This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 66.74.33.54 (talk) at 04:40, 4 May 2003 (gamma and R are under the square root...). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.
Revision as of 04:40, 4 May 2003 by 66.74.33.54 (talk) (gamma and R are under the square root...)(diff) ← Previous revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)The speed of sound varies depending on the medium through which the sound waves pass. It is usually quoted in describing properties of substances, such as sodium.
More commonly the term refers to the speed of sound in air. In this case the physical properties of the air, its pressure and humidity for instance, affect the speed. However due to the complex way that all of these factors are interrelated, the speed in fact varies linerarly with temperature. An approximate speed can be calculated from:
- v = 331 + (0.6 T), where T is the temperature in degrees Celsius
A more accurate expression is
where R is the gas constant (287 J/KgK for air), γ is the adiabatic index (1.4 for air) and T is the absolute temperature in Kelvins. In the standard atmosphere, T0 is 288.2 K, giving a value of 340 m/s.
The speed of sound is typically measured given a "standard atmosphere". Under these conditions the speed of sound is approximately 343 m/s, or 750 miles/hour.
In solids the speed of sound is given by:
- v = (E / ρ), where E is Young's modulus and ρ is density.
Thus in steel the speed of sound is approximately 5100 m/s.
The speed of sound in water is of interest to those mapping the ocean floor. In saltwater, sound travels at about 1500 m/s and in freshwater 1435 m/s. These speeds vary due to pressure, depth, temperature, salinity and other factors.
See also Mach number.