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Revision as of 08:33, 18 August 2020 by Ogress (talk | contribs) (→Population: grammar, overlinking)(diff) ← Previous revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff) For the village in Slovenia, see Utik, Vodice.| Utik | |
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| Province of Kingdom of Armenia | |
| 189 BC–387 AD | |
 | |
| Capital | Parnes |
| Historical era | Antiquity, Middle Ages |
| • Artaxias I declaring himself independent | 189 BC |
| • Given to Caucasian Albania by Sassanids | 387 AD |
| Today part of |  Azerbaijan Armenia |
Utik (Template:Lang-hy, also known as Uti, Utiq, or Outi) was a historic province of the Kingdom of Armenia and a region of Caucasian Albania after the splitting of Armenia in 387 AD by Sassanid Persia. Most of the region is located within present-day Azerbaijan immediately west of the Kura River while a part of it lies within the Tavush province of present-day northeastern Armenia.
History
According to Strabo, in the second century BCE, Armenians conquered from the Medes the lands of Siwnik and Caspiane, and the lands that lay between them, including Utik, that was populated by the people called "Utis", after whom it received its name. Modern historians agree that the Utis were a people of non-Armenian origin, and the modern Udi people are their descendants.
After the Armenian conquest, Utik also had an Armenian population. The province was called Otena in Latin sources and Otene in Greek sources.
According to Anania Shirakatsi's seventh century Ashkharhatsuyts "Geography", Utik was the twelfth among the 15 provinces of the Kingdom of Armenia and belonged, at the time, to Caucasian Albania, when the Utik and Artsakh provinces were lost by Armenia after its partition in the fourth century. According to Ashkharhatsuyts, Utik consisted of eight gavars or "cantons": Aranrot, Tri, Rotparsyan, Aghve, Tuskstak (Tavush), Gardman, Shakashen, and Uti. The province was bounded by the Kura from the northeast, Aras from the southeast, and by the Artsakh Province from the west.
Greco-Roman historians from the second century BCE to the fourth century CE state that Utik was a province of Armenia with the Kura separating Armenia and Albania. However, these Greco-Roman sources confirm the Armenian-Albanian boundary along the Kura was often overrun by the armies of both countries.
According to Strabo, "In ancient times Greater Armenia ruled the whole of Asia, after it broke up the empire of the Syrians", but had lost some of its lands by the second century BCE. At the same time Strabo wrote: "According to report, Armenia, though a small country in earlier times, was enlarged by Artaxias and Zariadris". Around 190 BCE, under King Artaxias I, Armenia conquered Vaspurakan and Paytakaran from the Medes, Acilisene from Cataonia, and Taron from Syria. Some have suggested that Utik was among the provinces conquered by Artaxias I at this time, although Strabo doesn't list Utik among his conquests.
King Urnayr of Caucasian Albania invaded Utik. In 370 CE, Sparapet Mušeł Mamikonian defeated the Albanians, restoring the frontier back to the Kura. In 387, the Sasanian Empire helped the Albanians to seize from the Kingdom of Armenia a number of provinces, including Utik.
In the middle of the fifth century, by the order of the Sasanian Emperor Peroz I, King Vache of Caucasian Albania built in Utik the city initially called Perozapat, and later Partaw and Barda, and made it the capital of Caucasian Albania.
Starting in the 13th century, the area covered by Utik and Artsakh was called Karabakh by non-Armenians.
Population
In ancient times, the area was inhabited by the Utis, after whom it was named. Early Armenian chronicles of the fifth century state that the local princes of Utik descended from the Armenian noble family of Sisakan and spoke Armenian.
Utik had been one of the provinces of Greater Armenia, the population of which is referred to by the name Udini (or Utidorsi) in Latin sources, and by the name Outioi in Greek sources. However, Ancient Greco-Roman writers placed Udis beyond Utik, north of the Kura.
Pliny the Elder calls the Utis a tribe of Scythians and also mentions utidors (which was apparently a tribe of mixed origin). Due to this a drift of ethnonym or more complex ethnogenetic processes are possible; for example, settlement of some Iranian-speaking or, less probably, Baltic Finnic peoples and adoption by them of language of the local Caucasian population.
See also
References
- Robert H. Hewsen. "Ethno-History and the Armenian Influence upon the Caucasian Albanians," in: Samuelian, Thomas J. (Hg.), Classical Armenian Culture. Influences and Creativity, Chicago: 1982, 27-40.
- (in Russian) Shnirelman, Viktor A. Memory Wars: Myths, Identity and Politics in Transcaucasia. Moscow: Academkniga, 2003 ISBN 5-94628-118-6, pp. 226-228.
- Hewsen, Robert H. “The Kingdom of Artsakh,” in T. Samuelian & M. Stone, eds. Medieval Armenian Culture. Chico, CA, 1983
- Chahin, Mark. The Kingdom of Armenia: A History. London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2001, p. 181 ISBN 0-7007-1452-9.
- Movses Khorenatsi, "History of Armenia," I.13, II.8
- Movses Kaghankatvatsi, "History of Aghvank," I.4
- ^ "Wolfgang Schulze. The Language of the 'Caucasian Albanian' (Aluan) Palimpses". Archived from the original on 2001-10-30. Retrieved 2001-10-30.
- ^ Igor Kuznetsov. Udis.
- Ptolemy, Geography: Book V, Chapter 13.9
- Anania Shirakatsi. Geography
- Anania Shirakatsi, "Geography"
- Strabo. "Geography, Book 11, chapter 14, section 4". www.perseus.tufts.edu.
- Pliny the Elder, "The Natural history ", 6.39: "he tribe of Albanians settled on the Caucasian mountains, reaches ... the river Kir making border of Armenia and Iberia"
- Claudius Ptolemy, "Geography" 5.12: "Armenia is located from the north to a part of Colchida, Iberia and Albania along the line, which goes through the river Kir (Kura)"
- ^ "Utik" at Encyclopædia Iranica
- Strabo. "Geography, Book 11, chapter 13, section 5". www.perseus.tufts.edu.
- ^ Strabo. "Geography, Book 6, chapter 1, section 1". www.perseus.tufts.edu.
- Faustus of Byzantium, "History of Armenia," 5.13, fourth century
- V. Minorsky, A History of Sharvan and Darband in the 10th-11th centuries, Cambridge (Heffer and Sons), 1958
- Movses Kalankatuatsi. History of Albania
- Agathangelos, History of St. Gregory
- Movses Khorenatsi, "History of Armenia," II.13, II.8
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