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Michael Grant Ignatieff
File:M ignatieff 056.jpg

Member of Parliament for Etobicoke-Lakeshore
Incumbent
Assumed office 2006 election
Preceded by	Jean Augustine

Personal details
Born	May 12, 1947 Toronto
Political party	Liberal
Spouse(s)	Susan Barrowclough (div.) Zsuzsanna M. Zsohar
Residence	Toronto
Profession	Author, journalist, professor

Michael Grant Ignatieff (/ɪgˈna.tʃəf/), PhD, MP (b.May 12, 1947 in Toronto) is the Canadian Member of Parliament for Etobicoke—Lakeshore. He is an author, journalist, documentary film-maker, and international scholar who has held positions at Cambridge, Oxford, and Harvard.

Ignatieff was based in the United Kingdom from 1978 to 2000. During this time he was on the faculty at both Cambridge and Oxford Universities and worked as a film-maker and political commentator for the BBC. He lived in the United States from 2000 to 2005 where he was director of Harvard's Carr Center for Human Rights Policy. He returned to Canada in 2005 to take a position at the University of Toronto and enter politics.

Ignatieff was named associate critic for Human Resources and Skills Development in the Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet on February 22, 2006. However, he left this position after announcing on April 7, 2006 that he would stand as one of the Liberal Party of Canada leadership candidates. On December 2, 2006 he was defeated by Stéphane Dion on the leadership convention's fourth and final ballot.

Biography

Ignatieff is the son of Canadian diplomat George Ignatieff and Alison Grant, and the grandson of Count Paul Ignatieff, Minister of Education to Tsar Nicholas II and one of the few Tsarist ministers to have escaped execution by the Bolsheviks. His Canadian antecedents include his maternal great grandfather, George Monro Grant, the dynamic 19th century principal of Queen's University. His mother's younger brother was the political philosopher George Grant (1918-1988), author of Lament for a Nation. His great-grandfather was Count Nikolay Pavlovich Ignatyev, the Russian Minister of the Interior under Tsar Alexander III. In his book called The Russian Album, Ignatieff explores the importance of memory and obligation to ancestry in the context of his own family's history. Ignatieff is fluent in both English and French, and has a basic knowledge of Russian, the native language of his father.

Michael Ignatieff spent the majority of his formative years in Toronto, with the Ignatieff family moving regularly in accordance with his father's rise in the diplomatic ranks. In 1959, he was sent back to Toronto to attend Upper Canada College as a boarder. At UCC, Ignatieff was elected a school prefect, was the captain of the Varsity Soccer team, and served as editor-in-chief of the school's yearbook. As well, Ignatieff volunteered for Lester B. Pearson during the 1965 Federal Election by canvassing the York South Riding. He resumed his work for the Liberal Party in 1968, as a national youth organizer and party delegate for the Pierre Elliot Trudeau party leadership campaign.

After high school, Ignatieff studied history at the University of Toronto's Trinity College. There, he met fellow student (and future Premier of Ontario) Bob Rae, who became a friend. After completing his undergraduate degree, Ignatieff took up his studies at Oxford University, where he studied, and was influenced by, the well-known historian and philosopher Isaiah Berlin, about whom he would later write. From 1964 to 1965, Ignatieff worked as a journalist at The Globe and Mail newspaper.

In 1976, Ignatieff completed his PhD in History at Harvard University. He was an assistant professor of history at the University of British Columbia from 1976 to 1978. In 1978 he moved to the United Kingdom, where he held a Senior Research Fellowship at King's College, Cambridge until 1984. He then left Cambridge for London, where he began to focus on his career as a writer and journalist. During this time, he travelled extensively. He also continued to lecture at universities in Europe and North America, and held teaching posts at the Oxford, the University of London, the London School of Economics, the University of California and in France.

While living in the United Kingdom, Ignatieff became well known as a broadcaster on radio and television. His best known television work has been Voices on Channel 4, the BBC 2 discussion programme "Thinking Aloud" and BBC 2's arts programme, The Late Show. His documentary series Blood and Belonging: Journeys into the New Nationalism aired on BBC in 1993. He was also an editorial columnist for The Observer from 1990 to 1993.

In 2000, Ignatieff accepted a position as the director of the Carr Center for Human Rights Policy at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. He taught at Harvard until 2005, when on August 26, it was announced that Ignatieff was leaving Harvard to become the Chancellor Jackman Visiting Professor in Human Rights Policy at the University of Toronto. Ignatieff has received nine honorary doctorates.

Ignatieff is married to Hungarian-born Zsuzsanna M Zsohar and has two children, Theo and Sophie, from his first marriage to Londoner Susan Barrowclough. He has a younger brother, Andrew.

Recognition

Michael Ignatieff is a recognized historian, a fiction writer and public intellectual who has written several books on international relations and nation building. His sixteen fiction and non-fiction books have been translated into twelve languages. He has contributed articles to newspapers such as The Globe and Mail and The New York Times Magazine. Maclean's named him among the "Top 10 Canadian Who's Who" in 1997 and one of the "50 Most Influential Canadians Shaping Society" in 2002. In 2003, Maclean's named him Canada's "Sexiest Cerebral Man."

Ignatieff's history of his family's experiences in nineteenth-century Russia (and subsequent exile), The Russian Album, won the Canadian 1987 Governor General's Award for Non-Fiction and the British Royal Society of Literature's Heinemann Prize. His 1998 biography of Isaiah Berlin was shortlisted for both the Jewish Quarterly Literary Prize for Non-Fiction and the James Tait Black Memorial Prize.

His text on Western interventionist policies and nation building, Virtual War: Kosovo and Beyond, analyzes the NATO bombing of Kosovo and its subsequent aftermath. It won the Orwell Prize for political non-fiction in 2000. Ignatieff worked with the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty in preparing the report, The Responsibility to Protect, which examined the role of international involvement in Kosovo, Rwanda, and the Darfur region of Sudan.

His book on the dangers of ethnic nationalism in the Post-Cold war period, Blood and Belonging: Journeys into the New Nationalism, won the Gordon Montador Award for Best Canadian Book on Social Issues and the University of Toronto's Lionel Gelber Prize. Blood and Belonging was based on Ignatieff's Gemini Award winning 1993 television series of the same name.

In 2004, he published The Lesser Evil: Political Ethics in an Age of Terror, a philosophical work analyzing human rights in the post-9/11 world. The book was a finalist for the Lionel Gelber Prize, and attracted considerable attention for its attempts to reconcile the democratic ideals of western liberal societies with the often-coercive nature of the War on Terrorism.

Ignatieff also writes fiction; one of his novels, Scar Tissue, was short-listed for the Booker Prize. In addition to writing, he has been a guest lecturer in a variety of settings. He delivered the Massey Lectures in 2000. Entitled The Rights Revolution, the series was released in print later that year. He has been a participant and panel leader at the World Economic Forum in Geneva.

Ignatieff was ranked 37th on the list of top public intellectuals prepared by Prospect and Foreign Policy magazines.

Writings

Ignatieff has been described by the British Arts Council as "an extraordinarily versatile writer," in both the style and the subjects he writes about. His fictional works, Asya, Scar Tissue, and Charlie Johnson in the Flames cover, respectively, the life and travels of a Russian girl, the disintegration of one's mother due to neurological disease, and the haunting memories of a journalist in Kosovo. In all three works, however, one sees elements of the author's own life coming through. For instance, Ignatieff travelled to the Balkans and Kurdistan while working as a journalist, witnessing first hand the consequences of modern ethnic warfare. Similarly, his historical memoir, The Russian Album, traces his family's life in Russia and their troubles and subsequent emigration as a result of the Bolshevik Revolution.

A historian by training, he wrote A Just Measure of Pain, a history of prisons during the Industrial Revolution. His biography of Isaiah Berlin reveals the strong impression the celebrated philosopher made on Ignatieff. The latter work explores social welfare and community, and also shows Berlin's influence. Philosophical writings by Ignatieff include The Needs of Strangers and The Rights Revolution. The latter work explores social welfare and community, and shows Berlin's influence on Ignatieff. These tie closely to Ignatieff's political writings on national self-determination and the imperatives of democratic self-government. Ignatieff has also written extensively on international affairs.

Blood and Belonging, a 1993 work, explores the duality of nationalism, from Yugoslavia to Northern Ireland. It is the first of a trilogy of books that explore modern conflicts. The Warrior's Honour, published in 1998, deals with ethnically motivated conflicts, including the conflicts in Afghanistan and Rwanda. The final book, Virtual War, describes the problems of modern peacekeeping, with special reference to the NATO presence in Kosovo.

Canadian culture and human rights

In The Rights Revolution, Ignatieff identifies three aspects of Canada's approach to human rights that give the country its distinctive culture: 1) On moral issues, Canadian law is secular and liberal, approximating European standards more closely than American ones. 2) Canadian political culture is socially democratic; Canadians take it for granted that citizens have the right to free health care and public assistance. 3) Canadians place a particular emphasis on group rights, expressed in Quebec's language laws and in treaty agreements that recognise collective aboriginal rights. "Apart from New Zealand, no other country has given such recognition to the idea of group rights," he writes.

Ignatieff states that despite its admirable commitment to equality and group rights, Canadian society still places an unjust burden on women and gays and lesbians, and he says it is still difficult for newcomers (particularly of non-British descent) to form an enduring sense of citizenship. Ignatieff attributes this to the "patch-work quilt of distinctive societies," emphasizing that civic bonds will only be easier when the understanding of Canada as a multinational community is more widely shared.

International affairs

Ignatieff has written extensively on international development, peacekeeping and the international responsibilities of Western nations. Critical of the limited-risk approach practiced by NATO in conflicts like the Kosovo War and the Rwandan Genocide, he says that there should be more active involvement and larger scale deployment of land forces by Western nations in future conflicts in the developing world.

In this vein, Ignatieff was a prominent supporter of the 2003 Invasion of Iraq. Ignatieff says that the United States had inadvertently established "an empire lite, a global hegemony whose grace notes are free markets, human rights and democracy, enforced by the most awesome military power the world has ever known." The burden of that empire obliged the United States to expend itself unseating Iraqi president Saddam Hussein in the interests of international security and human rights. Ignatieff initially accepted the position of the Bush administration that containment through sanctions and threats would not prevent Hussein from selling weapons of mass destruction to international terrorists. Like many others, he had been persuaded that those weapons were still being developed in Iraq. Moreover, according to Ignatieff, "what Saddam Hussein had done to the Kurds and the Shia" in Iraq was sufficient justification for the invasion.

In the years following the invasion, Ignatieff has reiterated his support for the war's aims, if not the method in which it was conducted. "I supported an administration whose intentions I didn't trust," he averred, "believing that the consequences would repay the gamble. Now I realize that intentions do shape consequences."

Differing from the opinion of the majority of Liberal Parliament members , Ignatieff's supported a ground-based North American Missile Defence Shield citing Ignatieff the need for a coordinated North American defence. "We don't want our decisions to fracture the command system of North American defence," he told the party at a national policy conference.

The lesser evil approach

Ignatieff has said; "The question is not whether we should be trafficking in lesser evils but whether we can keep lesser evils under the control of free institutions.". He argued that western democracies should have "lesser evils" openly sanctioned and controlled by elected representatives and that the "lesser evils" may "include indefinite detention of suspects, coercive interrogations, targeted assassinations, and pre-emptive wars". He states these methods may be necessary in order to combat the greater evil of terrorism. He states that as a result, societies should strengthen their democratic institutions to keep these necessary evils from becoming as offensive to freedom and democracy as the threats they are meant to prevent.

Accusations of "Legitimizing Torture"

Ignatieff said; "Permissible duress might include forms of sleep deprivation that do not result in lasting harm to mental or physical health, together with disinformation and disorientation (like keeping prisoners in hoods) that would produce stress.". He claims that these methods do not fit the classical definition of torture but others in the international human rights community disagree with him about that. . Conor Gearty, professor of human rights law and Rausing director of the Centre for the Study of Human Rights at the London School of Economics, accuses Ignatieff of being a "Rumsfeldian" which Gerty describes as; "These individuals are distinguished by their determination to permit, indeed to encourage, the holding of suspected ‘terrorists’ or ‘unlawful combatants’ (or whoever it might be: ‘bogus asylum-seekers’, ‘drug-barons’, ‘anti-social elements’ etc) in conditions which make torture, inhuman and degrading treatment well-nigh situationally inevitable."

Political career

In January 2005, speculation began in the press that Ignatieff could be a star candidate for the Liberals in the next election, and possibly a candidate to succeed Paul Martin, then the leader of the governing Liberal Party of Canada.

After months of rumours and repeated denials, Ignatieff confirmed in November 2005 that he intended to run for a seat in the House of Commons in the winter 2006 election. It was announced that Ignatieff would seek the Liberal nomination in the Toronto riding of Etobicoke—Lakeshore.

Some Ukrainian-Canadian members of the riding association objected to the nomination, citing a perceived anti-Ukrainian sentiment in Blood and Belonging, where Ignatieff discusses Russian stereotypes of Ukrainians. Critics also questioned his commitment to Canada, pointing out that Ignatieff had lived outside of Canada for more than 30 years. When asked about it by Peter Newman in a Macleans's interview published on 6 April 2006, Ignatieff apologized for referring to himself as an American and said: "Sometimes you want to increase your influence over your audience by appropriating their voice, but it was a mistake. Every single one of the students from 85 countries who took my courses at Harvard knew one thing about me: I was that funny Canadian." Two other candidates filed for the nomination but were disqualified (one, because he was not a member of the party and the second because he had failed to resign from his position on the riding association executive). Ignatieff went on to defeat the Conservative candidate by a margin of roughly 5,000 votes to win the seat.

Leadership bid

After the Liberal government was defeated in the January 2006 federal election, Paul Martin resigned from party leadership. On 7 April, 2006, Michael Ignatieff announced his candidacy in the upcoming Liberal leadership race, joining several others who had already declared their candidacy.

Ignatieff received several high profile endorsements of his candidacy. His campaign was headed up by Senator David Smith, a powerful Chrétien organizer, Ian Davey (son of Senator Keith Davey), Alfred Apps, a Toronto lawyer and fundraiser, and Paul Lalonde, a Toronto lawyer and son of Marc Lalonde.

Following the selection of delegates in the party's "Super Weekend" exercise on the last weekend of September, Ignatieff gained the more support from delegates than other candidates with 30% voting for him.

On Wednesday 11 October 2006, Ignatieff described Israel's attack on Qana during its recent military actions in Lebanon as a war crime. Susan Kadis, who had previously been Ignatieff's campaign co-chair, withdrew her support following the comment. Other Liberal leadership candidates have also criticized Ignatieff's comments. Ariela Cotler, a Jewish community leader and the wife of prominent Liberal MP Irwin Cotler also left the party following Ignatieff's comments. Ignatieff later qualified his statement, saying "Whether war crimes were committed in the attack on Qana is for international bodies to determine." (Kitchener-Waterloo Record, 14 October 2006, A3)

On 14 October, Ignatieff announced that he would visit Israel to meet with Israeli and Palestinian leaders and "learn first-hand their view of the situation". He noted that Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch and Israel's own B'Tselem have stated that war crimes were committed in Qana, describing the suggestion as "a serious matter precisely because Israel has a record of compliance, concern and respect for the laws of war and human rights". Ignatieff added that he would not meet with Palestinian leaders who did not recognize Israel.

In the fourth and final round of voting, which took place on 2 December 2006, at the party's Convention in Montreal, Ignatieff took 2084 votes and lost the contest to Stéphane Dion, who won with 2521 votes. Patrick Gossage, a Toronto political consultant and Ignatieff supporter commented on the loss, stating, "There were people saying 'Who is this telling us what he's going to do with the party?'. Even though he was supported by the party establishment he nevertheless was an outsider, and he never successfully dealt with the labels the media put on him that he'd been away for 30 years." Lauren P.S. Epstein, the former prime minister of the Harvard Canadian Club said; “What it came down to in the final vote was that the liberal delegates were looking for someone who was more likely to unite the party; Igantieff had ardent supporters, but at the same time, he had people who would never under any circumstances support him.” "

Despite his second-place finish, Ignatieff announced that he will run in the next federal election.

Extension of Canada's Afghanistan mission

Since his election to Parliament, Ignatieff has been one of the few opposition members supporting the minority Conservative government's commitment to Canadian military activity in Afghanistan. Prime Minister Stephen Harper called a vote in the House of Commons for May 17, 2006 on extending the Canadian Forces current deployment in Afghanistan until February 2009. During the debate, Ignatieff expressed his "unequivocal support for the troops in Afghanistan, for the mission, and also for the renewal of the mission." He argued that the Afghanistan mission tests the success of Canada's shift from "the peacekeeping paradigm to the peace-enforcement paradigm," the latter combining "military, reconstruction and humanitarian efforts together."

The opposition Liberal caucus of 102 MPs was divided, with 24 MPs supporting the extension, 66 voting against, and 12 abstentions. Among Liberal leadership candidates, Ignatieff and Scott Brison voted for the extension. Ignatieff led the largest Liberal contingent of votes in favour, with at least five of his caucus supporters voting along with him to extend the mission. Following the vote, Harper crossed the floor to shake Ignatieff's hand.

In a subsequent campaign appearance, Ignatieff reiterated his view of the mission in Afghanistan. He stated: "the thing that Canadians have to understand about Afghanistan is that we are well past the era of Pearsonian peacekeeping."

Quebec as a nation

On October 21, 2006, the Quebec wing of the Liberal Party of Canada adopted a resolution that called for the entire Liberal Party of Canada to recognize "the Quebec nation within Canada", and to find possible ways to "officialise this historical and social reality." Ignatieff endorsed the resolution and suggested that it may need to be entrenched into the Constitution of Canada at some point down the road, while his closest rivals Rae, Kennedy and Dion have agreed on the nation label but do not want to reopen the Constitution. Recognizing Quebec's "distinct" nature in the Constitution was attempted previously by Prime Minister Brian Mulroney with the Meech Lake Accord and the Charlottetown Accord.

On November 23, 2006, Prime Minister Stephen Harper declared his support for the Quebecois people being recognized as a nation within Canada. This recognition of the "Québécois nation" is essentially of symbolic political nature, and represents no constitutional changes or consequences.

Bibliography

Fiction

Asya, 1991
Scar Tissue, 1993
Charlie Johnson in the Flames, 2005

Non-fiction

A Just Measure of Pain: Penitentiaries in the Industrial Revolution, 1780-1850, 1978
The Needs of Strangers, 1984
The Russian Album, 1987
Blood and Belonging: Journeys Into the New Nationalism, 1994
Warrior's Honour: Ethnic War and the Modern Conscience, 1997
Isaiah Berlin: A Life, 1998
Virtual War: Kosovo and Beyond, 2000
The Rights Revolution, Viking, 2000
Human Rights as Politics and Idolatry, Anansi Press Ltd, 2001
Empire Lite: Nation-Building in Bosnia, Kosovo and Afghanistan, Minerva, 2003
The Lesser Evil: Political Ethics in an Age of Terror, Princeton University Press, 2004
American Exceptionalism and Human Rights (ed.), Princeton University Press, 2005.

Notes and references

Valpy, Michael (August 26, 2006). "Being Michael Ignatieff". Globe and Mail. Retrieved 2006-09-04.
Owen, Arthur. "Descendants of Charles Oulton and Abigail Fillmore". Retrieved 2006-08-11.
"The Prospect/FP Top 100 Public Intellectuals". Retrieved 2006-08-28.
"Liberal.ca Biography of Michael Ignatieff". Retrieved 2006-08-11.
"The Lionel Gelber Prize". Retrieved 2006-04-20.
"The Prospect/FP Top 100 Public Intellectuals". Retrieved 2006-08-28.
^ "Michael Ignatieff at Contemporary Writers". Retrieved 2006-08-10.
Ignatieff, Michael (2000). The Rights Revolution. House of Anansi Press. ISBN 0-88784-656-4.
^ Ignatieff, Michael (March 14, 2004). "The Year of Living Dangerously". The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved 2006-08-11.
Ignatieff, Michael (January 5, 2003). "The Burden". The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved 2006-08-11.
Ignatieff, Michael (March 30, 2006). "Canada and the World". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 2006-08-11.
Finlay, Mary Lou (April 7, 2006). "As it Happens". CBC Radio. Retrieved 2006-08-11. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
Paul, Derek (Oct–Dec 2000). "Review: Virtual War". Peace Magazine. Retrieved 2006-08-11.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: date format (link)
Ignatieff, Michael (March 4, 2005). "A Generous Helping of Liberal Brains". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 2006-08-11.
^ Ignatieff, Michael (May 2, 2004). "Lesser Evils (Op-Ed)". New York Times Magazine. Retrieved 2006-09-24.
Taylor, Laurie (Sep.21, 2005). "No more Mr Nice Guy". New Humanist. Retrieved 2006-12-16. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
Gearty, Conor (January, 2005). "Legitimising torture - with a little help". Index. Retrieved 2006-12-16. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
CTV.ca News Staff (November 27 2005). "Toronto group opposes Ignatieff's election bid". Retrieved 2006-04-20. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
Newman, Peter C. (April 6 2006). "Q&A with Liberal leadership contender Michael Ignatieff". Maclean's. Retrieved 2006-04-20. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
Elections Canada: 2006 Federal Elections Results
Geddes, John (March 29 2006). "Bill Graham's big job". Maclean's. Retrieved 2006-08-11. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
"Ignatieff was seen as an outsider in the Liberal family".
"Ignatieff Loses Bid for Party Leadership ". {{cite web}}: line feed character in |title= at position 41 (help)
"Ignatieff, Rae indicate they'll run in next election". CBC News. December 4 2006. Retrieved 2006-12-4. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)
Clark, Campbell (May 19, 2006). "Vote divides Liberal hawks from doves". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 2006-08-11.
CTV.ca News Staff (May 17, 2006). "MPs narrowly vote to extend Afghanistan mission". CTV.ca. Retrieved 2006-08-11.
Rana, F. Abbas (May 22, 2006). "Afghanistan vote leaves federal Liberals flat-footed". The Hill Times. Retrieved 2006-08-11. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
Bryden, John (May 18, 2006). "Harper may have used Afghan vote to ensare Ignatieff". The National Post. Retrieved 2006-08-11.
Dubinski, Kate (May 20, 2006). "Challenges to unity many, Ignatieff says". The London Free Press. Retrieved 2006-08-11.
"Priority Policy Resolutions" (PDF). Liberal Party of Canada (Quebec). October 21, 2006. Retrieved 2006-11-11.
"Rivals cool to Quebec 'nation' debate". The Toronto Star. October 30, 2006. Retrieved 2006-11-11.

External links

Official sites

Articles by Ignatieff

Articles by Michael Ignatieff for the Carnegie Council
The Meaning of Diana, Prospect Magazine, October 23, 1997. A review of Diana Spencer.
Why Bush must send in his troops, The Guardian, April 19 2002. On why Ignatieff believes a two-state solution is the last chance for Middle East peace.
The Burden, The New York Times Magazine, January 5, 2003. Written just prior to the Iraq war, this article explains his support for the invasion.
The Lesser Evil: Hard Choices in a War on Terror, Carnegie Council on Ethics and International Affairs, January 23 2004.
The Year of Living Dangerously, The New York Times Magazine, March 14, 2004. A follow-up to The Burden, discussing the war.
Lesser Evils, The New York Times Magazine, May 2, 2004, An article on finding the balance between civil liberties and security.
A Generous Helping of Liberal Brains, The Globe and Mail, March 4, 2005. An excerpt from his address to the biennial policy conference of the Liberal Party.
Who Are Americans to Think That Freedom Is Theirs to Spread? , The New York Times Magazine, June 26, 2005. Ignatieff On Spreading Democracy

Preceded byJean Augustine, Liberal

Member of Parliament for Etobicoke—Lakeshore
2006-

Succeeded byIncumbent

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