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Imperial State of Iranکشور شاهنشاهی ایران Kešvar-e Šâhanšâhi-ye Irân
1925–1979
State flag (1964–1979) Emblem (1932–1979)
Motto: مرا داد فرمود و خود داور است Marā dād farmūd-o khod dāvar ast ("Justice He bids me do, as He will judge me")
Anthem:  (1925–1934) سلامتی دولت علیهٔ ایران Salāmati-ye Dowlat-e Elliye-ye Irān ("Salute of Sublime State of Persia") (1934–1979) سرود شاهنشاهی ایران‎ Shahanshah é ma zende bad ("Imperial Anthem of Iran")
Imperial coat of arms:
Location of Iran on the globe (current geopolitical boundaries, not at the time of the Imperial State of Iran).
Capitaland largest city	Tehran
Official languages	Persian
Religion	Shia Islam
Demonym(s)	Persian (until 1935) Iranian (from 1935)
Government	Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy (de jure)  • Under an authoritarian one party state (1975–78)
Shah
• 1925–1941	Reza Pahlavi
• 1941–1979	Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
Prime minister
• 1925–1926 (first)	Mohammad-Ali Foroughi
• 1979 (last)	Shapour Bakhtiar
Legislature	Deliberative assembly
• Upper house	Senate (1949–79)
• Lower house	National Consultative Assembly
Historical era	20th century
• Constituent Assembly voted formation of Pahlavi dynasty	15 December 1925
• Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran	25 August – 17 September 1941
• Admitted to the United Nations	24 October 1945
• Coup d'etat	19 August 1953
• White Revolution	26 January 1963
• Iranian Revolution	11 February 1979
• Islamic Republic established	31 March 1979
Area
1979	1,648,195 km (636,372 sq mi)
Population
• 1955	19,293,999
• 1965	24,955,115
• 1979	37,252,629
GDP (PPP)	1972 estimate
• Per capita	$571
Currency	Rial
ISO 3166 code	IR
Preceded by Succeeded by Sublime State of Persia Interim Government of Iran
Today part of	Bahrain Iran
From 1935 to 1979. From 1925 to 1935, it was known officially as the Imperial State of Persia in the Western world.

Pahlavi
Founded	15 December 1925
Founder	Reza Shah
Current head	Reza Pahlavi
Final ruler	Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
Titles	Aryamehr Shahanshah Shahzadeh
Deposition	11 February 1979

The Imperial State of Iran (Template:Lang-fa), also known as the Imperial State of Persia from 1925 to 1935, was a country in Western Asia. It was ruled by the Pahlavi dynasty, the last ruling house of Iran from 1925 until 1979, when the Persian monarchy was overthrown and abolished as a result of the Iranian Revolution. The dynasty was founded by Reza Shah Pahlavi in 1925, a former brigadier-general of the Persian Cossack Brigade, whose reign lasted until 1941 when he was forced to abdicate by the Allies after the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran. He was succeeded by his son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the last Shah of Iran.

The Pahlavis came to power after Ahmad Shah Qajar, the last Qajar ruler of Iran, proved unable to stop British and Soviet encroachment on Iranian sovereignty, had his position extremely weakened by a military coup, and was removed from power by the parliament while in France. The Iranian parliament, known as the Majlis, convening as a Constituent Assembly on 12 December 1925, deposed the young Ahmad Shah Qajar, and declared Reza Khan the new King (Shah) of Imperial State of Persia. In 1935, Reza Shah asked foreign delegates to use the endonym Iran in formal correspondence and the official name the Imperial State of Iran was adopted.

Following the coup d'état in 1953 supported by the United Kingdom and the United States, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi's rule became more autocratic and was aligned with the Western Bloc during the Cold War. Faced with growing public discontent and popular rebellion throughout 1978 and after declaring surrender and officially resigning, the second Pahlavi went into exile with his family in January 1979, sparking a series of events that quickly led to the end of the state and the beginning of the Islamic Republic of Iran on 11 February 1979.

Origins

The Pahlavi dynasty was an Iranian royal dynasty which originated in Mazandaran province. In 1878 Reza Shah Pahlavi was born at the village of Alasht, located in Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province. His parents were Major Abbas Ali Khan was a Mazandarani from Pahlavan tribe of Alasht, and Noushafarin Ayromlou. His mother was a Muslim immigrant from Georgia (then part of the Russian Empire), whose family had emigrated to mainland Persia after Persia was forced to cede all of its territories in the Caucasus following the Russo-Persian Wars several decades prior to Reza Shah's birth. His father was commissioned in the 7th Savadkuh Regiment, and served in the Anglo-Persian War in 1856.

Establishment

In 1925, Reza Khan, a former Brigadier-General of the Persian Cossack Brigade, deposed the Qajar dynasty and declared himself king (shah), adopting the dynastic name of Pahlavi, which recalls the Middle Persian language of the Sasanian Empire. By the mid-1930s, Rezā Shāh's strong secular rule caused dissatisfaction among some groups, particularly the clergy, who opposed his reforms, but the middle and upper-middle class of Iran liked what Rezā Shāh did. In 1935, Rezā Shāh issued a decree asking foreign delegates to use the term Iran in formal correspondence, in accordance with the fact that "Persia" was a term used by Western peoples for the country called "Iran" in Persian. His successor, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, announced in 1959 that both Persia and Iran were acceptable and could be used interchangeably.

Reza Shah tried to avoid involvement with the UK and the Soviet Union. Though many of his development projects required foreign technical expertise, he avoided awarding contracts to British and Soviet companies because of dissatisfaction during the Qajar Dynasty between Persia, the UK, and the Soviets. Although the UK, through its ownership of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, controlled all of Iran's oil resources, Rezā Shāh preferred to obtain technical assistance from Germany, France, Italy and other European countries. This created problems for Iran after 1939, when Germany and Britain became enemies in World War II. Reza Shah proclaimed Iran as a neutral country, but Britain insisted that German engineers and technicians in Iran were spies with missions to sabotage British oil facilities in southwestern Iran. Britain demanded that Iran expel all German citizens, but Rezā Shāh refused, claiming this would adversely affect his development projects.

World War II

Part of a series on the
History of Iran
The Gate of All Nations in Fars
Prehistoric periodBCE / BC Baradostian culture c. 36,000–18,000 Zarzian culture c. 20,000–10,000 Shulaveri–Shomu culture c. 6000–5000 Zayandeh River Culture c. 6th millennium Dalma culture c. 5th millennium
Ancient period Kura–Araxes culture 3400–2000 Helmand culture/Jiroft culture c. 3300–2200 Proto-Elamite 3200–2700 Lullubi Kingdom/Zamua c. 3100-675 Elam 2700–539 Marhaši c. 2550-2020 Oxus Civilization c. 2400–1700 Akkadian Empire 2400–2150 Kassites c. 1500–1155 Avestan period c. 1500–500 Neo-Assyrian Empire 911–609 Urartu 860–590 Mannaea 850–616 Zikirti 750-521 Saparda 720-670
Imperial period Median Empire 678–550 BC Scythian Kingdom 652–625 BC Anshanite Kingdom 635 BC–550 BC Neo-Babylonian Empire 626 BC–539 BC Sogdia c. 6th century BC–11th century AD Achaemenid Empire 550 BC–330 BC Kingdom of Armenia 331 BC–428 AD Atropatene c. 323 BC–226 AD Kingdom of Cappadocia 320s BC–17 AD Seleucid Empire 312 BC–63 BC Kingdom of Pontus 281 BC–62 BC Fratarakas 3rd-century BC–132 BC Parthian Empire 247 BC–224 AD Elymais 147 BC–224 AD Characene 141 BC–222 AD Kings of Persis 132 BC–224 AD Indo-Parthian Kingdom 19 AD–224/5 Paratarajas 125–300 Sasanian Empire 224–651 Zarmihrids 6th century–785 Qarinvandids 550s–11th century
Medieval periodCE / AD Rashidun Caliphate 632-661 Umayyad Caliphate 661–750 Abbasid Caliphate 750–1258 Dabuyids 642–760 Bavandids 651–1349 Masmughans of Damavand 651–760 Baduspanids 665–1598 Justanids 791 – 11th century Alid dynasties 864 – 14th century Tahirid dynasty 821–873 Samanid Empire 819–999 Saffarid dynasty 861–1003 Ghurid dynasty pre-879 – 1215 Sajid dynasty 889–929 Sallarid dynasty 919–1062 Ziyarid dynasty 930–1090 Ilyasids 932–968 Buyid dynasty 934–1062 Rawadid dynasty 955–1070 Hasanwayhids 959–1095 Ghaznavid dynasty 977–1186 Annazids 990/1–1117 Kakuyids 1008–1141 Nasrid dynasty 1029–1236 Shabankara 1030–1355 Seljuk Empire 1037–1194 Khwarazmian dynasty 1077–1231 Eldiguzids 1135–1225 Atabegs of Yazd 1141–1319 Salghurids 1148–1282 Hazaraspids 1155–1424 Pishkinid dynasty 1155–1231 Khorshidi dynasty 1184-1597 Qutlugh-Khanids 1223-1306 Mihrabanids 1236–1537 Kurt dynasty 1244–1396 Ilkhanate Empire 1256–1335 Chobanid dynasty 1335–1357 Muzaffarid dynasty 1335–1393 Jalayirid Sultanate 1337–1376 Sarbadars 1337–1376 Injuids 1335–1357 Afrasiyab dynasty 1349–1504 Mar'ashis 1359–1596 Timurid Empire 1370–1507 Kar-Kiya dynasty 1370s–1592 Qara Qoyunlu 1406–1468 Aq Qoyunlu 1468–1508
Early modern period Safavid Iran 1501–1736 (Hotak dynasty) 1722–1729 Afsharid Iran 1736–1796 Zand dynasty 1751–1794
Modern period Qajar Iran 1789–1925 Pahlavi Iran 1925–1979
Contemporary period Iranian Revolution 1979 Interim Government 1979 Islamic Republic 1979–present
Related articles Name Monarchs Heads of state Economic history LGBT history Military history Women's history Wars
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v t e

On 13 September 1943 the Allies reassured the Iranians that all foreign troops would leave by 2 March 1946. At the time, the Tudeh Party of Iran, a communist party that was already influential and had parliamentary representation, was becoming increasingly militant, especially in the North. This promoted actions from the side of the government, including attempts of the Iranian armed forces to restore order in the Northern provinces. While the Tudeh headquarters in Tehran were occupied and the Isfahan branch crushed, the Soviet troops present in the Northern parts of the country prevented the Iranian forces from entering. Thus, by November 1945 Azerbaijan had become an autonomous state helped by the Tudeh party. This pro-Soviet nominal-government fell by November 1946, after support from the United States for Iran to reclaim the regions that declared themselves autonomous.

Cold War

Mohammad Reza Pahlavi replaced his father on the throne on 16 September 1941. He wanted to continue the reform policies of his father, but a contest for control of the government soon erupted between him and an older professional politician, the nationalistic Mohammad Mosaddegh.

In 1951, the Majlis (the Parliament of Iran) named Mohammad Mossadegh as new prime minister by a vote of 79–12, who shortly after nationalized the British-owned oil industry (see Abadan Crisis). Mossadegh was opposed by the Shah who feared a resulting oil embargo imposed by the West would leave Iran in economic ruin. The Shah fled Iran but returned when the United Kingdom and the United States staged a coup against Mossadegh in August 1953 (see Operation Ajax). Mossadegh was then arrested by pro-Shah army forces.

Major plans to build Iran's infrastructure were undertaken, a new middle class began flourishing and in less than two decades Iran became the indisputable major economic and military power of the Middle East.

Collapse of the dynasty

The Shah's government suppressed its opponents with the help of Iran's security and intelligence secret police, SAVAK. Such opponents included leftists and Islamists.

By the mid-1970s, relying on increased oil revenues, Mohammad Reza began a series of even more ambitious and bolder plans for the progress of his country and the march toward the "White Revolution". But his socioeconomic advances increasingly irritated the clergy. Islamic leaders, particularly the exiled cleric Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, were able to focus this discontent with an ideology tied to Islamic principles that called for the overthrow of the Shah and the return to Islamic traditions, called the Islamic revolution. The Pahlavi regime collapsed following widespread uprisings in 1978 and 1979. The Islamic Revolution dissolved the SAVAK and replaced it with the SAVAMA. It was run after the revolution, according to U.S. sources and Iranian exile sources in the US and in Paris, by Gen. Hossein Fardoust, who was deputy chief of SAVAK under Mohammad Reza's reign, and a friend from boyhood of the deposed monarch.

Mohammad Reza fled the country, seeking medical treatment in Egypt, Mexico, the United States, and Panama, and finally resettled with his family in Egypt as a guest of Anwar Sadat. On his death, his son Crown Prince Reza Pahlavi succeeded him in absentia as heir apparent to the Pahlavi dynasty. Reza Pahlavi and his wife live in the United States in Potomac, Maryland, with three daughters.

Legacy

Under the Qajar dynasty the Persian character of Iran was not very explicit. Although the country was referred to as Persia by westerners, and the dominant language in court and administration was Persian the dichotomy between pure Persian and Turkic elements had remained obvious until 1925. The Pahlavi rule was instrumental in Iran's nationalisation in line with Persian culture and language which, amongst other ways, was achieved through the official ban on the use minority languages such as Azerbaijani and successful suppression of separatist movements. Reza Pahlavi is credited for reunification of Iran under a powerful central government. The use of minority languages in schools and newspapers was not tolerated. The succeeding regime – the Islamic Republic of Iran – has adopted a more inclusive approach in relation to the use of ethnic minorities and their language, however the issues as to Azeris, the Iran's largest ethnic minority, remain and pose considerable challenges for the unity and territorial integrity of Iran.

Pahlavi Shahs of Iran

Name		Portrait	Family relations	Lifespan	Entered office	Left office
Shahs of Iran
1	Reza Shah		Son of Abbas Ali	1878–1944	15 December 1925	16 September 1941
2	Mohammad Reza Pahlavi	Mohammad Reza Shah	Son of Reza Shah	1919–1980	16 September 1941	11 February 1979
In pretence
1	Mohammad Reza Pahlavi		Son of Reza Shah	1919–1980	11 February 1979	27 July 1980
—	Farah Pahlavi (Regent in pretence)	Farah Pahlavi	Wife of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi	1938–	27 July 1980	31 October 1980
2	Reza Pahlavi		Son of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi	1960–	31 October 1980	Incumbent

Use of titles

• Shâh: Emperor, followed by Shâhanshâh of Iran, with style His Imperial Majesty
• Shahbânu: Shahbânu or Empress, followed by first name, followed by "of Iran", with style Her Imperial Majesty
• Valiahd: Crown Prince of Iran, with style His Imperial Highness
• Younger sons: Prince (Shâhpūr, or King's Son), followed by first name and surname (Pahlavi), and style His Imperial Highness.
• Daughters: Princess (Shâhdokht, or King's Daughter), followed by first name and surname (Pahlavi), and style Her Imperial Highness.
• Children of the monarch's daughter/s use another version of Prince (Vâlâ Gohar, "of superior essence") or Princess (Vâlâ Gohari), which indicate descent in the second generation through the female line, and use the styles His Highness or Her Highness. This is then followed by first name and father's surname, whether he was royal or a commoner. However, the children by the last Shah's sister Fatemeh, who married an American businessman as her first husband, are surnamed Pahlavi Hillyer and do not use any titles.

Human rights

Corruption

As Ganji writes, the group submitted at least 30 solid reports within 13 years on a corruption of high-ranking officials and the royal circle, but Shah called the reports "false rumors and fabrications". Parviz Sabeti, a high-ranking official of SAVAK believed that the one important reason for successful opposition to the regime was corruption.

Line of succession to the Persian throne

Succession order is who should take over if the monarch dies or abdicates. The succession order of the Persian throne in 1979 was: (If Mohammad Reza Shah were to die or abdicate, "number 1" would take over the throne)

1. Crown Prince Cyrus Reza Pahlavi, eldest son of Mohammad Reza Shah
2. Prince Ali Reza Pahlavi II, youngest son of Mohammad Reza Shah
3. Prince Patrick Ali Pahlavi, son of Prince Ali Reza Pahlavi I. The second son of Reza Shah.
4. Prince Gholam Reza Pahlavi, third son of Reza Shah
5. Prince Bahman Pahlavi, eldest son of Prince Gholam Reza Pahlavi.
6. Prince Abdul Reza Pahlavi, fourth son of Reza Shah
7. Prince Ahmad Reza Pahlavi, fifth son of Reza Shah
8. Prince Mahmud Reza Pahlavi, sixth son of Reza Shah

Reza Shah also had a seventh son, Prince Hamid Reza Pahlavi, but Mohammad Reza Shah ejected him from the Royal House, on the grounds that Prince Hamid Reza was a promiscuous "fun-lover," partying from club to club to private parties night after night, and he was also deeply addicted to drugs. After the 1979 Revolution, Prince Hamid Reza was one of the few members of the Pahlavi Dynasty who stayed in Iran.

Reza Shah and Mohammad Reza Shah both had several daughters but at that time in Iran women could not inherit the throne.

If the Pahlavi Dynasty were still to rule Iran now, women would probably be allowed to inherit the throne. So if the Pahlavi Dynasty returns to Iran now, with Crown Prince Cyrus Reza as the King, here is how the succession order might look like:

1. Princess Noor Pahlavi, eldest daughter of Crown Prince Cyrus Reza
2. Princess Iman Pahlavi, second daughter of Crown Prince Cyrus Reza
3. Princess Farah Pahlavi, youngest daughter of Crown Prince Cyrus Reza
4. Princess Shahnaz Pahlavi, eldest child of Mohammad Reza Shah
5. Princess Zahra Mahnaz Zahedi, eldest child of Princess Shahnaz
6. Prince Keykhosrow Jahanbani, second child of Princess Shahnaz
7. Princess Fawzia Jahanbani, youngest child of Princess Shahnaz
8. Princess Farahnaz Pahlavi, third child of Mohammad Reza Shah
9. Princess Irvana Pahlavi, daughter of Prince Ali Reza II
10. Prince Patrick Ali Pahlavi, son of Prince Ali Reza I

See also

• Abdolhosseyn Teymurtâš
• Abdolrezâ Pahlavi
• Ey Irân
• Daheye Fajr
• Qolâmrezâ Pahlavi
• Kamâl Habibollahi
• Kašfe hijâb
• Norman Schwarzkopf, Sr.
• Persian Corridor
• Sorude Šâhanšâhiye Irân
• Tehran Conference ("Eureka")
• Trans-Iranian Railway
• List of Shi'a Muslims dynasties

Notes and references

1. Whitney Smith (1980), Flags and Arms across the World, McGraw-Hill, ISBN 978-0-07-059094-6
2. "Iranian Empire (Pahlavi dynasty): Imperial standards". Archived from the original on 12 April 2007. Retrieved 3 May 2007.
3. http://www.nationalanthems.info/per.htm
4. ^ "IRAN: Keshvaré Shahanshahiyé Irân", The Statesman's Year-Book 1978–79, Springer, 2016, pp. 674–682, ISBN 9780230271074
5. "Iran marks Islamic Republic Day". Press TV. 1 April 2013. Archived from the original on 22 September 2013. Retrieved 21 September 2013.
6. کوروش, نوروز مرادی; نوری, مصطفی (1388). "سندی نویافته از نیای رضاشاه" (PDF). پیام بهارستان. د۲،س ۱،ش۴.
7. معتضد, خسرو (1387). تاج های زنانه (چاپ اول ed.). تهران: نشر البرز. pp. 46 47 48 49 50 51 جلد اول. ISBN 9789644425974.
8. نیازمند, رضا (1387). رضاشاه از تولد تا سلطنت (چاپ ششم ed.). تهران: حکایت قلم نوین. pp. 15 16 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 39 40 43 44 45. ISBN 9645925460.
9. Gholam Reza Afkhami (27 October 2008). The Life and Times of the Shah. University of California Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-520-25328-5. Archived from the original on 11 April 2014. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
10. Zirinsky, Michael P. (1992). "Imperial power and dictatorship : Britain and the rise of Reza Shah, 1921-1926". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 24: 639–663. doi:10.1017/s0020743800022388. Archived from the original on 27 April 2014. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
11. Afkhami, Gholam Reza (2009). The Life and Times of the Shah. University of California Press. p. 4. (..) His mother, who was of Georgian origin, died not long after, leaving Reza in her brother's care in Tehran. (...).
12. GholamAli Haddad Adel; et al. (2012). The Pahlavi Dynasty: An Entry from Encyclopaedia of the World of Islam. EWI Press. p. 3. (...) His mother, Nush Afarin, was a Georgian Muslim immigrant (...).
13. Homa Katouzian. "State and Society in Iran: The Eclipse of the Qajars and the Emergence of the Pahlavis" Archived 12 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine I.B.Tauris, 2006. ISBN 978-1845112721 p 269
14. Ansari, Ali M. (2003). Modern Iran Since 1921: The Pahlavis and After. Longman. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-582-35685-6. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
15. ^ Jessup, John E. (1989). A Chronology of Conflict and Resolution, 1945–1985. New York: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-24308-5.
16. The Iranian Crisis of 1945–1946 and the Spiral Model of International Conflict, by Fred H. Lawson in International Journal of Middle East Studies p.9
17. Michael Coleman (30 July 2013). "Son of Iran's Last Shah: 'I Am My Own Man'". The Washington Diplomat. Archived from the original on 22 September 2013. Retrieved 21 September 2013.
18. Tohidi, Nayereh. "Iran: regionalism, ethnicity and democracy". Archived from the original on 14 July 2013. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
19. ^ "Former Iranian Crown Prince Reza Pahlavi will proclaim himself the new shah of Iran", United Press International, 17 October 1980, archived from the original on 28 January 2019, retrieved 25 January 2019, His Imperial Highness Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran, will reach his constitutional majority on the 9th of Aban, 1359 (October 31, 1980). On this date, and in conformity with the Iranian Constitution, the regency of Her Imperial Majesty Farah Pahlavi, Shahbanou of Iran, will come to an end and His Imperial Highness, who on this occasion will send a message to the people of Iran, will succeed his father, His Imperial Majesty Mohammed Reza Shah Pahlavi, deceased in Cairo on Mordad 5, 1359 (July 27, 1980).
20. Ganji, p. 8-9

Further reading

• The Fall of Heaven: The Pahlavis and the Final Days of Imperial Iran, by Andrew Scott Cooper (Henry Holt and Company, 2016) ISBN 9780805098983.
• What Really Happed to the Shah of Iran, Payvand News, 10 March 2006.

External links

• Pahlavi dyasty at Iran Chamber
• The Pahlavi Dynasty coins and insignia

• Pahlavi dynasty
• Monarchy in Persia and Iran
• Former member states of the United Nations
• Former monarchies of Asia
• Iranian royalty
• Political history of Iran
• 1920s in Iran
• 1930s in Iran
• 1940s in Iran
• 1950s in Iran
• 1960s in Iran
• 1970s in Iran
• States and territories established in 1925
• States and territories disestablished in 1979
• 1925 establishments in Iran
• 1979 disestablishments
• Iranian Revolution
• 20th century in Iran
• Former polities of the Cold War