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{{Chembox {{Chembox
| Verifiedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 401799796
| Watchedfields = changed
| ImageFile = Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate.png
| verifiedrevid = 442161091
| ImageSize = 150px
| ImageFile = Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate crystals.jpg
| ImageFileL1 = 2-dihydrogenphosphate-3D-balls.png
| ImageAlt = Crystals of Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate
| ImageSizeL1 = 120px
| ImageFile1 = Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate.png
| ImageNameL1 = Ball-and-stick model of the dihydrogenphosphate anion
| ImageSize1 = 150px
| ImageFileR1 = Ammonium-3D-balls.png
| ImageFile2 = Monoammonium-phosphate-3D-balls.png
| ImageSizeR1 = 90px
| Name =
| ImageNameR1 = Ball-andstick model of the ammonium cation
| Reference = <ref name="hand"> | Reference = <ref name="hand">
{{cite book | last = Lide | first = David R. | year = 1998 {{cite book | last = Lide | first = David R. | year = 1998
| title = Handbook of Chemistry and Physics | title = Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
| edition = 87 | volume = | edition = 87 | volume =
| location = Boca Raton, FL | location = Boca Raton, Florida
| publisher = CRC Press | publisher = CRC Press
| isbn = 0-8493-0594-2 | pages = 4–40}}</ref> | isbn = 0-8493-0594-2 | pages = 4–40}}</ref>
| IUPACName = ammonium dihydrogen phosphate | IUPACName = Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate
| OtherNames = monoammonium phosphate | OtherNames = Monoammonium phosphate
| SystematicName =
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} | ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 22812 | ChemSpiderID = 22812
Line 29: Line 30:
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} | CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CASNo = 7722-76-1 | CASNo = 7722-76-1
| PubChem = | PubChem = 24402
| UNII = 09254QB17T
| ChEBI = 62982
| SMILES = P(=O)(O)O. | SMILES = P(=O)(O)O.
| EINECS = 231-764-5
}} }}
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties | Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
| H=6|N=1|O=4|P=1 | N=1 | H=6 | P=1 | O=4
| Appearance = white ] crystals | Appearance = white crystals
| Odor = none
| Density = 1.80 g/cm<sup>3</sup> | Density = 1.80 g/cm<sup>3</sup>
| MeltingPtC = 190 | MeltingPtC = 190
| BoilingPt = | BoilingPt =
| Solubility = (g/]) 28 (10 °C)<br/>36 (20 °C)<br/>44 (30 °C)<br/>56 (40 °C)<br/>66 (50 °C)<br/>81 (60 °C)<br/>99 (70 °C)<br/>118 (80 °C)<br/>173 (100 °C) <ref name=DXu/><ref name=chembk>Chemical Book: "". Accessed on 2018-08-14.</ref>
| Solubility = 40.4 g/100 mL
| SolubleOther = insoluble in ]<ref name=DXu/> <br> insoluble in ]
| RefractIndex = 1.525
}} }}
| Section3 = {{Chembox Hazards | Section3 = {{Chembox Structure
| CrystalStruct = tetragonal
| MainHazards =
}}
| FlashPt =
| Section4 = {{Chembox Thermochemistry
| DeltaHf = −1445.07 kJ/mol<ref>National Bureau of Standards. Selected Values of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties. Technical note 270-3. 1968 </ref>
| DeltaHc =
| Entropy =
| HeatCapacity =
}}
| Section5 =
| Section6 =
| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards
| MainHazards =
| FlashPt =
| NFPA-H = 1 | NFPA-H = 1
| NFPA-F = 0 | NFPA-F = 0
| NFPA-R = 0 | NFPA-R = 0
| LD50 = 5750 mg/kg (rat, oral)
| Autoignition = }}
| GHSPictograms = {{GHS07}}
| Section4 = {{Chembox Thermochemistry
| GHSSignalWord = Warning
| DeltaHf = -1445.07 kJ/mol
| HPhrases = {{H-phrases|319}}
| DeltaHc =
| PPhrases = {{P-phrases|261|264|271|280|302+352|304+340|305+351+338|312|321|332+313|337+313|362|403+233|405|501}}
| Entropy =
}}
| HeatCapacity = }}
| Section8 = {{Chembox Related | Section8 = {{Chembox Related
| OtherAnions = ]<br/>] | OtherAnions = ]<br/>]
| OtherCations = ]<br/>] | OtherCations = ]<br/>]
| OtherFunctn = | OtherFunction =
| OtherFunction_label =
| Function =
| OtherCpds = | OtherCompounds =
}} }}
}} }}
'''Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate''' ('''ADP'''), also known as '''monoammonium phosphate''' ('''MAP''')<ref>{{Cite web|title = Monoammonium Phosphate (MAP)|url = http://www.mosaicco.com/images/NSS__9_Monoammonium_Phos.pdf|website = www.mosaicco.com|accessdate = 2015-06-05|archive-date = 17 November 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151117024910/http://www.mosaicco.com/images/NSS__9_Monoammonium_Phos.pdf|url-status = dead}}</ref> is a ] with the ] (NH<sub>4</sub>)(H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>). ADP is a major ingredient of agricultural ]<ref name=IPNI>{{cite web|last1=IPNI|title=Monoammonium Phosphate (MAP)|url=http://www.ipni.net/publication/nss.nsf/0/2F200FA9C8C946F0852579AF00762904/$FILE/NSS-09%20Monoammonium%20Phosphate.pdf|website=www.ipni.net|publisher=International Plant Nutrition Institute|accessdate=21 July 2014}}</ref> and ]. It also has significant uses in ]<ref name="wcryst">{{cite book |title=Optical Waves in Crystals |author=Amnon Yariv, Pochi Yeh |year=1984 |publisher=Wiley, Inc}}</ref> and ].<ref name=piezo>{{cite book |author=Willem Hackmann |title=Seek and Strike: Sonar, Anti-Submarine Warfare and the Royal Navy, 1914–1954 |publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office |year=1984 |isbn=0-11-290423-8}}</ref>


==Chemical properties==
'''Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP)''', or '''monoammonium phosphate''', NH<sub>4</sub>H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>, is formed when a solution of ] is added to ] until the solution is distinctly ]ic. It crystallizes in tetragonal ]. Monoammonium phosphate is often used in the blending of dry agricultural ]s. It supplies ] with the elements ] and ] in a form which is usable by plants. The compound is also a component of the ] in some dry chemical ]s. This substance is also supplied in an emerald green or aquamarine crystal growing box kit for children.
Monoammonium phosphate is soluble in water and crystallizes from it as the anhydrous ] in the ] system, as elongated ] or needles.<ref name=wcryst/> It is practically insoluble in ].<ref name=DXu>Dejun Xu, Xing Xiong, Lin Yang, Zhiye Zhang, and Xinlong Wang (2016): "Determination of the Solubility of Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate in Water-Ethanol System at Different Temperatures from 283.2 to 343.2 K". ''Journal of Chemincal Engineering Data'', volume 61, issue 1, pages 78–82. {{doi|10.1021/acs.jced.5b00224}}</ref>


Solid monoammonium phosphate show a dissociation pressure of ammonia of 0.05 mmHg at 125°C based on the decomposition reaction as follows:<ref>{{cite book |title=Phosphorus And Its Compounds - Volume I: Chemistry |page=503 |author=John R Van Wazer |year=1958 |publisher=Interscience Publishers, Inc |place=New York}}</ref> Solid monoammonium phosphate can be considered stable in practice for temperatures up to 200 °C, when it decomposes into gaseous ] {{chem|NH|3}} and molten ] {{chem|H|3|PO|4}}.<ref name=guerr>G. O. Guerrant and D. E. Brown (196): "Thermal Decomposition of High-Analysis Fertilizers Based on Ammonium Phosphate". ''Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry'', volume 13, issue 6, pages 493-497. {{doi|10.1021/jf60142a002}}</ref> At 125 °C the ] of ammonia is 0.05 mm Hg.<ref name=wazer>{{cite book |title=Phosphorus And Its Compounds - Volume I: Chemistry |page=503 |author=John R Van Wazer |year=1958 |publisher=Interscience Publishers, Inc |place=New York}}</ref>


A solution of stoichometric monoammonium phosphate is acidic (] 4.7 at 0.1% concentration, 4.2 at 5%).<ref name=haifa>Haifa Chemicals Ltd.: " {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015083535/https://www.plantproducts.com/us/images/map_haifa_product_sheet.pdf |date=15 October 2022 }}". Product fact sheet, accessed on 2018-08-13.</ref>
:NH<sub>4</sub>H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>(''s'') {{Eqm}} NH<sub>3</sub>(''g'') + H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>(''l'')


==Preparation==
ADP is a widely used crystal in the field of optics due to its ] properties. As a result of its tetragonal crystal structure, this material has negative uniaxial optical symmetry with typical refractive indices n<sub>o</sub>=1.522 an n<sub>e</sub>=1.478 at optical wavelengths.<ref>{{cite book |title=Optical Waves in Crystals |author=Amnon Yariv,Pochi Yeh |year=1984 |publisher=Wiley, Inc}}</ref>
Monoammonium phosphate is industrially prepared by the ] of phosphoric acid and ammonia in the correct proportions:<ref name=yara>Martin Bäckman, Martin Gunnarsson, Linnea Kollberg, Martin Müller, and Simon Tallvod (2016): " {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118100609/http://www.chemeng.lth.se/ket050/Finalreport2016/Yara.pdf |date=18 November 2017 }}". Technical Report, Lund University.</ref>


: {{chem|NH|3}} + {{chem|H|3|PO|4}} → {{chem|NH|4|H|2|PO|4}}
ADP crystals are ] which is a property required in some active ] ] (the alternative being transducers that use ]). In the 1950s ADP crystals largely replaced the ] and ] crystals in transducers because they are easier to work than Quartz and, unlike Rochelle Salt, are not ].<ref>{{cite book |author=Willem Hackmann |title=Seek and Strike: Sonar, Anti-Submarine Warfare and the Royal Navy, 1914–1954 |publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office |year=1984 |isbn=0-11-290423-8}}</ref>

Crystalline MAP then precipitates.

==Uses==
===Agriculture===
The largest use of monoammonium phosphate by weight is in agriculture, as an ingredient of fertilizers. It supplies ] with the elements ] and ] in a form usable by plants. Its ] is 12-61-0 (12-27-0), meaning that it contains 12% by weight of elemental nitrogen and (nominally) 61% of ] {{chem|P|2|O|5}}, or 27% of elemental phosphorus.

===Fire extinguishers===
The compound is also a component of the ] in some dry chemical ]s.

===Optics===
Monoammonium phosphate is a widely used crystal in the field of optics due to its ] properties. As a result of its tetragonal crystal structure, this material has negative uniaxial optical symmetry with typical refractive indices {{nowrap|''n''<sub>o</sub> {{= }} 1.522}} and {{nowrap|''n''<sub>e</sub> {{= }} 1.478}} at optical wavelengths.<ref name=wcryst/>

===Electronics===
Monoammonium phosphate crystals are ], a property required in some active ] ] (the alternative being transducers that use ]). In the 1950s ADP crystals largely replaced the ] and ] crystals in transducers because they are easier to work than quartz and, unlike Rochelle salt, are not ].<ref name=piezo/>

===Toys===
Being relatively non-toxic{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}, MAP is also a popular substance for recreational crystal growing, being sold as toy kits mixed with dyes of various colors.

==Natural occurrence==
The compound appears in nature as the rare mineral biphosphammite. It is formed in guano deposits.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mindat.org/min-678.html|title = Biphosphammite}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ima-mineralogy.org/Minlist.htm|title=List of Minerals|date=21 March 2011}}</ref> A related compound, that is the monohydrogen counterpart, is the even more scarce phosphammite.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mindat.org/min-3197.html|title=Phosphammite}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ima-mineralogy.org/Minlist.htm|title=List of Minerals|date=21 March 2011}}</ref>


==References== ==References==
{{Refimprove|date=July 2009}}
{{Reflist}} {{Reflist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate}}

{{Ammonium salts}}
{{Phosphates}}

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