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			{{short description|Chemical used as leavening agent and smelling salt}}
	{{chembox		{{chembox
	| verifiedrevid = 445909228		| verifiedrevid = 446958207
	| Name = Ammonium carbonate		| Name = Ammonium carbonate
	| ImageFile = ammonium carbonate.png		| ImageFile = Ammonium carbonate.svg
	| ImageFile1 = Ammonium-carbonate-3D-balls.png		| ImageFile1 = Ammonium-carbonate-3D-balls.png
	| ImageSize1 = 220		| ImageSize1 = 220
	| ImageName1 = Ball-and-stick model of two ammonium cations and one carbonate anion		| ImageName1 = Ball-and-stick model of two ammonium cations and one carbonate anion
	| ImageFile2 = Uhličitan amonný.JPG		| ImageFile2 = Uhličitan amonný.JPG
	| ImageSize2 = 244		| ImageSize2 = 244
	| IUPACName = Ammonium carbonate		| IUPACName = Ammonium carbonate
			| OtherNames = {{ubl|Baker's ammonia|Sal volatile|Salt of hartshorn|Spirit of Urine|E503}}
	| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers		| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
			| IUPHAR_ligand = 4509
	| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
			| PubChem = 517111
	| UNII = PDP691CN28
			| EC_number = 233-786-0
	| InChI = 1/CH2O3.2H3N/c2-1(3)4;;/h(H2,2,3,4);2*1H3
			| UNNumber = 3077
	| SMILES = O=C(O)O.N.N
			| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
	| InChIKey = PRKQVKDSMLBJBJ-UHFFFAOYAQ
			| UNII = PDP691CN28
	| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
	| StdInChI = 1S/CH2O3.2H3N/c2-1(3)4;;/h(H2,2,3,4);2*1H3		| InChI = 1/CH2O3.2H3N/c2-1(3)4;;/h(H2,2,3,4);2*1H3
			| SMILES = O=C(O)O.N.N
	| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
			| SMILES1 = ..C(=O)
	| StdInChIKey = PRKQVKDSMLBJBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
			| InChIKey = PRKQVKDSMLBJBJ-UHFFFAOYAQ
	| CASNo = 506-87-6
	| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}		| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
			| StdInChI = 1S/CH2O3.2H3N/c2-1(3)4;;/h(H2,2,3,4);2*1H3
	| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
			| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
	| ChemSpiderID=10048
			| StdInChIKey = PRKQVKDSMLBJBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
			| CASNo = 506-87-6
			| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
			| CASNo2 = 16799-91-0
			| CASNo2_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
			| CASNo2_Comment = (monohydrate)
			| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
			| ChemSpiderID = 10048
			| ChEBI = 229630
	}}		}}
	| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties		| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
			| Formula = {{chem2|2CO3}}
	| Formula = (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>
			| N=2|H=8|C=1|O=3
	| MolarMass = 96.09 g/mol
	| Appearance = White powder		| Appearance = White powder
	| Density = 1.50 g/cm<sup>3</sup>		| Density = 1.50 g/cm<sup>3</sup>
			| Solubility = 100 g/(100 ml) (15°C)<ref name="crc">{{cite book |author1=John Rumble |title=CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics |date=June 18, 2018 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1138561632 |pages=4–40|edition=99th |language=English}}</ref><br />25 g/(100 ml) (20°C)
	| Solubility = Soluble, decomposes in hot water
	| MeltingPtC = 58		| MeltingPtC = 58
			| MeltingPt_notes = (decomposes)
	| BoilingPt = Decomposes
	| pKa =		| pKa =
			| MagSus = −42.50·10<sup>−6</sup> cm<sup>3</sup>/mol
	}}		}}
	| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure		|Section3 = {{Chembox Structure
	| CrystalStruct =		| CrystalStruct =
	}}		}}
	| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards		| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards
			| ExternalSDS =
	| ExternalMSDS =
	| MainHazards = Irritant		| MainHazards = Irritant
			| GHSPictograms = {{GHS07}}
			| GHSSignalWord = Warning
			| HPhrases = {{H-phrases|302|319}}
	}}		}}
	| Section8 = {{Chembox Related		| Section8 = {{Chembox Related
	| OtherAnions = ]		| OtherAnions = ]<br />]
	| OtherCations = ]<br />]		| OtherCations = ]<br />]
	}}		}}
	}}		}}
	'''Ammonium carbonate''' (formerly known as '''sal volatile''' or '''salt of hartshorn''') is a commercial salt with the chemical formula (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>. It is used when crushed as a ]. It can be crushed when needed in order to revive someone who has fainted. It is also known as '''baker's ammonia''' and was a predecessor to the more modern leavening agents ] and ].		'''Ammonium carbonate''' is a ] with the ] {{chem2|2CO3|auto=1}}. It is an ] ] of ]. It is composed of ammonium ] {{chem2|+}} and ] ] {{chem2|CO3(2−)}}. Since ammonium carbonate readily degrades to gaseous ammonia and carbon dioxide upon heating, it is used as a ] and also as ]. It is also known as '''baker's ammonia''' and is a predecessor to the more modern leavening agents ] and ]. It is a component of what was formerly known as '''sal volatile''' and '''salt of ]''',<ref name=Ullmann/> and produces a pungent smell when baked. It comes in the form of a white powder or block, with a ] of 96.09 g/mol and a density of 1.50 g/cm<sup>3</sup>. It is a strong ].
	==Production==		==Production==
			Ammonium carbonate is produced by combining carbon dioxide and aqueous ammonia. About 80,000 tons/year were produced as of 1997.
	Ammonium carbonate was historically obtained by the ] of nitrogenous organic matter such as hair, horn, decomposed primate urine, etc.{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}
	Currently, it is produced by heating a mixture of ], or ] and ], to redness in ] retorts, the vapors being condensed in ]en receivers.{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}
			:{{chem2|2 NH3 + H2O + CO2 → 2CO3}}<ref name=Ullmann>{{cite encyclopedia|author1=Karl-Heinz Zapp|title=Ammonium Compounds|encyclopedia=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry|year=2012|publisher=Wiley-VCH|location= Weinheim|doi=10.1002/14356007.a02_243|isbn=978-3527306732}}</ref>
	The crude resulting product of either of these processes is Ammonium Polycarbonate: a white fibrous mass with a strong ammonium order composed of a mixture of ammonium carbonate and ]. Ammonium carbonate is soluble in alcohol, while the ] is not. Dissolving the polycarbonate in alcohol, filtering, and evaporating the alcohol leaves just the ammonium carbonate.
			An orthorhombic ammonium carbonate monohydrate is known ({{chem2|2CO3*H2O}}). It crystallizes in an ammonia solution exposed in a carbon dioxide-rich atmosphere.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Fortes | first1=A.D. | last2=Wood | first2=I.G. | last3=Alfè | first3=D. | last4=Hernàndez|first4=E.R. | last5=Gutmann | first5=M.J. | last6=Sparkes | first6=H.A. | title=Structure, hydrogen bonding and thermal expansion of ammonium carbonate monohydrate | journal=Acta Crystallographica Section B | volume=70 | issue=6 | date=2014-12-01 | issn=2052-5206 | doi=10.1107/S205252061402126X | pages=948–962 | pmid=25449618 | url=https://journals.iucr.org/b/issues/2014/06/00/eb5035/index.html | access-date=2021-08-20| pmc=4468514 | bibcode=2014AcCrB..70..948F }}</ref>
	The polycarbonate&rarr;carbonate and polycarbonate&rarr;bicarbonate reactions are "pushed" either way by exposure to ammonia or air, respectively.
	] passed into a strong aqueous solution of the polycarbonate displaces the hydrogen ion with an ammonium ion, converting it into ammonium carbonate.
			===Decomposition===
	Exposure of the polycarbonate to moist air does the reverse: it displaces the ammonium ion with a hydrogen ion, converting it to ammonium bicarbonate.
			Ammonium carbonate slowly decomposes at ] through two pathways. Thus any initially pure sample of ammonium carbonate will soon become a mixture including various byproducts.
			Ammonium carbonate can spontaneously ] into ] and ]:
			:{{chem2|2CO3 → HCO3 + NH3}}
			Which further decomposes to ], ] and another molecule of ]:
			:{{chem2|HCO3 → H2O + CO2 + NH3}}
	== Uses ==		== Uses ==
	As well as in smelling salts, ammonium carbonate is still used as a ] in particular recipes, particularly those from northern Europe and Scandinavia. It can sometimes be substituted with baking powder, but the finished product will never be as airy and light as the original recipe. Icelandic loftkökur (air biscuits) for instance cannot be made with anything other than ammonium carbonate.{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}}
			===Leavening agent===
	Its use as a leavening agent, with associated controversy, goes back centuries:
			Ammonium carbonate may be used as a ] in traditional recipes, particularly those from northern Europe and Scandinavia (e.g. ], ], ] or ]). It was the precursor to today's more commonly used baking powder.
			Originally made from ground deer horn and called hartshorn, today it is called baker's ammonia. It is prepared by the sublimation of a mixture of ammonium sulfate and calcium carbonate and occurs as a white powder or a hard, white or translucent mass.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfCFR/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=184.1137|title=CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21|website=www.accessdata.fda.gov|access-date=2018-02-07}}</ref> It acts as a heat activated leavening agent and breaks down into carbon dioxide (leavening), ammonia (which needs to dissipate) and water. It is sometimes combined with sodium bicarbonate {{clarify span|text=to mimic as a|reason=this seems poorly worded and/or vague|date=December 2024}} double acting baking powder and to help mask any ammonia smell not baked out.
	{{quote|In the third kind of ], a vesicular appearance is given to it by the addition to the dough of some ammoniacal salt, (usually the ],) which becomes wholly converted into a gaseous substance during the process of baking, causing the dough to swell out into little air vessels, which finally bursting, allow the gas to escape, and leave the bread exceedingly porous. Mr. Accum, in his ''Treatise on Culinary Poisons'', has stigmatized this process as "fraudulent," but, in our opinion, most unjustly. The bakers would never adopt it but from necessity: when good ] cannot be procured, it forms an admirable and perfectly harmless substitute; costing the baker more, it diminishes his profit, while the consumer is benefited by the bread retaining the solid matter, which by the process of fermentation is dissipated in the form of ] and ]. |Luke Hebert|The Engineer’s and Mechanic’s Encyclopedia, 1849, vol.1, p.239, article "Bread"}}
			It also serves as an ] and has the ] E503. It can be replaced with baking powder, but this may affect both the taste and texture of the finished product. Baker's ammonia should be used to create thin dry baked goods like crackers and cookies. This allows the strong ammonia smell to bake out. It should not be used to make moist baked items like cake since ammonia is hydrophilic and will leave a strong bitter taste.
	] cough syrup from Canada today uses ammonium carbonate as an active ingredient intended to help relieve symptoms of bronchitis.
			Its use as a leavening agent, with associated controversy, goes back centuries:
	It is also used as an ].
			{{quote|In the third kind of ], a vesicular appearance is given to it by the addition to the dough of some ammoniacal salt, (usually the ],) which becomes wholly converted into a gaseous substance during the process of baking, causing the dough to swell out into little air vessels, which finally bursting, allow the gas to escape, and leave the bread exceedingly porous. Mr. Accum, in his ''Treatise on Culinary Poisons'', has stigmatized this process as "fraudulent," but, in our opinion, most unjustly. The bakers would never adopt it but from necessity: when good ] cannot be procured, it forms an admirable and perfectly harmless substitute; costing the baker more, it diminishes his profit, while the consumer is benefited by the bread retaining the solid matter, which by the process of fermentation is dissipated in the form of ] and ].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=1849 |title=Bread |encyclopedia=The Engineer's and Mechanic's Encyclopedia |publisher=Luke Hebert |volume=1 |page=239}}</ref>
			}}
			===Other uses===
	Ammonium carbonate is also found in smokeless tobacco products, such as Skoal.
			Ammonium carbonate is the main component of ], although the commercial scale of their production is small. ] cough syrup from Canada today uses ammonium carbonate as an active ingredient intended to help relieve symptoms of bronchitis. It is also used as an ]. It is also found in smokeless tobacco products, such as Skoal, and it is used in aqueous solution as a photographic lens cleaning agent, such as Eastman Kodak's "Kodak Lens Cleaner."
			It is also used for ] of ]s in ], to monitor the spread of the infestation and adjust the borders of the ].<ref name="apple-maggots">{{cite journal|doi=10.1603/en14038|pmid=24915519|title=Ammonium Carbonate is More Attractive Than Apple and Hawthorn Fruit Volatile Lures to ''Rhagoletis'' pomonella(Diptera: Tephritidae) in Washington State|year=2014|last1=Yee|first1=Wee L.|last2=Nash|first2=Meralee J.|last3=Goughnour|first3=Robert B.|last4=Cha|first4=Dong H.|last5=Linn|first5=Charles E.|last6=Feder|first6=Jeffrey L.|journal=Environmental Entomology|volume=43|issue=4|pages=957–968|s2cid=31174719}}</ref>
	==See also==		==See also==
	*]		*]
			*]
			*], the mineralogical form of ammonium chloride
	==References==		==References==
	{{Unreferenced|date =October 2007}}
	<references/>		<references/>
			{{Ammonium salts}}
			{{Carbonates}}
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