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| {{Short description|none}} | |||
| #REDIRECT ] | |||
| {{Redirect|Chinese transliteration|transcription of non-Chinese words into Chinese characters|Transcription into Chinese characters}} | |||
| ] schemes are used by non-Mandarin speakers in Southeast Asia. The name of this ] drugstore, {{zhi|c=仁和堂|p=Rénhétáng}}, is transcribed as ''Yin Foh Tong'', quite likely reflecting the ] pronunciation {{IPA|hak|jin˩ fɔ˩ tɔŋ˩|}}]] | |||
| The different ] have been transcribed into many other writing systems. | |||
| {{Rcat shell| | |||
| {{R with history}} | |||
| ==General Chinese== | |||
| }} | |||
| {{main|General Chinese}} | |||
| ] is a ] orthography invented by ] to represent the pronunciations of all major varieties of Chinese simultaneously. It is "the most complete genuine Chinese ] yet published". It can also be used for the ], ] and ] ], and challenges the claim that ]s are required for inter-dialectal communication in written Chinese. | |||
| General Chinese is not wholly a romanisation system, but consists of two alternative systems: one uses Chinese characters as a ] of 2082 glyphs, and the other is a ] system with similar spellings to '']''. | |||
| ==''Guanhua zimu''== | |||
| {{zhi|c=官話字母|p=Guānhuà zìmǔ}}, developed by ] (1859–1933), was the first alphabetic writing system for Chinese developed by a Chinese person. This system was modeled on Japanese '']'', which he learned during a two-year stay in Japan, and consisted of letters that were based on components of Chinese characters. After returning to China in 1900, he taught his system in various parts of North China, but the government banned it in 1901.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Norman |first1=Jerry |title=Chinese |date=1988 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=0521228093 |pages=257–8}}</ref> | |||
| One of Wang's contemporaries, Lao Naixuan {{zhi|c=勞乃宣}} (1843–1921), later adapted ''Guanhua zimu'' for use in two ] dialects, those of ] and ]. In doing this, he raised the issue that was ultimately responsible for the failure of all alphabetic writing systems in China: the notion that people should be introduced to literacy in their own local dialects. Such a proposal would both challenge the unique position of the millennia-old writing system and create more than one literary language, destroying China's linguistic unity in both the historical and geographic senses. Because of this, there was strong opposition from the very beginning to proposals of this kind.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Norman |first1=Jerry |title=Chinese |date=1988 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=0521228093 |pages=258}}</ref> | |||
| ==Bopomofo== | |||
| {{main|Bopomofo}} | |||
| ] | |||
| ], who had developed a "beansprout alphabet", and Wang Zhao, who had developed ''Guanhua zimu'' in 1900,<ref>Hsia, T., China's Language Reforms, Far Eastern Publications, Yale University, (New Haven), 1956. pg. 108</ref> and ] were part of the ] (1912–1913), which developed the rudimentary Jiyin Zimu ({{lang|zh-Hant|記音字母}}) system of ] into the Mandarin-specific phonetic system now known as ] or bopomofo, proclaimed on 23 November 1918. | |||
| The significant feature of bopomofo is that it is composed entirely of ]s which can be written beside any Chinese text whether written vertically, right-to-left, or left-to-right.<ref>This is why bopomofo is popular where Chinese characters are still written vertically, right-to-left, or left-to-right, such as in Taiwan.</ref> The characters within the bopomofo system are unique phonetic characters, and are not part of the ]. In this way, it is not technically a form of romanisation, but because it is used for phonetic transcription the alphabet is often grouped with the romanisation systems. | |||
| ==Taiwanese kana== | |||
| {{main|Taiwanese kana}} | |||
| When ] was ], a ]-based writing system used to write ]. It functioned as a phonetic guide to Chinese characters, much like '']'' in ], or bopomofo. There were similar systems for other languages in Taiwan as well, including ] and ]. | |||
| ==Tao pronunciation letters== | |||
| ] | |||
| Tao prununciation letters, or Tao HanZi Yin in chinese, are pronunciation letters invented in 1939 for a Cantonese language dictionary.<ref>{{Cite web |title=道漢字音 |url=https://chan1939.jyut.net/book/browse |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=chan1939.jyut.net}}</ref> | |||
| ==Phags-pa script== | |||
| {{main|Phags-pa script}} | |||
| The ] was an alphabet designed by ] at the behest of ] during the ], to unify the empire's various languages. While Phags-pa has aided in the reconstruction of pre-modern Chinese pronunciation, it totally ignores tone. | |||
| ==Manchu alphabet== | |||
| The ] was used to write Chinese in the ]. | |||
| ==Mongolian alphabet== | |||
| {{main|Mongolian transliteration of Chinese characters}} | |||
| In Inner Mongolia the ]. | |||
| ==''Xiao'erjing''== | |||
| {{main|Xiao'erjing}} | |||
| '']'' uses the ] to transliterate Chinese. It is used on occasion by many ] who adhere to the ] faith in China (mostly the ], but also the ], and the ]), and formerly by their ] descendants in ]. Soviet writing reforms forced the Dungan to replace ''xiao'erjing'' with a ] and later a Cyrillic alphabet, which they continue to use up until today. | |||
| ==Romanisation== | |||
| {{main|Romanization of Chinese}} | |||
| There have been many Chinese ] systems throughout history. Recently, ] has become prominent since its introduction in 1982. Other well-known systems include ] and ]. | |||
| ==Cyrillisation== | |||
| {{main|Cyrillisation of Chinese}} | |||
| The Russian system for ] is the ]. The ], a variety of Mandarin, was once written in the Latin script, but now employs ]. Some use the Cyrillic alphabet to shorten pinyin—e.g. {{zhi|c=是|p=shì}} as {{transl|Cyrl|ш}}. | |||
| Various other countries employ bespoke systems for cyrillising Chinese. | |||
| ==Braille== | |||
| A number of ] transcriptions have been developed for Chinese. In mainland China, traditional ] and ] are used in parallel to transcribe Standard Chinese. ] is used in Taiwan for ].<ref>Not ], commonly called "Taiwanese"</ref> | |||
| In traditional Mainland Chinese Braille, consonants and basic finals conform to ], but additional finals form a ], as in bopomofo. Each syllable is written with up to three Braille cells, representing the ], ] and ], respectively. In practice tone is generally omitted. | |||
| In Two-Cell Chinese Braille, designed in the 1970s, each syllable is rendered with two braille characters. The first combines the initial and ]; the second the ] and tone. The base letters represent the initial and rhyme; these are modified with diacritics for the medial and tone. | |||
| Like traditional Mainland Chinese Braille, Taiwanese Braille is a semi-syllabary. Although based marginally on international braille, the majority of consonants have been reassigned.<ref>Only ''p m d n g c a e ê ü'' (from p m d n k j ä è dropped-e ü) approximate the French norm. Other letters have been reassigned so that the sets of letters in groups such as ''d t n l'' and ''g k h'' are similar in shape.</ref> | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| *'']'' | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{reflist}} | |||
| ] | |||