| Revision as of 16:02, 16 February 2012 editBeetstra (talk | contribs)Edit filter managers, Administrators172,031 edits Saving copy of the {{chembox}} taken from revid 469903276 of page 1,1-Difluoroethane for the Chem/Drugbox validation project (updated: ''). |
Latest revision as of 17:07, 12 December 2024 edit JayCubby (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users5,491 edits combustion seems to produce carbonyl fluoride. which I inhaled. Fun times, I've now inhaled everything from americium to zinc oxide!Tag: Visual edit |
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{{ambox | text = This page contains a copy of the infobox ({{tl|chembox}}) taken from revid of page ] with values updated to verified values.}} |
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{{chembox |
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| verifiedrevid = 443338637 |
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| verifiedrevid = 477202246 |
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| Reference=<ref> at ]</ref> |
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| Reference = <ref> at ]</ref> |
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| Name = 1,1-Difluoroethane |
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| Name = 1,1-Difluoroethane |
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| ImageFileL1_Ref = {{chemboximage|correct|??}} |
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| ImageFileL1_Ref = {{chemboximage|correct|??}} |
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| ImageFileL1 = |
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| ImageFileL1 = Difluoroethane.svg |
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| ImageSizeL1 = 70px |
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Difluoroethane.svg |
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| ImageNameL1 = Difluoroethane |
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| ImageSizeL1 = 70px |
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| ImageFileR1_Ref = {{chemboximage|correct|??}} |
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| ImageNameL1 = Difluoroethane |
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| ImageFileR1 = Difluoroethane.png |
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| ImageFileR1_Ref = {{chemboximage|correct|??}} |
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| ImageSizeR1 = 80px |
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| ImageFileR1 = Difluoroethane.png |
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| ImageNameR1 = Difluoroethane |
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| ImageSizeR1 = 80px |
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| ImageFile2 = File:Difluoroethane3Dmodel.png |
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| ImageNameR1 = Difluoroethane |
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| ImageSize2 = 150px |
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| ImageFile2 = Difluoroethane3D.png |
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| ImageName2 = Difluoroethane |
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| ImageSize2 = 160px |
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| ImageName2 = Difluoroethane |
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| PIN = 1,1-Difluoroethane |
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| OtherNames = {{ubl |
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| IUPACName = 1,1-Difluoroethane |
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| Difluoroethane |
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| OtherNames = difluoroethane<br />Freon 152a<br />ethylidene difluoride<br />ethylidene fluoride<br />HFC-152a<br />R-152a |
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| Freon 152a |
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| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers |
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| Ethylidene difluoride |
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| RTECS = KI1410000 |
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| Ethylidene fluoride |
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| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} |
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| HFC-152a |
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| R-152a |
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| DFE |
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| Tinned Wind |
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}} |
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| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers |
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| RTECS = KI1410000 |
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| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} |
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| ChemSpiderID = 6128 |
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| ChemSpiderID = 6128 |
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| InChI = 1/C2H4F2/c1-2(3)4/h2H,1H3 |
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| InChI = 1/C2H4F2/c1-2(3)4/h2H,1H3 |
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| StdInChIKey = NPNPZTNLOVBDOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
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| StdInChIKey = NPNPZTNLOVBDOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
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| CASNo = 75-37-6 |
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| CASNo = 75-37-6 |
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| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} |
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| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} |
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| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} |
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| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} |
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| UNII = 0B1U8K2ME0 |
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| UNII = 0B1U8K2ME0 |
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| SMILES = FC(F)C |
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| SMILES = FC(F)C |
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}} |
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| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties |
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| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties |
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| Formula = C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>F<sub>2</sub> |
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| Formula = C{{sub|2}}H{{sub|4}}F{{sub|2}} |
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| MolarMass = 66.05 g/mol |
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| MolarMass = 66.05{{nbsp}}g/mol |
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| Density = 2.7014 g/L @ 25 °C |
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| Density = 900{{nbsp}}g/L @ 25{{nbsp}}°C |
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| MeltingPtC = -117 |
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| MeltingPtC = -117 |
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| BoilingPtC = -25 |
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| BoilingPtC = -24.7 |
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| CriticalTP = 113.45 °C |
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| VaporPressure = 4020 mmHg/536 kPa @ 21.1 °C |
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| VaporPressure = {{ubl |
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5.1 bar/510 kPa @ 20 °C |
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| 536{{nbsp}}kPa (4020{{nbsp}}mmHg) @ 21.1{{nbsp}}°C |
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| Solubility = 0.54% @ 0 °C |
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| 510{{nbsp}}kPa (5.1{{nbsp}}bar) @ 20{{nbsp}}°C |
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| Viscosity = 0.00887 cP (8.87 µPa·s) @ 25 °C |
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}} |
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| Solubility = 0.54% @ 0{{nbsp}}°C |
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| Viscosity = 8.87{{nbsp}}μPa·s (0.00887{{nbsp}}cP) @ 25{{nbsp}}°C |
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| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards |
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| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards |
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|MainHazards= '''Extremely flammable''' |
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| ExternalMSDS = |
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|GHSPictograms = {{GHS02}} |
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|GHSSignalWord = '''DANGER''' |
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|HPhrases = |
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|PPhrases = |
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|NFPA-F = 4 |
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|NFPA-H = 1 |
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|NFPA-R = 0 |
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'''1,1-Difluoroethane''', or '''DFE''', is an ] with the ] C{{sub|2}}H{{sub|4}}F{{sub|2}}. This colorless ] is used as a ], where it is often listed as '''R-152a''' (refrigerant-152a) or '''HFC-152a''' (]-152a). It is also used as a propellant for aerosol sprays and in ] products. As an alternative to ]s, it has an ] of zero, a lower ] than other hydrofluorocarbons and a shorter atmospheric lifetime (1.4 years).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter2.pdf |page=212 |title=Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2007 |access-date=11 May 2017}} 18 February 2019</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.epa.gov/ozone/geninfo/gwps.html|title=Global Warming Potentials of ODS Substitutes|year=2010|work=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency|access-date=20 September 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101016052146/http://www.epa.gov/ozone/geninfo/gwps.html| archive-date= 16 October 2010}}</ref> |
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==Production== |
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1,1-Difluoroethane is a synthetic substance that is produced by the mercury-catalyzed addition of ] to ]:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Siegemund |first1=Günter |last2=Schwertfeger |first2=Werner |last3=Feiring |first3=Andrew |last4=Smart |first4=Bruce |last5=Behr |first5=Fred |last6=Vogel |first6=Herward |last7=McKusick |first7=Blaine |year=2010 |chapter=Fluorine Compounds, Organic |editor1-first=Matthias |editor1-last=Bohnet |editor2-first=Giuseppe |editor2-last=Bellussi |editor3-first=James |editor3-last=Bus |editor4-first=Boy |editor4-last=Cornils |display-editors=3|title=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |doi=10.1002/14356007.a11_349|isbn=978-3527306732 }}</ref> |
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:HCCH + 2 HF → CH{{sub|3}}CHF{{sub|2}} |
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The intermediate in this process is ] (C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>3</sub>F), the ]ic precursor to ]. |
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==Uses== |
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With a relatively low ] (GWP) index of 124 and favorable thermophysical properties, 1,1-difluoroethane has been proposed as an environmentally friendly alternative to ]. Despite its flammability, R152a also presents operating pressures and volumetric cooling capacity (VCC) similar to R134a so it can be used in large chillers<ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2015.06.010|title = Condensation of the low GWP refrigerant HFC152a inside a Brazed Plate Heat Exchanger|journal = Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science|volume = 68|pages = 509–515|year = 2015|last1 = Longo|first1 = Giovanni A.|last2 = Zilio|first2 = Claudio|last3 = Righetti|first3 = Giulia}}</ref> or in more particular applications like ] finned heat exchangers.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1080/01457632.2017.1358483|title = Heat Pipe Finned Heat Exchanger for Heat Recovery: Experimental Results and Modeling|journal = Heat Transfer Engineering|volume = 39|issue = 12|pages = 1011–1023|year = 2018|last1 = Righetti|first1 = Giulia|last2 = Zilio|first2 = Claudio|last3 = Mancin|first3 = Simone|last4 = Longo|first4 = Giovanni A.|bibcode = 2018HTrEn..39.1011R|s2cid = 126263840}}</ref> |
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In addition, 1,1-difluoroethane is also commonly used in ]s and numerous other retail aerosol products, particularly those subject to stringent ] (VOC) requirements. |
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The molecular weight of difluoroethane is 66, making it a useful and convenient tool for detecting vacuum leaks in ] (GC-MS) systems. The cheap and freely available gas has a molecular weight and fragmentation pattern (base peak 51 ] in typical EI-MS,<ref>{{nist |name=Ethane, 1,1-difluoro- |id=C75376 |accessdate=2023}}</ref> major peak at 65 m/z) distinct from anything in air. If mass peaks corresponding to 1,1-difluoroethane are observed immediately after spraying a suspect leak point, leaks may be identified. |
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==Safety== |
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Difluoroethane is an extremely flammable gas, which decomposes rapidly on heating or burning, producing toxic and irritating fumes, including ] and ].<ref>{{cite web |title=1,1-Difluoroethane |url=https://webwiser.nlm.nih.gov/substance?substanceId=429&catId=61 |website=WebWISER |publisher=U.S. National Library of Medicine |access-date=2 April 2022}}</ref> |
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In a ] study, rats were exposed to up to 25,000 ppm (67,485 mg/m{{sup|3}}) for six hours daily, five days a week for two years. This has become the ] for this substance. Prolonged exposure to 1,1-difluoroethane has been linked in humans to the development of ] and ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@rn+75-37-6|title=1,1-Difluoroethane|year=1994|work=National Library of Medicine HSDB Database|access-date=8 June 2010}}</ref> Repeated or sufficiently high levels of exposure, particularly purposeful inhalation, can precipitate fatal ].<ref name='wilsonlehrer'>{{cite journal |vauthors=Avella J, Wilson JC, Lehrer M |title=Fatal cardiac arrhythmia after repeated exposure to 1,1-difluoroethane (DFE) |journal=The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=58–60 |date=March 2006|pmid=16501351 |doi=10.1097/01.paf.0000202715.71009.0e|s2cid=22312214 }}</ref> |
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===Abuse=== |
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Difluoroethane is an ] with abuse potential.<ref name='wilsonlehrer'/><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Broussard LA, Brustowicz T, Pittman T, Atkins KD, Presley L |title=Two traffic fatalities related to the use of difluoroethane|journal=Journal of Forensic Sciences |volume=42 |issue=6 |pages=1186–7 |date=November 1997|doi=10.1520/JFS14284J|pmid=9397568}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 17132266| year = 2006| last1 = Hahn| first1 = T| title = A motor vehicle accident fatality involving the inhalation of 1,1-difluoroethane| journal = Journal of Analytical Toxicology| volume = 30| issue = 8| pages = 638–42| last2 = Avella| first2 = J| last3 = Lehrer| first3 = M | doi = 10.1093/jat/30.8.638| doi-access = free}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.thetimesnews.com/news/died-53343-cleaner-computer.html | title = Autopsy: man in crash died from inhaling computer cleaner | date = 10 March 2012 | newspaper = The Times News | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120312110323/http://www.thetimesnews.com/news/died-53343-cleaner-computer.html | archive-date = 12 March 2012 }}</ref> It appears to act primarily through ] and ] receptors.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Novotny |first1=Clara B |last2=Irvin |first2=Sarah |last3=Espiridion |first3=Eduardo D |title=Acute Psychosis Following 1,1-Difluoroethane Inhalation |journal=Cureus |date=2019 |volume=11 |issue=9 |pages=e5565 |doi=10.7759/cureus.5565 |doi-access=free |issn=2168-8184 |pmc=6820689 |pmid=31695984}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Custer |first1=Adam |last2=Corse |first2=Andrew |last3=Vazirani |first3=Sondra |date=June 2020 |title=Difluoroethane Inhalant Abuse, Skeletal Fluorosis, and Withdrawal |journal=Federal Practitioner |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=288–289 |issn=1078-4497 |pmc=7357883 |pmid=32669782}}</ref> Fatalities linked to difluoroethane abuse include actress ], singer ] and wrestler ].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnn.com/2014/07/20/showbiz/obit-skyemccolebartusiak/index.html |title='Patriot' actress Skye McCole Bartusiak dead at 21 |last=Duke |first=Alan |date=22 July 2014 |publisher=CNN|access-date=24 February 2019 }}</ref> ]s, added voluntarily to some brands to deter purposeful inhalation, are often not legally required; they do not negate or counteract difluoroethane's intoxicating effects. |
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== Environmental abundance == |
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] |
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) in the lower atmosphere (]) at stations around the world. Abundances are given as pollution free monthly mean mole fractions in ].]] |
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Most production, use, and emissions of HFC-152a have occurred within Earth's more industrialized and populated northern hemisphere following the substance's introduction in the 1990s. Its concentration in the northern ] reached an annual average of about 10 parts per trillion by year 2011.<ref name=hats/> The concentration of HFC-152a in the southern troposphere is about 50% lower due to its removal rate (i.e. ]) of about 1.5 years being similar in magnitude to the global atmospheric mixing time of one to two years.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Greally |first1=B.R. |display-authors=etal |title=Observations of 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a) at AGAGE and SOGE monitoring stations in 1994–2004 and derived global and regional emission estimates |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |date=2007 |volume=112 |issue=D06308 |doi=10.1029/2006JD007527 |bibcode=2007JGRD..112.6308G |doi-access=free}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
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* ] |
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* ] |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Difluoroethane, 1, 1-}} |
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