| Revision as of 15:58, 16 February 2012 editBeetstra (talk | contribs)Edit filter managers, Administrators172,031 edits Saving copy of the {{chembox}} taken from revid 473325590 of page 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane for the Chem/Drugbox validation project (updated: ''). |
Latest revision as of 10:29, 17 November 2024 edit Marc Schroeder (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users1,667 editsmNo edit summary |
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{{Short description|HFC, hydrofluoroalkane refrigerant}} |
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{{ambox | text = This page contains a copy of the infobox ({{tl|chembox}}) taken from revid of page ] with values updated to verified values.}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}} |
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{{chembox |
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{{Chembox |
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| verifiedrevid = 451373233 |
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| Watchedfields = changed |
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| Name = 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane |
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| verifiedrevid = 477201460 |
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| ImageFileL1 = 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane.svg |
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| Name = 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane |
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| ImageSizeL1 = 120px |
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| ImageFileL1 = 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane.svg |
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| ImageNameL1 = Structure |
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| ImageNameL1 = Structure |
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| ImageFileR1 = 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane-3D-balls.png |
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| ImageFileR1 = 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane-3D-balls.png |
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| ImageSizeR1 = 130px |
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| ImageNameR1 = 3-D structure |
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| ImageNameR1 = 3-D structure |
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| IUPACName = 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane |
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| PIN = 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane |
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| OtherNames = Dymel 134a<br/>Genetron 134a<br />HFA-134a<br />HFC-134a<br />R-134a<br />Suva 134a<br />Norflurane |
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| OtherNames = HFA-134a<br />HFC-134a<br />R-134a<br />Norflurane |
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| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers |
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|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers |
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| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} |
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| verifiedrevid = 400820704 |
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| SMILES = FCC(F)(F)F |
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| CASNo = 811-97-2 |
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| ChEMBL = 2104432 |
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| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} |
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| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} |
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| ChemSpiderID = 12577 |
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| ChemSpiderID = 12577 |
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| DrugBank = DB13116 |
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| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} |
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| UNII = DH9E53K1Y8 |
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| EINECS = 212-377-0 |
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| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}} |
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| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}} |
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| KEGG = D05208 |
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| KEGG = D05208 |
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| PubChem = 13129 |
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| InChI = 1/C2H2F4/c3-1-2(4,5)6/h1H2 |
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| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} |
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| InChIKey = LVGUZGTVOIAKKC-UHFFFAOYAU |
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| UNNumber = 3159 |
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| RTECS = KI8842500 |
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| UNII = DH9E53K1Y8 |
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| SMILES = FCC(F)(F)F |
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| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} |
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| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} |
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| StdInChI = 1S/C2H2F4/c3-1-2(4,5)6/h1H2 |
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| StdInChI = 1S/C2H2F4/c3-1-2(4,5)6/h1H2 |
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| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} |
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| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} |
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| StdInChIKey = LVGUZGTVOIAKKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
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| StdInChIKey = LVGUZGTVOIAKKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
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| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} |
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| CASNo = 811-97-2 |
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| EINECS = 212-377-0 |
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| RTECS = KI8842500 |
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}} |
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| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties |
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|Section2={{Chembox Properties |
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| C=2 | H=2 | F=4 |
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| Formula = CH<sub>2</sub>FCF<sub>3</sub> <ref>. Epa.gov (2006-06-28). Retrieved on 2011-08-21.</ref> |
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| Appearance = Colorless gas |
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| MolarMass = 102.03 g/mol |
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| Appearance = Colorless gas |
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| Density = 0.00425 g/cm{{sup|3}}, gas |
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| Density = 0.00425 g/cm³, gas |
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| Solubility = 0.15 wt% |
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| Solubility = 0.15 wt% |
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| MeltingPtC = -103.3 |
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| MeltingPt_notes = |
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| MeltingPt = -103.3°C (169.85 K) |
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| BoilingPt = -26.3°C (246.85 K) |
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| BoilingPtC = -26.3 |
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| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure |
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| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards |
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|Section7={{Chembox Hazards |
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| ExternalSDS = |
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| MainHazards = Asphyxiant |
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| GHSPictograms = {{GHS04}} |
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| NFPA-H = 1 |
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| GHSSignalWord = '''WARNING''' |
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| NFPA-F = 0 |
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| MainHazards = Asphyxiant |
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| NFPA-R = 1 |
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| NFPA-H = 1 |
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| FlashPt = 250 °C (482 °F) |
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| RPhrases = |
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| NFPA-F = 0 |
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| NFPA-R = 1 |
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| SPhrases = {{S2}}, {{S23}}, {{S24/25}}, {{S51}} |
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| FlashPtC = 250 |
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| HPhrases = {{H-phrases|280}} |
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| PPhrases = {{P-phrases|410+403}} |
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| Section8 = {{Chembox Related |
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| Function = ] |
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| OtherFunction_label = ] |
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| OtherFunctn = ]<br />] |
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| OtherFunction = ]<br />] |
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| OtherCpds = ]<br/>]<br/>] |
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'''1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane''' (also known as '''norflurane''' (]), '''R-134a, Klea 134a''', '''Freon 134a''', '''Forane 134a''', '''Genetron 134a''', '''Green Gas''', '''Florasol 134a''', '''Suva 134a''', '''HFA-134a''', or '''HFC-134a''') is a ] (HFC) and ] ] with thermodynamic properties similar to ] but with insignificant ] and a lower 100-year ] (1,430, compared to R-12's GWP of 10,900).<ref name=ipccgwp>{{cite web|title=Table 2.14 (Errata). Lifetimes, radiative efficiencies and direct (except for CH4) GWPs relative to CO2.|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/errataserrata-errata.html#table214|access-date=11 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706070425/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/errataserrata-errata.html#table214|archive-date=6 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> It has the formula CF{{sub|3}}CH{{sub|2}}F and a ] of −26.3 °C (−15.34 °F) at atmospheric pressure. R-134a cylinders are colored ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.budgetheating.com/v/vspfiles/assets/images/r134a-refrigerant.jpg|title=Example image of a 30 lbs R134a bottle|website=budgetheating.com|access-date=26 March 2018}}</ref> A phaseout and transition to ] and other refrigerants, with GWPs similar to CO<sub>2</sub>, began in 2012 within the automotive market.<ref name=epa>{{Cite web |url=https://www.epa.gov/mvac/refrigerant-transition-environmental-impacts |title=Refrigerant Transition & Environmental Impacts |date=6 August 2015 |publisher=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency |access-date=2020-10-01}}</ref> |
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== Uses == |
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1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane is a ] gas used primarily as a "high-temperature" refrigerant for domestic ] and ]. These devices began using 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane in the early 1990s as a replacement for the more environmentally harmful ]. Retrofit kits are available to convert units that were originally R-12-equipped. |
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Other common uses include plastic foam blowing, as a cleaning solvent, a propellant for the delivery of pharmaceuticals (e.g., inhaler canisters such as for ]s), wine cork removers, ]s ("canned air"), and in air driers for removing the moisture from ]. 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane has also been used to cool computers in some ] attempts. It is the refrigerant used in plumbing pipe freeze kits. It is also commonly used as a propellant for ] airguns. The gas is often mixed with a silicone-based lubricant. |
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===Aspirational and niche applications=== |
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1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane is also being considered as an ], both as a liquid and a ].<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1021/bk-2005-0908.ch003 |chapter=1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (R-134a): A Selective Solvent for the Generation of Flavor and Fragrance Ingredients |title=Natural Flavors and Fragrances |series=ACS Symposium Series |year=2005 |last1=Corr |first1=Stuart |isbn=0-8412-3904-5 |volume=908 |page=41}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1039/B412697A|title=Solubility of unsaturated carboxylic acids in supercritical 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC 134a) and a methodology for the separation of ternary mixtures|year=2005|last1=Abbott|first1=Andrew P.|last2=Eltringham|first2=Wayne|last3=Hope|first3=Eric G.|last4=Nicola|first4=Mazin|journal=Green Chemistry|volume=7|issue=4|pages=210 }}</ref> |
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<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1039/B507554H|title=Hydrogenation in supercritical 1,1,1,2 tetrafluoroethane (HFC 134a)|year=2005|last1=Abbott|first1=Andrew P.|last2=Eltringham|first2=Wayne|last3=Hope|first3=Eric G.|last4=Nicola|first4=Mazin|journal=Green Chemistry|volume=7|issue=10|pages=721|hdl=2381/604|url=https://lra.le.ac.uk/bitstream/2381/604/1/10.1039_b507554h.pdf|access-date=18 September 2019|archive-date=19 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719170805/https://lra.le.ac.uk/bitstream/2381/604/1/10.1039_b507554h.pdf|url-status=dead|hdl-access=free}}</ref> |
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It is used in the ] ]s in the ].<ref>Anushree Ghosh {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807185247/http://www.hecr.tifr.res.in/~bsn/INO/rpc-anushree.pdf |date=7 August 2011 }}. INO Graduate Training Programme DHEP, TIFR, Mumbai.</ref><ref>M. Capeans, I. Glushkov, R. Guida, F. Hahn, S. Haider (CERN, Switzerland) . Medical Imaging Conference. 25–31 October 2009.</ref> It is also used for other types of particle detectors, e.g. some ]s.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://highenergy.physics.uiowa.edu/HEP/Files/Talks/RadHardPaper.pdf |journal=AIP Conference Proceedings |doi=10.1063/1.2396941 |bibcode=2006AIPC..867...84N |title=Rad Hard Active Media For Calorimeters |year=2006 |last1=Norbeck |first1=E. |last2=Olson |first2=J. E. |last3=Moeller |first3=A. |last4=Onel |first4=Y. |volume=867 |page=84 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323165423/http://highenergy.physics.uiowa.edu/HEP/Files/Talks/RadHardPaper.pdf |archive-date=23 March 2012}}</ref> It can be used as an alternative to ] in ] ] as a ].<ref>. (PDF). USGS. Retrieved 21 August 2011.</ref> |
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== History and environmental impacts == |
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1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane was introduced in the early 1990s as a replacement for ], which has massive ozone depleting properties.<ref>{{cite journal| author= Franklin J |title=The Atmospheric Degradation and Impact of 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluorethane (Hydrofluorocarbon 134a)| url= https://archive.org/details/sim_chemosphere_1993-10_27_8/page/1565 |journal=Chemosphere |year=1993|pages=1565–1601|volume=27|doi=10.1016/0045-6535(93)90251-Y| issue= 8|bibcode=1993Chmsp..27.1565F}}</ref> Even though 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane has insignificant ozone depletion potential (]) and negligible acidification potential (]), it has a 100-year ] (GWP) of 1430 and an approximate ] of 14 years.<ref name=ipccgwp /> Its concentration in the atmosphere and contribution to ] have been growing since its introduction. Thus it was included in the ].<ref>{{cite book |
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| chapter =Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing. |
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| title = Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |
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| chapter-url =http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter2.pdf | author =Forster, P. |
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| date =2007 |url-status=live| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100724041021/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter2.pdf| archive-date= 24 July 2010 |display-authors=etal |
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}}</ref> |
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) in the lower atmosphere (]) at stations around the world. Abundances are given as pollution free monthly mean mole fractions in ].]] |
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R-134a began being phased out from use in the ], starting in the mid 2010s, by a directive of 2006, recommending the replacement of gases in air conditioning systems with a GWP above 100.<ref>{{CELEX|id=32006L0040|text=Directive 2006/40/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 May 2006 relating to emissions from air-conditioning systems in motor vehicles and amending Council Directive 70/156/EEC}}</ref> |
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1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane is subject to use restrictions in the US and other countries as well. The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) has proposed that it be best replaced by a new fluorochemical refrigerant ] (CF{{sub|3}}CF=CH{{sub|2}}) in automobile air-conditioning systems.<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227134615/http://refrigerants.dupont.com/Suva/en_US/pdf/DP_HW_2nd_European_Workshop_MAC.pdf|date=27 February 2009}}. Refrigerants.dupont.com (17 August 2011). Retrieved 21 August 2011.</ref> As of model year 2021, newly manufactured light-duty vehicles in the United States no longer use R-134a.<ref name="epa" /> |
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California may also prohibit the sale of canned R-134a to individuals to avoid non-professional recharge of air conditioners.<ref>. 27 June 2007. R744.com. Retrieved 21 August 2011.</ref> A ban had been in place in Wisconsin since October 1994 under ATCP 136 prohibiting sales of container sizes holding less than 15 lbs of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, but this restriction applied only when the chemical was intended to be a refrigerant. However, the ban was lifted in Wisconsin in 2012.<ref name="Ref-1">. State.wi.us. (PDF). Retrieved 21 August 2011.</ref> During the time that it was active, this Wisconsin-specific ban contained loopholes. For example, it was legal for a person to purchase ] containers with any amount of the chemical because in that instance the chemical is neither intended to be a refrigerant{{hsp}}<ref name="Ref-1" /> nor is HFC-134a included in the § 7671a listing of class I and class II substances.<ref>. EPA.gov. Retrieved 21 August 2011.</ref> |
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== Production and reactions== |
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Tetrafluoroethane is typically made by reacting ] with ]:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.solvay.us/en/binaries/PSS-Tetrafluoroethane-164368.pdf|title = Solvay in North America {{pipe}} Solvay}}</ref> |
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:CHCl=CCl{{sub|2}} + 4 HF → CF{{sub|3}}CH{{sub|2}}F + 3 HCl |
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It reacts with butyllithium to give trifluorovinyl lithium:<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1039/CC9960000049|title=The hydrofluorocarbon 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a) as a ready source of trifluorovinyllithium|year=1996|last1=Burdon|first1=James|last2=Coe|first2=Paul L.|last3=Haslock|first3=Iain B.|last4=Powell|first4=Richard L.|journal=Chemical Communications|pages=49}}</ref> |
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:CF{{sub|3}}CH{{sub|2}}F + 2 BuLi → CF{{sub|2}}=CFLi + LiF + 2 BuH |
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== Safety == |
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Mixtures with air of the gas 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane are not ] at atmospheric pressure and temperatures up to 100 °C (212 °F). However, mixtures with high concentrations of air at elevated pressure and/or temperature can be ].<ref>{{cite report | author=DuPont | author-link=DuPont | title=DuPont HFC-134a— Properties, Uses, Storage, and Handling | url=https://www.chemours.com/Refrigerants/en_US/assets/downloads/h45945_hfc134a_push.pdf | year=2004 | access-date=5 August 2016 | archive-date=4 October 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004165547/https://www.chemours.com/Refrigerants/en_US/assets/downloads/h45945_hfc134a_push.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> Contact of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane with flames or hot surfaces in excess of 250 °C (482 °F) may cause vapor ] and the emission of ] gases including ] and ],<ref>{{cite news|author=Honeywell International |title=MSDS # GTRN-0047 For Genetron 134aUV|date= December 2005|author-link=Honeywell International}}</ref> however the decomposition temperature has been reported as above 370 °C.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SAFETY DATA SHEET according to Regulation (EU) 2015/8301/7 Harp 134a|url=http://www.harpintl.com/downloads/pdf/msds/HARP-R134a-CLP.pdf|accessdate=2024-11-17}}</ref> 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane itself has an {{LD50}} of 1,500 g/m{{sup|3}} in rats, making it relatively non-toxic, apart from the dangers inherent to ]. Its gaseous form is denser than air and will displace air in the lungs. This can result in ]tion if excessively inhaled.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Alexander D. J. |author2=Libretto S. E. |s2cid=19669317 | title=An overview of the toxicology of HFA-134a (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane)| journal=Hum. Exp. Toxicol.| year=1995 | volume=14| pages=715–20 | doi=10.1177/096032719501400903 | pmid=8579881 | issue=9 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=G. E. Millward |author2=E. Tschuikow-Roux | title= Kinetic analysis of the shock wave decomposition of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane| year =1972| volume = 76| issue= 3| pages = 292–298| doi =10.1021/j100647a002| journal= The Journal of Physical Chemistry}}</ref> This contributes to most deaths by ]. |
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Aerosol cans containing 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, when inverted, become effective freeze sprays. Under pressure, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane is compressed into a liquid, which upon vaporization absorbs a significant amount of ]. As a result, it will greatly lower the temperature of any object it contacts as it evaporates. |
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== Medical use == |
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For its medical uses, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane has the ] norflurane. It is used as propellant for some metered dose ]s.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1186/s13223-017-0202-0| pmid = 28670327| title = Asthma pressurised metered dose inhaler performance: Propellant effect studies in delivery systems| journal = Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology| volume = 13| pages = 30| year = 2017| last1 = Sellers| first1 = William F. S.| pmc = 5492461| doi-access = free}}</ref> It is considered safe for this use.<ref name=pmc4408662>{{Cite journal | pmc = 4408662 | quote = This propellant has been shown to be safe and nonanaesthetic in standard inhaler doses | year = 2015 | last1 = Shah | first1 = S. B | title = Anaesthetic in the garb of a propellant | journal = Indian Journal of Anaesthesia | volume = 59 | issue = 4 | pages = 258–260 | last2 = Hariharan | first2 = U | last3 = Bhargava | first3 = A. K | doi = 10.4103/0019-5049.155011 | pmid=25937660 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | pmid = 10780756| year = 2000| last1 = Huchon| first1 = G| title = Comparison of the safety of drug delivery via HFA- and CFC-metered dose inhalers in CAO| journal = The European Respiratory Journal| volume = 15| issue = 4| pages = 663–9| last2 = Hofbauer| first2 = P| last3 = Cannizzaro| first3 = G| last4 = Iacono| first4 = P| last5 = Wald| first5 = F| doi=10.1034/j.1399-3003.2000.15d07.x| doi-access = free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.osha.gov/dts/chemicalsampling/data/CH_270935.html | publisher = ] | title = 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane | access-date = 3 February 2018 | archive-date = 3 February 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180203181157/https://www.osha.gov/dts/chemicalsampling/data/CH_270935.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> In combination with ], it is used as a topical ] spray for numbing ]s before ].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB13116 | publisher = DrugBank | title = Norflurane}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-91869/norflurane-pentafluoropropane-topical/details | title = Norflurane-Pentafluoropropane Aerosol, Spray | publisher = ]}}</ref> It has also been studied as a potential ],<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Shulman M, Sadove MS|title=1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane: an inhalational agent of intermediate potency |journal=Anesthesia and Analgesia |year=1967 |volume=46 |issue=5 |pages=629–635 |doi=10.1213/00000539-196709000-00029|s2cid=5868484 |doi-access=free }}</ref> but it is nonanaesthetic at doses used in inhalers.<ref name=pmc4408662/> |
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== See also == |
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* ] |
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* ] |
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* ] |
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== References == |
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{{Reflist}} |
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== External links == |
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{{Commonscat|1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane}} |
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* {{ICSC|1281|12}} |
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* , at inchem.org |
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* {{Cite web |url=http://www.symp14.nist.gov/PDF/JOI11UST.PDF |title=The Coexisting Curve of the Refrigerant HFC 134a: Some Scaling Models |access-date=11 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060929201020/http://www.symp14.nist.gov/PDF/JOI11UST.PDF |archive-date=29 September 2006 |url-status=dead}} |
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* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618154640/http://www.tfandf.com/ |date=18 June 2008 }} |
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{{Anesthetics}} |
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{{GABAAR PAMs}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Tetrafluoroethane, 1, 1, 1, 2-}} |
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