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Revision as of 13:21, 15 February 2012 editBeetstra (talk | contribs)Edit filter managers, Administrators172,031 edits Saving copy of the {{chembox}} taken from revid 475684801 of page Ammonium_hydroxide for the Chem/Drugbox validation project (updated: 'KEGG').		Latest revision as of 17:05, 1 January 2025 edit 2003:d3:ff39:b5bf:11c9:d4ae:7fb9:ae80 (talk)No edit summaryTags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit
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			{{Short description|Chemical compound}}
	{{ambox | text = This page contains a copy of the infobox ({{tl|chembox}}) taken from revid of page ] with values updated to verified values.}}
			{{use dmy dates |date=April 2021}}
	{{Chembox		{{Chembox
	| Verifiedfields = changed		| Verifiedfields = changed
			| Watchedfields = changed
	| verifiedrevid = 456690501
			| verifiedrevid = 477000138
	| Name = Ammonium hydroxide
			| Name = Ammonia solution
	| ImageFileL1 = Ammonia-3D-balls.png		| ImageFileL1 = Ammonia-3D-balls.png
	| ImageNameL1 = Ball-and-stick model of the ammonia molecule		| ImageNameL1 = Ball-and-stick model of the ammonia molecule
	| ImageFileR1 = Water-3D-balls.png		| ImageFileR1 = Water-3D-balls.png
	| ImageNameR1 = Ball-and-stick model of the water molecule		| ImageNameR1 = Ball-and-stick model of the water molecule
	| ImageFileL2 = Ammonium-3D-balls.png		| ImageFileL2 = Ammonium-3D-balls.png
	| ImageNameL2 = Ball-and-stick model of the ammonium cation		| ImageNameL2 = Ball-and-stick model of the ammonium cation
	| ImageFileR2 = Hydroxide-3D-balls.png		| ImageFileR2 = Hydroxide-3D-balls.png
			| ImageNameR2 = Ball-and-stick model of the hydroxide anion
	| ImageSizeR2 = 80px
	| ImageNameR2 = Ball-and-stick model of the hydroxide anion		| IUPACName = Ammonium hydroxide
			| OtherNames = {{Unbulleted list|Ammonia water}}
	| ImageFile3 =
			|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers
	| ImageSize3 = 60px
	| IUPACName =
	| OtherNames =
	| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
	| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
	| StdInChI = 1S/H3N.H2O/h1H3;1H2
	| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
	| StdInChIKey = VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N
	| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}		| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
	| CASNo = 1336-21-6		| CASNo = 1336-21-6
			| CASNo1 = 7664-41-7
	| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
			| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
	| ChemSpiderID = 14218		| ChemSpiderID = 14218
	| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}		| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
	| ChEBI = 18219		| ChEBI = 18219
	| SMILES = .		| EC_number = 215-647-6
	| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}		| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
			| KEGG = C01358
			| PubChem = 14923
			| RTECS = BQ9625000
			| UNNumber = 2672
			| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
	| UNII = 5138Q19F1X		| UNII = 5138Q19F1X
	| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|changed|kegg}}		| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
			| StdInChI = 1S/H3N.H2O/h1H3;1H2
	| KEGG = <!-- blanked - oldvalue: C01358 -->
			| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
			| StdInChIKey = VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N
	| InChI =1/H3N.H2O/h1H3;1H2		| InChI =1/H3N.H2O/h1H3;1H2
	| InChIKey = VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYAI		| InChIKey = VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYAI
			| SMILES = .
	}}		}}
	| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties		|Section2={{Chembox Properties
	| Reference = <ref name="GESTIS">{{GESTIS|ZVG=1750|Name=Ammonia solution}}</ref>		| Properties_ref = <ref name="GESTIS">{{GESTIS|ZVG=1750|Name=Ammonia solution}}.</ref>
	| Formula = NH<sub>4</sub>OH		| Formula = NH<sub>3</sub>(aq)
	| MolarMass = 35.04&nbsp;g/mol		| MolarMass = 17.031 g/mol
	| Appearance = very volatile solution, colorless, bitter smell		| Appearance = Colourless liquid
			| Odor = "Fishy", highly pungent
	| Density = 0.91&nbsp;g/cm<sup>3</sup> (25 %)<br />0.88&nbsp;g/cm<sup>3</sup> (32 %)
	| MeltingPt = −57.5&nbsp;°C (25%)<br />−91.5&nbsp;°C (32%)		| Density = 0.91 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (25 % w/w)<br />0.88&nbsp;g/cm<sup>3</sup> (35 % w/w)
			| MeltingPtC = −57.5
	| BoilingPt = 37.7&nbsp;°C (25%)<br />24.7&nbsp;°C (32%)
			| MeltingPt_notes = (25 % w/w)<br />−91.5&nbsp;°C (35% w/w)
	| Solubility = Miscible
			| BoilingPtC = 37.7
	| pKb =
			| BoilingPt_notes = (25 % w/w)
			| Solubility = Miscible
			| pKb =
			| MagSus = −31.5{{e|−6}} cm<sup>3</sup>/mol
	}}		}}
	| Section4 = {{Chembox Thermochemistry		|Section4={{Chembox Thermochemistry
	| DeltaHf = −80&nbsp;kJ·mol<sup>−1</sup><ref name=b1>{{cite book| author = Zumdahl, Steven S.|title =Chemical Principles 6th Ed.| publisher = Houghton Mifflin Company| year = 2009| isbn = 061894690X|page=A22}}</ref>		| DeltaHf = −80 kJ/mol<ref name=b1>{{cite book| author = Zumdahl, Steven S.|title =Chemical Principles 6th Ed.| publisher = Houghton Mifflin Company| year = 2009| isbn = 978-0-618-94690-7|page=A22}}</ref>
	| Entropy = 111&nbsp;J·mol<sup>−1</sup>·K<sup>−1</sup><ref name=b1/>		| Entropy = 111 J/(mol·K)<ref name=b1/>
	}}		}}
	| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards		|Section7={{Chembox Hazards
			| ExternalSDS = (10%-35% solution)
	| Reference = <ref name="ESIS"> {{dead link|date=October 2011}}</ref>
			| MainHazards = Moderately toxic and irritating towards mucous membranes
	| EUClass = Corrosive ('''C''')<br />Dangerous to the environment ('''N''')
			| NFPA-H = 3
	| RPhrases = {{R34}}, {{R50}}
			| NFPA-F = 1
	| SPhrases = {{(S1/2)}}, {{S26}}, {{S36/37/39}}, {{S45}}, {{S61}}
			| NFPA-R = 0
			| NFPA-S = COR
			| Hazards_ref = <ref>.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=GESTIS-Stoffdatenbank |url=https://gestis.dguv.de/data?name=001750 |website=gestis.dguv.de}}</ref>
			| GHSPictograms = {{GHS05}} {{GHS06}} {{GHS07}} {{GHS09}}
			| GHSSignalWord = Danger
			| HPhrases = {{H-phrases|302|314|335|410}}
			| PPhrases = {{P-phrases|P261|271|273|280|303+361+353|305+351+338}}
			| LD50 = 100 — 200 mg/kg<ref>Ammonium hydroxide toxicity</ref>
	}}		}}
	| Section8 = {{Chembox Related		|Section8={{Chembox Related
	| OtherAnions = ]<br />]		| OtherAnions = ]<br />]
	| OtherCations = ]		| OtherCations = ]
	| OtherCpds = ]<br />]		| OtherCompounds = ]<br />]
	}}		}}
	}}		}}
			'''Ammonia solution''', also known as '''ammonia water''', '''ammonium hydroxide''', '''ammoniacal liquor''', '''ammonia liquor''', '''aqua ammonia''', '''aqueous ammonia''', or (inaccurately) '''ammonia''', is a solution of ] in water. It can be denoted by the symbols NH<sub>3</sub>(aq). Although the name ammonium hydroxide suggests a ] with the ] {{chem|}}, it is impossible to isolate samples of NH<sub>4</sub>OH. The ions {{chem|NH|4|+}} and OH<sup>−</sup> do not account for a significant fraction of the total amount of ammonia except in extremely dilute solutions.<ref>{{Housecroft2nd|page=187}}</ref>
			The concentration of such solutions is measured in units of the ] (]), with 26 degrees Baumé (about 30% of ammonia by weight at {{convert|15.5|°C|°F|disp=or}}) being the typical high-concentration commercial product.<ref name=LaRoche>{{cite web |url=http://www.airgasspecialtyproducts.com/UserFiles/laroche/PDF/AAPhysical.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127011850/http://www.airgasspecialtyproducts.com/UserFiles/laroche/PDF/AAPhysical.pdf |archive-date=27 November 2007 |title=Ammonium hydroxide physical properties}}</ref>
			==Basicity of ammonia in water==
			In aqueous solution, ammonia ] a small fraction of the water to give ] and ] according to the following ]:
			: NH<sub>3</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O ⇌ {{chem|NH|4|+}} + OH<sup>−</sup>.
			In a 1&nbsp;] ] solution, about 0.42% of the ammonia is converted to ammonium, equivalent to pH = 11.63
			because  = 0.0042&nbsp;M,  = 0.0042&nbsp;M,  = 0.9958&nbsp;M, and pH = 14 + log<sub>10</sub> = 11.62. The ] is
			: ''K''<sub>b</sub> = {{sfrac||}} = 1.77{{e|−5}}.
			==Saturated solutions==
			Like other gases, ammonia exhibits decreasing solubility in solvent liquids as the temperature of the solvent increases. Ammonia solutions decrease in density as the concentration of dissolved ammonia increases. At {{convert|15.6|°C|°F}}, the density of a saturated solution is 0.88&nbsp;g/ml; it contains 35.6% ammonia by mass, 308&nbsp;grams of ammonia per litre of solution, and has a ] of approximately 18&nbsp;]/L. At higher temperatures, the molarity of the saturated solution decreases and the density increases.<ref name=UllmannNH3>{{cite book |author=Max Appl |title=Ammonia, in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry |year= 2006 |publisher= Wiley-VCH |location= Weinheim |doi=10.1002/14356007.a02_143.pub2 |chapter=Ammonia |isbn=978-3527306732}}</ref> Upon warming of saturated solutions, ammonia gas is released.
			==Applications==
			In contrast to anhydrous ammonia, aqueous ammonia finds few non-niche uses outside of ]s.
			=== Cleaning products ===
			{{cleanup section|reason=Multiple repetitions of use and properties|date=July 2024}}
			]
			Ammonia solutions are used as a cleaning products for many surfaces and applications. Ammonia in water is sold as a cleaning agent by itself, usually labeled as simply "ammonia", as well as in cleaning products combined with other ingredients. It may be sold plain, lemon-scented (and typically colored yellow), or pine-scented (green). Commonly available ammonia with soap added is known as "cloudy ammonia".
			Household ammonia ranges in concentration by weight from 5% to 10% ammonia.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/emergency/chemical_terrorism/ammonia_tech.htm |title=The Facts About Ammonia |website=www.health.ny.gov |language=en-us |access-date=2018-04-06}}</ref> Because aqueous ammonia is a gas dissolved in water, as the water evaporates from a surface, the gas evaporates also, leaving the surface streak-free. Its most common uses are to clean ]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author1=Christian Nitsch |author2=Hans-Joachim Heitland |author3=Horst Marsen |author4=Hans-Joachim Schlüussler |encyclopedia=Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry |year=2005 |publisher=Wiley-VCH |place=Weinheim |doi=10.1002/14356007.a07_137 |isbn=978-3527306732 |chapter=Cleansing Agents}}</ref> , ], and ]. It is good at removing grease and is found in products for cleaning ovens and for soaking items to loosen baked-on grime. Experts also warn not to use ammonia-based cleaners on car ]s, due to the risk of damage to the screen's ] and anti-fingerprint coatings.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.consumerreports.org/tires-car-care/how-to-clean-your-car-interior/|title = How To Clean Your Car's Interior|website=Consumer Reports|author = Barry, Keith|access-date=2021-01-31}}</ref>
			More concentrated solutions (higher than 10%) are used for in professional and industrial cleaning products.
			US manufacturers of cleaning products are required to provide the product's ] that lists the concentration used.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3514.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3514.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=OSHA Hazard Communication Standard: Safety Data Sheets|website=OSHA}}</ref> Solutions of ammonia can be dangerous. These solutions are irritating to the eyes and ]s (respiratory and digestive tracts), and to a lesser extent the skin. Experts advise that caution be used to ensure the chemical is not mixed into any liquid containing ], due to the danger of forming toxic chloramine gas. Mixing with ]-containing products or strong oxidants, such as household bleach, can generate toxic ] fumes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rizk-Ouaini|first=Rosette |author2=Ferriol, Michel |author3=Gazet, Josette |author4=Saugier-Cohen Adad |author5=Marie Therese |title = Oxidation reaction of ammonia with sodium hypochlorite. Production and degradation reactions of chloramines|journal = Bulletin de la Société Chimique de France|volume =4|page =512| year = 2006}}</ref>
			=== Alkyl amine precursor===
			In industry, aqueous ammonia can be used as a precursor to some ] amines, although anhydrous ammonia is usually preferred. ] forms readily from aqueous ammonia and ]. ] forms from ] and aqueous ammonia.<ref name=Ullmann>{{cite book |doi=10.1002/14356007.a02_001 |chapter=Amines, Aliphatic |title=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry |year=2000 |last1=Eller |first1=Karsten |last2=Henkes |first2=Erhard |last3=Rossbacher |first3=Roland |last4=Höke |first4=Hartmut |isbn=978-3-527-30673-2}}</ref>
			=== Absorption refrigeration ===
			In the early years of the twentieth century, the ] using water-ammonia systems was popular and widely used, but after the development of the vapor compression cycle it lost much of its importance because of its low ] (about one fifth of that of the vapor compression cycle). Both the Electrolux refrigerator<ref></ref> and the ] are well known examples of this application of the ammonia solution.
			=== Water treatment ===
			Ammonia is used to produce ], which may be utilised as a disinfectant.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chloramines in Drinking Water|url=https://www.epa.gov/dwreginfo/chloramines-drinking-water|website=EPA|publisher=US Environmental Protection Agency|access-date=6 March 2018|date=2015-10-20}}</ref> In drinking water, chloramine is preferred over direct ] for its ability to remain active in stagnant water pipes longer, thereby reducing the risk of waterborne infections.
			Ammonia is used by ] for the purposes of setting up a new fish tank using an ammonia process called ].<ref>{{cite web|title=Fishless Cycling|url=http://www.aquariumadvice.com/forums/f15/the-almost-complete-guide-and-faq-to-fishless-cycling-148283.html|website=Aquarium Advice|date=12 April 2011 |access-date=6 March 2018}}</ref> This application requires that the ammonia contain no additives.
			=== Food production ===
			Baking ammonia (] and ]) was one of the original chemical ]s. It was obtained from deer antlers.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Olver |first1=Lynne |author1-link=Lynne Olver |title=history notes{{mdash}}cookies, crackers & biscuits |url=http://www.foodtimeline.org/foodcookies.html#ammonia |website=] |access-date=January 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717061521/http://www.foodtimeline.org/foodcookies.html/#ammonia |archive-date=July 17, 2012 |date=June 24, 2012 |url-status=dead}}{{cbignore|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}</ref> It is useful as a leavening agent, because ammonium carbonate is heat activated. This characteristic allows bakers to avoid both yeast's long proofing time and the quick ] dissipation of baking soda in making breads and cookies rise. It is still used to make ]s and other crisp baked goods, but its popularity has waned because of ammonia's off-putting smell and concerns over its use as a food ingredient compared to modern-day baking powder formulations. It has been assigned ] E527 for use as a food additive in the ].
			Aqueous ammonia is used as an ] to bring down the acid levels in food. It is classified in the ] by the ] as ] (GRAS) when using the food grade version.<ref>, ]</ref> Its pH control abilities make it an effective ] agent.
			=== Furniture darkening ===
			In furniture-making, ] was traditionally used to darken or stain wood containing ]. After being sealed inside a container with the wood, fumes from the ammonia solution react with the tannic acid and iron salts naturally found in wood, creating a rich, dark stained look to the wood. This technique was commonly used during the ] in furniture – a furniture style which was primarily constructed of oak and stained using these methods.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Shayne |last1=Rigers |first2=Nick |last2=Umney |chapter=Acidic and alkaline stains |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djtw17MPrTsC&pg=PA618 |pages=618–9 |title=Wood Coatings: Theory and Practice |publisher=Elsevier |location=Amsterdam |isbn=978-0-444-52840-7|date=2009-08-12 }}</ref>
			=== Treatment of straw for cattle ===
			Ammonia solution is used to treat straw, producing "ammoniated straw" making it more edible for ].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://u.osu.edu/beef/2007/06/27/is-it-bedding-or-is-it-feed/ | title=Is it Bedding or is it Feed? &#124; Ohio BEEF Cattle Letter}}</ref>
			== Laboratory use ==
			Aqueous ammonia is used in traditional ] as a complexant and base. Like many amines, it gives a deep blue coloration with copper(II) solutions. Ammonia solution can dissolve silver oxide residues, such as those formed from ]. It is often found in solutions used to clean gold, silver, and platinum jewelry, but may have adverse effects on porous gem stones like opals and pearls.<ref>The Jeweler's Bench. 2015. ''Fine Jewelry Cleaner''. Littleton, Colo.</ref>
			== See also ==
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			==References==
			{{Reflist}}
			==Further reading==
			*{{cite book |first1=I. |last1=Geornaras |first2=J. N. |last2=Sofos |chapter=Combining physical and chemical decontamination interventions for meat |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7E6fbgOdRroC&pg=PA433 |pages=433–60 |year=2005 |editor1-first=John Nikolaos |editor1-last=Sofos |title=Improving the safety of fresh meat |publisher=CRC Press |location=Boca Raton |isbn=978-0-8493-3427-6}}
			*{{cite book |first1=Panagiotis N. |last1=Skandamis |first2=George-John E. |last2=Nychas |first3=John N. |last3=Sofos |chapter=Meat Decontamination |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VYXRl4LTHqwC&pg=PA43 |pages=43–85 |year=2010 |editor1-first=Fidel |editor1-last=Toldrá |title=Handbook of Meat Processing |publisher=Iowa State University Press |location=Ames |doi=10.1002/9780813820897.ch3 |isbn=978-0-8138-2089-7}}
			*{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1745-4581.2006.00037.x |title=Prevention and Decontamination of Escherichia Coli O157:h7 on Raw Beef Carcasses in Commercial Beef Abattoirs |year=2006 |last1=Edwards |first1=Jessica Renee |last2=Fung |first2=Daniel Y.C. |journal=Journal of Rapid Methods and Automation in Microbiology |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=1–95}}
			==External links==
			* – for ammonium hydroxide (10%-35% solution).
			{{Authority control}}
			]
			]
			]
			]
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