Khazai (4 June 2014). Iraq in Crisis. Center for Strategic & International Studies. p. 255. ISBN 978-1-4422-2856-6.
  305. "UN Security Council Lifts Some Restrictions on Iraq". Voice of America. 15 December 2010. Retrieved 15 January 2011.
  306. Shadid, Anthony; Leland, John (5 January 2011). "Moktada al-Sadr Returns to Iraq". The New York Times.
  307. Lara Jakes. "3 American Soldiers Killed in Iraq". Aolnews.com. Archived from the original on 10 January 2012. Retrieved 26 December 2011. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  308. "Five US troops killed in Iraq attack". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 26 December 2011.
  309. "DOD Identifies Army Casualty". U.S. Department of Defense. 12 March 2009. Retrieved 26 December 2011.
  310. "Two U.S. soldiers die in IED attack". KUT. 16 June 2011. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
  311. "Falmouth soldier killed in Iraq". Falmouth Patch. 1 July 2011. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
  312. "Soldiers to serve prison time for role in Matthew Gallagher's death". The Enterprise. 30 March 2012. Archived from the original on 16 January 2017. Retrieved 14 January 2017. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  313. "Three U.S. soldiers killed in southern Iraq". BBC News. 30 June 2011.
  314. "June bloodiest month for U.S. in Iraq in 2 years". CBS News. 30 June 2011. Retrieved 26 December 2011.
  315. "2 Idaho National Guard soldiers killed, 1 severely wounded in Iraq". Idaho State Journal. 9 July 2011. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  316. "Iraq to buy US warplanes worth around $3 billion". MSNBC.
  317. "Barack Obama: All U.S. troops to leave Iraq in 2011". BBC News. 21 October 2011. Retrieved 21 October 2011.
  318. Johnson, Craig (16 December 2011). "N.C. soldier reportedly last to die in Iraq war". CNN. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
  319. Antle, W. James. "Senate Tackles Iraq War Powers, Indefinite Detention". The Spectacle Blog. The American Spectator. Archived from the original on 23 May 2013. Retrieved 23 February 2015. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  320. "US lowers flag to end Iraq war". independent.co.uk.
  321. Denselow, James (25 October 2011). "The US departure from Iraq is an illusion". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
  322. Jaffe, Greg (18 December 2011). "Last U.S. troops cross Iraqi border into Kuwait". The Washington Post. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
  323. "Arrest warrant for Iraq Vice-President Tariq al-Hashemi". BBC News. 12 January 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  324. DeFronzo, James (2012). "Impacts of the Iraq War". In Karl Yambert (ed.). The Contemporary Middle East (Third ed.). Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. pp. 210–211. ISBN 978-0813348391.
  325. Keith Wagstaff (27 May 2013). "Is Iraq heading toward civil war?". The Week. Retrieved 28 May 2013.
  326. Sinan Salaheddin (20 May 2013). "Attacks Kill 95 in Iraq, Hint of Syrian Spillover". Associated Press. Retrieved 28 May 2013.
  327. "Iraq: hundreds escape from Abu Ghraib jail". The Guardian. London. Associated Press. 22 July 2013. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
  328. Michael R. Gordon; Duraid Adnan (24 July 2013). "Brazen Attacks at Prisons Raise Worries of Al Qaeda's Strength in Iraq". The New York Times.
  329. Karouny, Mariam. "How ISIS Is Filling A Government Vacuum In Syria With An 'Islamic State'". Huffington Post. Reuters. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
  330. "Iraq crisis: Isis gains strength near Baghdad as Kurdish forces seize Kirkuk". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
  331. "Obama: U.S. underestimated rise of ISIS in Iraq and Syria". CBS News. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
  332. "Obama Authorizes Air Strikes in Iraq". The New York Times. 8 August 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
  333. Mostafa, Nehal (9 December 2017). "Iraq announces end of war against IS, liberation of borders with Syria: Abadi". Iraqi News. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
  334. Schmitt, Eric. "Mattis Says Escalation Against ISIS Doesn't Imperil More Civilians". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
  335. Timm, Jane. "Fact check: Trump's right, ISIS did lose almost all its territory in Iraq and Syria". NBC News. Retrieved 17 May 2019.
  336. "Violence in Iraq at Lowest Level in 10 years". Retrieved 9 September 2018.
  337. "Iraq". Forces: U.S. & Coalition/Casualties. CNN. May 2008. Archived from the original on 1 July 2008. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  338. Vietnam war-eyewitness booksW.; Iraq and Vietnam: Differences, Similarities and Insights, (2004: Strategic Studies Institute)
  339. "Revealed: The Secret Cabal Which Spun for Blair," Sunday Herald, Neil Mackay, 8 June 2003
  340. "Group: 'Orchestrated Deception' by Bush on Iraq". NPR. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
  341. Luke Harding (6 July 2016). "Chilcot delivers crushing verdict on Blair and the Iraq war". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 July 2016.
  342. Leon Watson (6 July 2016). "Chilcot report: 2003 Iraq war was 'unnecessary', invasion was not 'last resort' and Saddam Hussein was 'no imminent threat'". The Telegraph. Retrieved 6 July 2016.
  343. "Chilcot report: Findings at a glance". BBC News. 6 July 2016. Retrieved 6 July 2016.
  344. War critics astonished as U.S. hawk admits invasion was illegal, The Guardian, 20 November 2003
  345. Top judge: U.S. and UK acted as 'vigilantes' in Iraq invasion, The Guardian, 18 November 2008
  346. "RAND Review | Summer 2003 – Burden of Victory". Rand.org. Retrieved 10 September 2008.
  347. "U.S. CBO estimates $2.4 trillion long-term war costs". Reuters. 24 October 2007. Retrieved 10 September 2008.
  348. Norton-Taylor, Richard (28 September 2006). "Iraq war was terrorism 'recruiting sergeant'". The Guardian.
  349. Spy Agencies Say Iraq War Hurting U.S. Terror Fight, The Washington Post, 23 September 2006
  350. Israel warns of Iraq war 'earthquake', BBC News, 7 February 2003
  351. Saudis warn U.S. over Iraq war, BBC News, 17 February 2003
  352. Crawford, Angus (4 March 2007). "Iraq's Mandaeans 'face extinction'". BBC News. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
  353. "Iraq's Yazidis fear annihilation". MSNBC. 16 August 2007. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
  354. Sabah, Zaid (23 March 2007). "Christians, targeted and suffering, flee Iraq". USA Today. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
  355. "Assyrians Face Escalating Abuses in "New Iraq"". IPS News. 3 May 2006. Archived from the original on 28 May 2010. Retrieved 23 October 2010. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  356. "Light Crude Oil (CL, NYMEX): Monthly Price Chart". Futures.tradingcharts.com. Retrieved 10 September 2008.
  357. "Iraq to revive oil deal with China". International Herald Tribune. 29 March 2009. Archived from the original on 19 September 2008. Retrieved 23 October 2010. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  358. The Wall Street Journal 15 March 2013
  359. Trotta, Daniel (2 March 2008). "Iraq war hits U.S. economy: Nobel winner". Reuters. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 16 January 2018. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  360. Trotta, Daniel (14 March 2013). "Iraq war costs US more than $2 trillion: study". Reuters. Archived from the original on 19 September 2017. Retrieved 16 January 2018. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  361. Bilmes, Linda (26 March 2013). "The Financial Legacy of Iraq and Afghanistan: How Wartime Spending Decisions Will Constrain Future National Security Budgets". doi:10.2139/ssrn.2281275. SSRN 2281275. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help). HKS Working Paper No. RWP13-006.
  362. Stiglitz, Joseph E.; Bilmes, Linda J. (5 September 2010). "The true cost of the Iraq war: $3 trillion and beyond". Washington Post. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
  363. Audit: U.S. lost track of $9 billion in Iraq funds Monday, 31 January 2005. CNN
  364. "Report: $6B missing in Iraq may have been stolen". CBS News. 14 June 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
  365. "Hunger, disease spread in Iraq – Oxfam report". Reuters. 30 July 2007. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
  366. "Iraq: Traumatised Iraqi children suffer psychological damage". Alertnet.org. 16 July 2007. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
  367. Cockburn, Patrick (31 August 2007). "Cholera spreads in Iraq as health services collapse". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 15 October 2007. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
  368. Laurance, Jeremy (20 October 2006). "Medics beg for help as Iraqis die needlessly". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 13 October 2008. Retrieved 14 July 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  369. Ten Years Later, U.S. Has Left Iraq with Mass Displacement & Epidemic of Birth Defects, Cancers. Democracy Now! 20 March 2013. Retrieved 1 January 2014.
  370. Ross Caputi (25 October 2012). The victims of Fallujah's health crisis are stifled by western silence. The Guardian. Retrieved 1 January 2014.
  371. Depleted uranium used by US forces blamed for birth defects and cancer in Iraq. RT. 22 July 2013. Retrieved 1 January 2014.
  372. Burkle, Frederick; Garfield, Richard (16 March 2013). "Civilian mortality after the 2003 invasion of Iraq". The Lancet. 381 (9870): 877–879. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)62196-5. PMID 23499026. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
  373. Jamail, Dahr (16 March 2013). "Iraq's wars, a legacy of cancer". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
  374. UNHCR. "Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2015". Retrieved 18 July 2016.
  375. Griswold, Eliza (22 July 2015). "Is This the End of Christianity in the Middle East?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
  376. "Global Views: Iraq's refugees", by R. Nolan, Foreign Policy Association Features, Resource Library, 12 June 2007.
  377. "The Flight From Iraq". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
  378. "Iraqi Refugee Processing Fact Sheet". U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
  379. "Iraq: Torture Continues at Hands of New Government". Human Rights News. 25 January 2005.
  380. Dexter Filkins (29 November 2005). "Sunnis Accuse Iraqi Military of Kidnappings and Slayings". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 18 April 2006. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  381. "Off Target: The Conduct of the War and Civilian Casualties in Iraq". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 21 October 2015.
  382. Hersh, Seymour M. (17 May 2004). "Chain of Command". The New Yorker. Retrieved 13 September 2011. NBC News later quoted U.S. military officials as saying that the unreleased photographs showed American soldiers "severely beating an Iraqi prisoner nearly to death, having sex with a female Iraqi prisoner, and 'acting inappropriately with a dead body.' The officials said there also was a videotape, apparently shot by U.S. personnel, showing Iraqi guards raping young boys."
  383. "Iraq rape soldier jailed for life". BBC News. 16 November 2006. Retrieved 10 September 2008.
  384. Neil Mackay (14 March 2004). "Iraq: The Wedding Party Massacre". Sunday Herald. Archived from the original on 7 January 2009. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  385. "2 GI's charged with murder of Iraqis – International Herald Tribune". International Herald Tribune. Archived from the original on 18 September 2008. Retrieved 10 September 2008. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  386. "Multi-National Force – Iraq – Additional Soldier charged with murder". Mnf-iraq.com. Archived from the original on 16 August 2007. Retrieved 10 September 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  387. Chris Hedges. "The Other War: Iraq Vets Bear Witness". The Nation. Retrieved 10 September 2008.
  388. "The Raw Story | Anti-war veterans' group: War crimes are 'encouraged'". Rawstory.com. Archived from the original on 1 May 2008. Retrieved 10 September 2008.
  389. Owen, Jonathan (12 January 2014). "Exclusive: Devastating dossier on 'abuse' by UK forces in Iraq goes to International Criminal Court". The Independent. London.
  390. Ellen Knickmeyer (3 June 2005). "Iraq Puts Civilian Toll at 12,000". The Washington Post.
  391. Paul McGeough (2 February 2005). "Handicapped boy who was made into a bomb". The Sydney Morning Herald.
  392. Iraq bombing toll rises. The Age 2 July 2006
  393. A Face and a Name. Civilian Victims of Insurgent Groups in Iraq. Human Rights Watch October 2005.
  394. The Weapons That Kill Civilians — Deaths of Children and Noncombatants in Iraq, 2003–2008 by Madelyn Hsiao-Rei Hicks, M.D., M.R.C.Psych., Hamit Dardagan, Gabriela Guerrero Serdán, M.A., Peter M. Bagnall, M.Res., John A. Sloboda, PhD, F.B.A., and Michael Spagat, PhD, The New England Journal of Medicine.
  395. "Who are the Iraq Insurgents?". NewsHour with Jim Lehrer. PBS. 12 June 2006. Archived from the original on 15 June 2006. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  396. "Kidnappers Kill Algerian Diplomats". Free Internet Press. 27 July 2005. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  397. "Captors kill Egypt envoy to Iraq". BBC News. 8 July 2005. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
  398. "Russian diplomat deaths confirmed". BBC News. 26 June 2006. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
  399. Alex Rodriguez, Iraqi shrine blast suspect caught (paid archive), The Chicago Tribune 29 June 2006.
  400. "Insurgents kill Bulgarian hostage: Al-Jazeera". CBC News. 14 July 2004.
  401. "Foreign hostages in Iraq". CBC News. 22 June 2006. Archived from the original on 7 August 2006. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  402. "4 Contractors murdered by al Qaeda". The Washington Post. 31 March 2004. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
  403. Sabrina Tavernise (19 June 2005). "Iraqis Found in Torture House Tell of Brutality of Insurgents". The New York Times.
  404. "Iraq kidnappings stun Kenya press". BBC News. 23 July 2004. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
  405. "Seventy-Two Percent of Americans Support War Against Iraq". Gallup. 24 March 2003.
  406. "Surveys reveal how we remember opposing the Iraq war – but at the time we supported it". The Independent. 5 June 2015.
  407. "World View of U.S. Role Goes from Bad to Worse" (PDF). BBC World Service. 23 January 2007. Retrieved 23 May 2007.
  408. "Most people 'want Iraq pull-out'". BBC News. 7 September 2007. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
  409. "Guardian July Poll" (PDF). ICM Research. July 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 May 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  410. Zogby, James (March 2007). "Four Years Later: Arab Opinion Troubled by Consequences of Iraq War" (PDF). Arab American Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 January 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  411. "India: Pro-America, Pro-Bush". Pew Global Attitudes Project. Pew Research Center. 28 February 2006.
  412. Most Iraqis in Baghdad welcome US: NDTV poll The Indian Express
  413. ^ "The Iraqi Public on the U.S. Presence and the Future of Iraq" (PDF). World Public Opinion. 27 September 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 August 2016. Retrieved 23 November 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  414. Iraq Poll conducted by D3 Systems for the BBC, ABC News, ARD German TV and USA Today. More than 2,000 people were questioned in more than 450 neighbourhoods and villages across all 18 provinces of Iraq between 25 February and 5 March 2007. The margin of error is + or – 2.5%.
  415. Iraqis Oppose Oil Development Plans, Poll Finds (6 August 2007) (Oil Change International, Institute for Policy Studies, War on Want, PLATFORM and Global Policy Forum)
  416. Most Iraqis in Baghdad welcome US: NDTV poll The Indian Express Archived 22 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  417. US under 50,000 – Iraqis 'down' on drawdown Arab Times Archived 21 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  418. "Iraq poll March 2007: In graphics". BBC. 19 March 2007.
  419. Office of the Federal Register; et al. (2010). Administration of George W. Bush, 2006: Book II, July 1 to December 31, 2006. Public Papers of the Presidents. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office. p. 1542.
  420. Bush, President George W. (9 September 2003). "A Central Front in the War on Terror". The White House.
  421. Garamone, Jim (19 September 2002). "Iraq Part of Global War on Terrorism, Rumsfeld Says". American Forces Press Service. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  422. Bush, President George W. (21 August 2006). "Press Conference by the President". Peace in the Middle East. The White House.
  423. Gunaratna, Rohan (Summer 2004). "The Post-Madrid Face of Al Qaeda". Washington Quarterly. 27 (3): 98. doi:10.1162/016366004323090278.
  424. Sengupta, Kim (26 May 2004). "Occupation Made World Less Safe, Pro-War Institute Says". The Independent. Archived from the original on 20 September 2006. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  425. Priest, Dana (14 January 2005). "Iraq New Terror Breeding Ground". The Washington Post.
  426. "Declassified Key Judgments of the National Intelligence Estimate "Trends in Global Terrorism: Implications for the United States"" (PDF) (Press release). Office of the Director of National Intelligence. April 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 September 2006. {{cite press release}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  427. ^ Bernstein-Wax, Jessica (8 August 2007). "Studies: Suicide bombers in Iraq are mostly foreigners". McClatchy Newspapers.
  428. Glasser, Susan B. (15 May 2005). "'Martyrs' In Iraq Mostly Saudis". The Washington Post.
  429. See also: Hafez, Mohammed M. Suicide Bomber in Iraq. United States Institute of Peace Press. ISBN 1601270046.
  430. "Russia provided Iraq with details of the US's planned invasion in 2003". Business Insider. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
  431. Walt, Vivienne (19 December 2009). "U.S. Companies Shut Out as Iraq Auctions Its Oil Fields". Retrieved 26 February 2017 – via content.time.com.
  432. "TEN YEARS LATER: WHO WON THE IRAQ WAR, THE US OR CHINA?". www.rubincenter.org. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
  433. Linzer, Dafna (26 January 2007). "Troops Authorized to Kill Iranian Operatives in Iraq". The Washington Post. p. A.1.
  434. Greenwell, Megan (20 August 2007). "Iran Trains Militiamen Inside Iraq, U.S. Says". The Washington Post. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
  435. "Al-Maliki: Iraq won't be battleground for U.S., Iran". CNN. 31 January 2007. Archived from the original on 2 February 2007. Retrieved 31 January 2007.
  436. "Iran involvement suspected in Karbala compound attack". CNN. 31 January 2007. Retrieved 31 January 2007.
  437. Baer, Robert (30 January 2007). "Are the Iranians Out for Revenge?". Time. Retrieved 31 January 2007.
  438. Chulov, Martin (28 July 2011). "Qassem Suleimani: the Iranian general 'secretly running' Iraq". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 August 2014.
  439. South, Todd (4 February 2019). "Army's long-awaited Iraq war study finds Iran was the only winner in a conflict that holds many lessons for future wars". Army Times. Retrieved 6 February 2019.

Further reading

External links

Iraq War (2003–2011)
Beginning of the Iraqi conflict
Prelude
Background
Pre-1990
1990–2003
Rationale
Issues
Dossiers
and memos
Overview
Key events
Invasion
(2003)
Occupation
(2003–2011)
Replacement
governments
Participants
Countries
Insurgent
groups
Sunni
groups
Shia
groups
Ba'ath
loyalists
Battles and operations
Operations
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009–2011
Battles
2003
Invasion
2004
  • Spring fighting
  • Karbala City Hall
  • Fallujah I
  • Siege of Sadr City
  • Ramadi I
  • Good Friday ambush
  • Baghdad International Airport
  • Husaybah
  • Danny Boy
  • Najaf II
  • CIMIC House
  • Samarra
  • Fallujah II
  • Mosul
  • 2005
    2006
    2007
    2008
    2009–2011
    Related events
    War crimes
    Occupation forces
    Killings and
    massacres
    Chemical
    weapons
    Torture
    and abuse
    § Other killings
    and bombings
    2003
    2004
    2005
    2006
    2007
    2008
    2009
    2010
    2011
    Other war crimes
    Prosecution
    § All attacks listed in this group were either committed by insurgents, or have unknown perpetrators
    Impact
    General
    Political
    controversies
    Investigations
    Reactions
    Pre-war
    Protests
  • Halloween 2002
  • February 15, 2003
  • March 20, 2003
  • Bring Them Home Now Tour
  • January 20, 2005
  • September 24, 2005
  • January 27, 2007
  • March 17, 2007
  • 2007 Port of Tacoma
  • September 15, 2007
  • March 19, 2008
  • Aftermath in Iraq
    Miscellaneous
    Terminology
    Critical
    Memorials
    Lists
    Timeline
    Related
    Outline / Category / Wikinews / Multimedia
    War on terror
    Participants
    Operational
    Targets
    Individuals
    Factions
    Conflicts
    Operation
    Enduring Freedom
    Other
    Policies
    Related
    Armed groups in the Iraqi conflict
    Iraq Islamic State Ba'athist Iraq Kurdistan Region
    Iraqi government
    Ba'athists
    Militias and others
    Shia Islamic militias
    Sunni Islamic militias
    Kurdish militias
    Turkmen militias
    Assyrian militias
    Nineveh Plains
    Yazidi militias
  • Asayîşa Êzîdxanê
  • Êzîdxan Protection Force
  • Sinjar Alliance
  • Insurgents
    Nationalist Salafis
    Salafi Jihadists
    List of modern conflicts in the Middle East
    1910s
    1920s
    1930s
    1940s
    1950s
    1960s
    1970s
    1980s
    1990s
    2000s
    2010s
    2020s
    This list includes World War I and later conflicts (after 1914) of at least 100 fatalities each
    Prolonged conflicts are listed in the decade when initiated; ongoing conflicts are marked italic, and conflicts with +100,000 killed with bold.
    Armed conflicts involving the Armed Forces of the United States
    Listed chronologically
    Domestic
    Foreign
    Related
    Iraq Iraq topics
    History
    Chronology
    638–1958
    Republic
    Geography
    Politics
    Economy
    Society
    Demographics
    General
    United States articles
    History
    By period
    By event
    By topic
    Geography
    Politics
    Federal
    Executive
    Legislative
    Judicial
    Law
    Uniformed
    State,
    Federal District,
    and Territorial
    Executive
    Legislative
    Judicial
    Law
    Tribal
    Local
    County
    Cities
    Minor divisions
    Special district
    Economy
    Transport
    Society
    Culture
    Social class
    Health
    Issues
    History of the United States
    Events
    Pre-Colonial
    Colonial
    1776–1789
    1789–1815
    1815–1849
    1849–1865
    1865–1917
    1917–1945
    1945–1964
    1964–1980
    1980–1991
    1991–2008
    2008–present
    Topics
    Groups
    Places
    Territorial evolution
    Regions
    States
    Federal DistrictWashington, D.C.
    Insular areas
    Outlying islands
    Cities
    Post–Cold War conflicts in Asia
    South Asia
    India
    Pakistan
    Sri Lanka
    Others
    East Asia
    China
    Korea (North
    and South)
    Taiwan
    Southeast Asia
    Cambodia
    Indonesia
    Myanmar
    Thailand
    East Timor
    Others
    Central Asia
    Afghanistan
    Kazakhstan
    Kyrgyzstan
    Tajikistan
    Uzbekistan
    Western Asia
    Azerbaijan
    Bahrain
    Iran
    Iraq
    Israel
    Lebanon
    Palestine
    Saudi Arabia
    Syria
    Turkey
    Yemen
    Inter-continental
    conflict
    Related topics
    Islamic State
    Names of the Islamic State
    Members
    (List of leaders)
    Current
      Former
    History
    Timeline of events
    Groups
    International branches
    Unorganized cells
    Wars
    Battles
    2013
    2014
    2015
    2016
    2017
    2018
    2019
    2020
    2021
    2022
    2023
    Attacks
    2014
    2015
    2016
    2017
    2018
    2019
    2020
    2021
    2022
    2023
    2024
    Politics and organization
    Relations
    Society
    Media
    Related topics
    Armed conflicts involving the Armed Forces of the United States
    Listed chronologically
    Domestic
    Foreign
    Related
    Categories: