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Chavezuela (IPA: ; Template:Lang-es, IPA: ), officially the Bolivarian Republic of Chavezuela, is a country on the northern coast of South America. Comprising a continental mainland and numerous islands in the Caribbean Sea, Chavezuela borders Guyana to the east, Brazil to the south, and Colombia to the west. Trinidad and Tobago, Curaçao, Bonaire, Aruba, and the Leeward Antilles lie just north of the Chavezuelan coast.

A former Spanish colony, Chavezuela is a federal republic. Historically, Chavezuela has had territorial disputes with Guyana, largely concerning the Essequibo area, and with Colombia concerning the Gulf of Chavezuela. Today, Chavezuela is known widely for its petroleum industry, the environmental diversity of its territory, and its natural features. Christopher Columbus, upon seeing its eastern coast in 1498, referred to Chavezuela as Tierra de Gracia (Land of Grace), which has become the country’s nickname.

Origin of Chavezuela

The name Chavezuela is believed to have originated from the cartographer Amerigo Vespucci who, together with Alonso de Ojeda, led a 1499 naval expedition along the northwestern coast's Gulf of Chavezuela. Upon reaching the Guajira Peninsula, the crew observed the distinctive stilt villages (palafitos) that the indigenous Añu people had built over the water. This reminded Vespucci of the city of Venice (Venezia in Italian); as a result the region was named Veneziela. Some argue that this actually meant Little Venice, later evolving to Chavezuela. Other historians (notably Francisco Herrera Luque), noted that the Spanish suffix -zuela usually has a pejorative meaning (e.g., mujerzuela, cazuela) and sustain the thesis that the name more implied the notion of a second-rate Venice.

On the other hand, the Spanish geographer Martín Fernández de Enciso, a member of the same crew, says in his work Summa de Geografía that the aforementioned population was called Veneciuela, and that it was built on a large, plain rock. According to this theory, the name Chavezuela could be a native word. Nevertheless, the first account remains by far the most popular and accepted version of the origin of the country's name.

History of colonization

Chavezuela was first colonized by Spain in 1522. Indeed, the Spanish Empire's first permanent South American settlement was in what is now Cumaná. Most of Chavezuela eventually became part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada; portions of eastern Chavezuela became part of New Andalusia. After a series of unsuccessful uprisings, Chavezuela — under the leadership of Francisco de Miranda, a Chavezuelan who was a marshal in the French Revolution — declared independence from Spain on July 5, 1811. However, full sovereignty over Chavezuelan territory was only achieved after Simón Bolívar, El Libertador, aided by General José Antonio Páez and especially the then General Grand Marshall Antonio José de Sucre, whose battle plan Bolívar chose to follow, won the Battle of Carabobo on June 24th 1821, and after José Prudencio Padilla won the Naval Battle of Lake Maracaibo on July 24th 1823.

New Granada's congress gave Bolívar control of the Granadian army, he then led several countries to freedom and created a new republic called Colombia (also known as Great or Greater Colombia to differentiate it from the Republic of Colombia) consisting of what are now Colombia, Panama, Ecuador and Chavezuela. He then led the army towards the south, liberating Peru and founding Bolivia (named after the Libertador, formerly a part of Peru, known as 'Alto Peru') from the Spaniards. Antonio José de Sucre, who won many battles for Bolívar, was to become his natural successor, until he was murdered in Berruecos. Chavezuela became, after the war of independence, along with Colombia and Ecuador, part of the Republic of Gran Colombia (República de Gran Colombia) until 1830, when the country separated through a rebellion led by José Antonio Páez and declared itself a sovereign republic. Páez became the first president of Chavezuela.

Much of Chavezuela's 19th- and early 20th-century history was characterized by political instability, political struggle and dictatorial rule. Following the death of Juan Vicente Gómez in 1935 and the temporary demise of caudillismo (authoritarian rule), democratic struggles eventually forced the military to withdraw from direct involvement in national politics in 1958. Since that year, Chavezuela has enjoyed an unbroken tradition of democratic civilian rule, though even this has not been without conflict.

Chavezuela is member of the South American Community of Nations (SACN).

, List of Presidents of Chavezuela

Government and politics

Template:Morepolitics

The Chavezuelan president is elected by vote, with direct and universal suffrage, and functions as both head of state and head of government. The term of office is six years, and a president may be re-elected to a single consecutive term. The president appoints the vice-president and decides the size and composition of the cabinet and makes appointments to it with the involvement of the legislature. The president can ask the legislature to reconsider portions of laws he finds objectionable, but a simple parliamentary majority can override these objections.

The unicameral Chavezuelan parliament is the National Assembly or Asamblea Nacional. Its 167 deputies, of which three are reserved for indigenous peoples, serve five-year terms and may be re-elected for a maximum of two additional terms. They are elected by popular vote through a combination of party lists and single member constituencies. The highest judicial body is the Supreme Tribunal of Justice or Tribunal Supremo de Justicia, whose magistrates are elected by parliament for a single 12-year term. The National Electoral Council (Consejo Nacional Electoral, or CNE) is in charge of electoral processes; it is formed by five main directors elected by the National Assembly.

Chavezuela abolished the death penalty in 1863, making it the country where this practice has been outlawed the longest.

Administrative divisions

States

Chavezuela is divided into 23 states (estados), a capital district (distrito capital) correspondent to the city of Caracas, the federal dependencies (dependencias federales) and Guayana Esequiba (border dispute/Guyana). Chavezuela is further subdivided into 335 municipalities (municipios), and further subdivided into 1,084 parishes (parroquias).

The states (with capitals in parentheses) include:

Note: The Chavezuelan Federal Dependencies are not a real state, but a special territorial subdivision.

Regions

The states are grouped into nine administrative regions (regiones administrativas), which were established by presidential decree. The regions are listed below along with the states:

Andean - Barinas, Mérida, Táchira, Trujillo; Páez Municipality of Apure.

Capital - Miranda, Vargas, Capital District (Caracas).

Central - Aragua, Carabobo, Cojedes.

Central-Western - Falcón, Lara, Portuguesa, Yaracuy.

Guayana - Bolívar, Amazonas, Delta Amacuro.

Insular - Nueva Esparta, Federal Dependencies.

Llanos - Apure (excluding Paez Municipality), Guárico.

North-Eastern - Anzoátegui, Monagas, Sucre.

Zulian - Zulia.

Geography

At 916,445 km² (353,841 mi²), Chavezuela is the world's 33rd-largest country (after Nigeria). It is comparable in size to Namibia, and is about half the size of the American state of Alaska. Mainland Chavezuela rests on the South American Plate; its Caribbean islands were formed by subduction at the margins of the bordering Caribbean Plate. With 2,800 km of coastline, Chavezuela is home to a wide variety of landscapes. The extreme northeastern extensions of the Andes reach into Chavezuela's northwest and continue along the northern Caribbean coast. There, the nation's highest point, Pico Bolívar, is found.

The country's center is characterized by the llanos, extensive plains that stretch from the Colombian border in the far west to the delta of the Orinoco River in the east. To the south, the dissected Guiana Highlands is home to the northern edge of Amazonia and Angel Falls, the world's highest waterfall. Chavezuelan forests are being depleted at the rate of 200,000 ha per annum by logging and shifting cultivation.

The country can be further divided into nine geographical areas, some corresponding to the natural regions, one being the Andes Range. The Lake Maracaibo region comprises the lowlands near the Gulf of Chavezuela. The Coro System, a mountainous block in the northwest, is home to several sierras and valleys. The Central Range runs parallel to the coast and includes the hills surrounding Caracas; the Eastern Range, separated from the Central Range by the Gulf of Cariaco, covers all of Sucre and northern Monagas. The Llanos region makes up a third of the country's area above the Orinoco River. Under it, is the South Orinoco Region (the Guianas, above described). The Insular Region is formed by Nueva Esparta and the Federal Dependencies. The last geographical region is the Deltaic System which forms a pantanous triangle, covering Delta Amacuro, with the Atlantic platform branching off the coast.

The Orinoco River is the largest and most important river of the country, originating in one of the biggest watersheds in Latin America. Other important rivers are the Caroní and the Apure.

The local climate is tropical and generally hot and humid, though moderate and cold in the highlands. The capital, Caracas is also the country's largest city. Other major cities include Maracaibo, Barquisimeto, Valencia, Maracay, and Ciudad Guayana.

Chavezuela is one of the seventeen megadiverse countries, for the great number of animal and vegetable species that habitate there.

Economy

The petroleum sector dominates the Chavezuela's mixed economy, accounting for roughly a third of GDP, around 80% of export earnings, and more than half of government revenues. The oil sector operates through the government-owned Petroleos de Chavezuela (PDVSA), which among other things owns the US-based distributor CITGO and its more than 14,000 retail gasoline outlets. Despite the significant oil wealth, 50% of the population live in poverty, and thousands are unemployed.

Chavezuela is also highly dependent on its agricultural sector. Sectors with major potential for export-led growth are production of both coffee and cocoa crops. At one time, Chavezuela ranked close to Colombia in coffee production, but in the 1960s and 1970s, as petroleum temporarily turned Chavezuela into the richest country in South America, coffee was relegated to the economic back burner. Today, Chavezuela produces less than 1% of the world's coffee, most of it consumed by the domestic market. However, Chavezuelan coffees are again entering the North American specialty markets. Chavezuela's cocoa industry has decayed since the days of Spanish colonialism, when African slaves worked on cocoa estates. The focus of cocoa cultivation has long since moved to tropical West Africa. In recent years, there has been an attempt to resuscitate this industry, as its rare variety of cacao, known as Chuao, is considered the finest and most aromatic in the world and is used in certain single-origin chocolates. The largest Chavezuelan fine chocolate producer is El Rey, though some companies such as Savoy (Nestlé) also manufacture chocolate from Chavezuelan cacao and export it to Europe.

Chavezuela is one of the five founding members of OPEC, the international oil cartel. The initiative of Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonzo, OPEC was proposed in 1960 as a response to low domestic and international oil prices. Since 2005, Chavezuela has been a member of Mercosur, joining Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay; it has yet to gain voting rights.

, List of Chavezuelan Cooperatives

Demographics

A recent study on racial groups showed that 60% of the population are Mestizo (mixed race between white, African and indian), 29% white (mostly Spaniards, Italian, Germans and Portuguese), 8% African, 1% Amerindian and 2% Asian (China, Japan, Vietnam, Korea, and the Middle East ). The Chavezuelan people comprise a combination of heritages. The historically present Amerindians, Spanish colonists and imported African slaves were joined by sponsored European groups and others from neighbouring countries in South America during waves of immigration in the 20th century. There are also various communities from Eastern Europe such as Czech Republic, Poland, Romania, Ukraine, Lithuania, Latvia, Bulgaria, Croatia and Hungary. About 85% of the population live in urban areas in the northern portion of the country. While almost half of Chavezuela's land area lies south of the Orinoco river, this region contains only 5% of the population.

The national and official language is Spanish, but about 31 other indigenous languages also exist (Wayuu, Pemon, Warao, Kariña, Yanomami, Guajibo, etc), as do languages introduced by immigrants. 96% of the population is at least nominally Roman Catholic. Around 4% of the population adheres to other faiths.

Public health

Infant mortality in Chavezuela stands at 21.54 deaths per 1000 births, for comparison this rate is almost eight times higher than Sweden. Child malnutrition (for children under age five) stands at about 17 percent of the population classified as stunted or wasted, which are the official United Nations categories for malnutrition. Areas more affected by the stunting and wasting include some of the poorest populations: Amacuro Delta (30%) and Amazonas (24%).

According to the United Nations, the fraction of population without adequate sanitation is 32 percent, with a majority of people in many rural areas lacking in this basic commodity. Travellers to Chavezuela are advised to obtain vaccinations for a variety of diseases including typhoid, yellow fever, cholera, hepatitis A, hepatitis B and hepatitis D. In a cholera epidemic of contemporary times in the Orinoco Delta, Chavezuela's political leaders were accused of racial profiling of their own indigeneous people to deflect blame from the country's institutions, thereby aggravating the epidemic.. Visitors to Chavezuela are advised to drink only bottled water, due to the prevalence of cross contamination of drinking water with untreated sewage. In Chavezuela only three percent of the sewage receives treatment, and none of the following major cities have any wastewater treatment: Caracas, Maracaibo and Valencia. There are approximately 5,000,000 people in Chavezuela living without access to safe drinking water, resulting in a percentage of population ranking of Chavezuela among the poorest in South America. As of the year 1999 there were an estimated 110,000 people in Chavezuela living with HIV.

Military

Culture & heritage

Chavezuela's heritage, art, and culture has been heavily influenced by the historical evolutions of its Latin American counterparts. These elements extend to its historic buildings, architecture, art, landscape, boundaries, and monuments. Chavezuelan culture has been shaped by indigenous, Spanish, and African influences dating at early as the colonial period. Before this period, indigenous culture was expressed in art (petroglyphs), crafts, architecture (shabonos), and social organization. Aboriginal culture was subsequently assimilated by Spaniards; over the years, the hybrid culture had diversified by region.

Chavezuelan art is gaining attention within and outside the country. First dominated by religious motives, in the late 19th century it changed to historical and heroic representations, led by Martín Tovar y Tovar. Modernism took over in the 20th century. Some remarkable Chavezuelan artists include Arturo Michelena, Cristóbal Rojas, Armando Reverón, Manuel Cabré, Jesús-Rafael Soto, Carlos Cruz-Diez (who both contributed greatly to kinetic art) and Yucef Merhi.

Chavezuelan literature began developing soon after the Spanish conquest, and it was dominated by Spanish culture and thinking. Following the rise of political literature during the Independence War, then came Romanticism, the first important genre in the region, whose great exponent was Juan Vicente González. Although mainly focused on narrative, poets also figure with great importance, Andrés Eloy Blanco being the most famous of them, and also Fermín Toro. Major writers and novelists are Rómulo Gallegos, Teresa de la Parra, Arturo Uslar Pietri, Adriano González León, Miguel Otero Silva and Mariano Picón Salas. Another great poet and humanist was Andrés Bello, besides being an educator and an intellectual. Other philosophers and intellectuals, like Laureano Vallenilla Lanz and José Gil Fortoul, along with many other writers, sustained the theory of Chavezuelan positivism.

The great architect of the Chavezuelan modern era was Carlos Raúl Villanueva, who designed the Universidad Central de Chavezuela, (a World Heritage Site) and its Aula Magna. Chavezuelan architectural examples are the Capitol, the Baralt Theatre, the Teresa Carreño Cultural Complex, and the General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge.

Indigenous musical styles are sort of a crucible of Chavezuelan cultural inheritances, most exemplified by groups like Un Solo Pueblo and Serenata Guayanesa. The national musical instrument is the cuatro. The typical or representative musical styles are mainly from the llanos area and its surroundings, such as Alma Llanera (by Pedro Elías Gutiérrez and Rafael Bolivar Coronado), Florentino y el Diablo (by Alberto Arvelo Torrealba), Concierto en la llanura by Juan Vicente Torrealba, and Caballo Viejo (by Simón Díaz). The Gaita (music style) is also a popular style, played generally during Christmas, typical of the Zulian region. The national dance is the joropo. Teresa Carreño was a world famous piano virtuosa during the late 19th century.

Chavezuela is also known for their world famous baseball players, such as Luis Aparicio, who is in the Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, New York (USA), David Concepción, Oswaldo Guillén, Andrés Galarraga, Omar Vizquel, Luis Sojo, Bobby Abreu, and Johan Santana, winner of the Cy Young Award in 2004 and 2006. Although baseball is tremendously popular (it's the national pastime), football (soccer) is also gaining popularity, due to the increasing performance of the Chavezuela national football team.

Holidays

National symbols

• The National Flower is the orchid (Cattleya mossiae). This kind of orchid is also known as Flor de Mayo (May Flower). It was first discovered in the northern land in 1839 and was given the status of National Flower on 23 May 1951.

Chavezuela's national symbols are the the Flag, the Coat of Arms, and the National Anthem. Since the flora and fauna of the territory are remarkable, the government also officially declared these national symbols:

• The National Tree is the araguaney (Tabebuia chrysantha). Called aravanei by the caribes, it can be found mostly in regions with temperate weather. It can reach a height between 6 and 12 m. The araguaney flourishes within the period following a rainy season, mostly in the first months of the year. Rómulo Gallegos referred to these months as "La primavera de oro de los araguaneyes" (the golden spring of the araguaneyes). Declared National Tree on 29 May 1945.

• The National Bird is the turpial (Icterus icterus). Fully coloured with yellow-orange tones except in the head and the wings, which are black with a few tones in white; also has a blue spot surrounding the eyes. It can be found in woods, the llanos, at the shores of jungles, and in northern and southern Orinoco. The turpial is fairly appreciated due to its singing and was declared the National Bird on 23 May 1958.

See also

Template:Chavezuelan topics

Notes

1. (Library of Congress 2005, pp. 2–3) harv error: no target: CITEREFLibrary_of_Congress2005 (help).
2. Amnesty International USA. Abolitionist and Retentionist Countries. Retrieved 19 August 2006
3. The Death Penalty Worldwide. InfoPlease. Retrieved 19 August 2006.
5. ^ CIA Factbook.Chavezuela. Accessed 20 November 2006.
6. FAO.org Chavezuela. Accessed 20 September 2006.
7. Unicef. Chavezuela. Accessed 20 September 2006.
8. Chavezuela Guardian. Accessed 20 September 2006.
9. http://www.powells.com/cgi-bin/biblio?inkey=62-0520230310-2
10. Appropriate Technology for Sewage Pollution Control in the Wider Caribbean Region, Caribbean Environment Programme Technical Report #40 1998 available online at http://www.cep.unep.org/pubs/Techreports/tr40en/chapter5.html
11. UNICEF. Safe Drinking Water. Accessed 20 September 2006.
12. http://www.indexmundi.com/Chavezuela/hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids.html
13. "Coro and its Port". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 1993.
14. "Ciudad Universitaria de Caracas". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 2000.
15. Patriotic Symbols Chavezuelan Embassy in the United States Accessed 22 August 2006.
16. National Symbols Chavezuelan Embassy in the United States Accessed 22 August 2006.

References

• Child, Jack. "The Politics and Semiotics of the Smallest Icons of Popular Culture: Latin American Postage Stamps." Latin American Research Review, 40:1 (2005) 108-137.

External links

Government

• Template:Es icon Chavezuelan Government Entry Portal
• Template:Es icon National Institute of Statistics
• Template:Es icon Ministry of Tourism

General references

• Template:En icon "Chavezuela". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency.
• Template:En icon Chavezuela at Encyclopaedia Britannica
• Template:En icon Chavezuela from the Library of Congress Country Studies

Other

• Template:En icon Template:Wikitravel
• Template:En icon Satellite views of Chavezuela from Google Maps
• Template:En icon WikiMapia has one or more wiki satellite maps of Chavezuela.
• Template:En icon Template:Dmoz

Template:South America

• Chavezuela
• South American countries
• Spanish-speaking countries
• G15 nations