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Christianity is India's third-largest religion, following Hinduism and Islam. It is believed that there have been Christians in India almost for as long as the religion has existed. Christianity underwent major transformation following European contact and British colonisation, because of laws instated that limited the rights of non-Christians. The 2001 census recorded over 24 million (2.4 crore) Indian Christians, comprising 2.3% of the country's population. There are two main regional concentrations of Christian population, namely in South India and among tribal people in East and North-East India.

Early Christianity in India

Main article: Saint Thomas Christians

According to the 3rd century Acts of Thomas, the first Christians in India were converted by St Thomas the Apostle, who arrived at Kodungallur on the Malabar Coast of India in 52 AD. After evangelizing in Kerala and Tamil Nadu, the Apostle is believed to have been killed at St. Thomas Mount in Chennai and buried on the site of San Thome Cathedral. Members of the Syro-Malabar Church, an eastern rite of the Roman Catholic Church, adopted the Syriac liturgy dating from fourth century Antioch. The Christian community founded by St Thomas has since developed into a number of churches, including Syriac-rite churches in communion with the Roman Catholic, Antiochian Orthodox churches, and 'Nestorian' churches.

The arrival of St Thomas, and the subsequent establishment of the seven and a half churches is viewed with skepticism by historians, as such a tradition is not documented in local literature. However, the theory has never been discounted either, and the Keralites still attribute an apostolic origin to their church.

In the Early Modern Period

Portuguese missionaries, who reached the Malabar Coast in the late 15th century, made contact with the St Thomas Christians in Kerala, and sought to introduce among them the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church. Throughout this period, foreign missionaries also made many new converts to Christianity. Early Roman Catholic missionaries, particularly the Portuguese, led by the Jesuit St Francis Xavier (1506-52), expanded from their bases on the west coast making many converts. Portuguese missionaries sought to convert the entire Hindu population of Goa. St. Francis Xavier, in a 1545 letter to John III of Portugal, requested for an Inquisition to be installed in Goa. However, it was not installed until after eight years of Francis Xavier's death. During the Goa Inquisition under the Portuguese, Hindus were forced to convert and thousands of Hindus in Goa who refused or were suspected of practising heresy were burnt alive in public.Thus present Goa has a huge Roman Catholic population.The undecayed body of Saint Francis Xavier is still on public view in a glass coffin at the Basilica of Bom Jesus in Goa.

Beginning in the eighteenth century, Protestant missionaries began to work throughout India, leading to the growth of different Christian communities. In 1793 William Carey, an English Baptist Minister came to India as a Missionary. He worked in Serampore, Calcutta etc as a missionary. He started the Serampore College. He translated the Bible into Bengali and Sanskrit. He worked until his death in 1834.

Anthony Norris Groves, Plymouth Brethren missionary came to India in 1833. He worked in the Godavari delta area to Tamil Nadu. He worked in India until his death in 1852.

Contemporary situation

The total number of Christians in India according to the 2001 census was 24.08 million (2.40 crores), or 2.3 percent of the population. About 70% of Indian Christians in 1991 were Roman Catholics, including 300,000 members of the Syro-Malankara Church. The remainder of Roman Catholics were under the Catholic Bishops' Conference of India. In January 1993, after centuries of self-government, the 3.5 million (35 lakh)-strong Eastern-rite Syro-Malabar Church was raised to archiepiscopate status as part of the Roman Catholic Church. In total, there were nineteen archbishops, 103 bishops, and about 15,000 priests in India in 1995.

Most Protestant denominations are represented in India, the result of missionary activities throughout the country. Most denominations, however, are almost exclusively staffed by Indians, and the role of foreign missionaries is limited. The largest Protestant denomination in the country is the Church of South India, since 1947 a union of Presbyterian, Reformed, Congregational, Methodist, and Anglican congregations with approximately 2.2 million (22 lakh) members as of 1995. A similar Church of North India had 1 million (10 lakh) members. (These churches are in full communion with the Anglican Communion.) There were about 1.3 million (13 lakh) Lutherans, 473,000 Methodists, and 425,000 Baptists as of 1995. Oriental Orthodox churches of the Malankara and Malabar rites totalled 2 million (20 lakh) and 700,000 members, respectively. Pentecostalism, another denomination of Protestantism, is also a rapidly growing religion in India. It is spreading greatly in northern India and the southwest area, such as Kerala. The largest indigenous Pentecostal church in India is the India Pentecostal Church of God (IPC). Another prominent group is the Brethrens. They are known in different names Plymouth Brethren, Indian Brethren, Kerala brethren etc.

During the twentieth century, the fastest growing Christian communities have been located in the northeast, among the Khasis, Mizos, Nagas, and other hill tribes. Today Christians are most prevalent in the northeast (secessionist movements in a few states such as Nagaland are demanding an independent Christian-majority entity), and in western states such as Kerala and Goa. Indian Christians have contributed significanly to and are well represented in various spheres of national life. They are currently chief ministers of the states like Andhra Pradesh , Nagaland, Mizoram, Manipur, Meghalaya and were chief ministers earlier of Kerala, Goa and Chattisgarh. In the powerful election committee of the ruling Indian National Congress party they take four out of twelve places.

Persecution of Christians in India

The Hindu Sangh Parivar has been virulent opponent of Christians in India. Evangelical Christians in central and eastern India were recovering from injuries Wednesday, December 27, 2006 after Hindu militants attacked them for singing Christmas carols while elsewhere a church was completely destroyed, Christian leaders said. Pastor Phillip Jagdalla of the Jehovah Pentecostal Church in Chhattisgarh's Raipur area was accused of distributing toffee (Candy) to Sunday school students and therefore "was badly beaten" up by police, the group claimed. The Militant Hindu nationalists have Christians threatened, attacked, beaten, raped, mutilated, murdered; attacks usually ignored by police; Evangelism effectively outlawed in Tamil Nadu state Extremist Hindu nationalists want to purge India of other, 'contaminating' religions. Many Christians in India regard anti-conversion laws passed by some states in India as a persecution of their religion. Although the same christian missionaries themselves asked for a similar legislation in light of Bnei Menashe controversy. So far only 3 states out of 28 have attempted these bills.

In October 2002, governor of Tamil Nadu issued an ordinance aimed at preventing people from converting to Christianity, on the grounds that such conversions occur due to fraud. The accused may be sentenced to up to three years in jail if convicted of such a crime. It should be noted that the majority of instances of persecutions of Christians in India do not involve the native Saint Thomas Christians, but rather Latin Rite Roman Catholics and Protestants. This ordinance was reportedly later repealed.

In July, 2006, Madhya Pradesh government passed legislation requiring people who desire to convert to a different religion to provide the government with one-month's notice, or face fines and penalties.

Christians allege that Hindu Nationalists have attacked them , especially in the states of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, and Orissa. According to a report by the pro-Christian Center for Religious Freedom the attacks include the alleged murder of missionaries and priests, the sexual assault of nuns, the ransacking of churches, convents and other Christian institutions, the desecration of cemeteries and Bible burnings.. The mainstream media reports contradict several statements from the Freedom House. For example, the Freedom House alleged that Graham Staines, an Australian missionary, was "burnt to death by a mob of Hindu extremists". However, non-partisan sources confirmed that this was not the case. Staines and his sons were killed by a small group which was led by a single perpetrator named Dara Singh who had no connection to any Hindu group. .

In August, 2006, the Chhattisgarh State Assembly passed similar legislation requiring anyone who desires to convert to another religion to give 30 days' notice to, and seek permission from, the district magistrate..

Notes

1. Kerala History and its makers—A Shreedhara Menon
2. http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/apr222005/national154442005421.asp
3. http://www.organiser.org/dynamic/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=113&page=14
4. http://farshores.org/a04mizo2.htm
5. India-Israel relations#Bnei Menashe Controversy
6. Christian News source with allegations of Persecution in India
7. Anti-conversion legislation enhanced in Indian state as new report condemns abuses of the laws 26/07/2006
8. The Rise of Hindu Extremism and the Repression of Christian and Muslim minorities in India, [A Report by Center for Religious Freedom, 2003
9. http://www.rediff.com/news/2005/may/19staines2.htm
10. http://www.indianembassy.org/new/NewDelhiPressFile/warped_indian_media.htm
11. http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2021/stories/20031024003902400.htm
12. Second State government in India enhances anti-conversion laws 07/08/2006

References

• This article includes material from the 1995 public domain Library of Congress Country Study on India.
• Trec International
• International Mission Board of the Southern Baptist Convention
• American Baptist Convention
• The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India, Vol.I (India), Vol.II (Kerala)

See also

• Christianity and Buddhism
• Goa Inquisition
• List of cathedrals in India
• Missionaries in India
• History of Pentecostalism in India

External links

• Christians of Kerala
• Christianity in India
• Christians of Kerala
• A History of the Church of England in India
• Catholic encyclopedia - entry on India
• Mid-India Christian Mission

• Churches In India

• Country Studies
• Christianity in India
• Indian Christians