| Revision as of 13:26, 9 August 2011 editCheMoBot (talk | contribs)Bots141,565 edits Updating {{chembox}} (no changed fields - updated 'DrugBank_Ref', 'UNII_Ref', 'ChEMBL_Ref', 'ChEBI_Ref') per Chem/Drugbox validation (report errors or [[u← Previous edit |
Latest revision as of 18:43, 13 October 2022 edit undo86.144.233.189 (talk)No edit summary |
| (51 intermediate revisions by 40 users not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
|
{{chembox |
|
{{chembox |
|
|
| Verifiedfields = changed |
| ⚫ |
| verifiedrevid = 400864850 |
|
|
|
| Watchedfields = changed |
|
⚫ |
| verifiedrevid = 443869712 |
|
| ImageFile = Chlorid bismutitý.PNG |
|
| ImageFile = Chlorid bismutitý.PNG |
|
| ImageName = Bismuth chloride |
|
| ImageName = Bismuth chloride |
|
| ImageFile1 = Bismuth-trichloride-xtal-1982-3D-balls.png |
|
| ImageFile1 = Bismuth-trichloride-xtal-1982-3D-balls.png |
|
| ImageName1 = |
|
| ImageName1 = |
|
| IUPACName = Bismuth chloride |
|
| IUPACName = Bismuth chloride |
|
| OtherNames = Bismuth trichloride, Trichlorobismuth, Trichlorobismuthine, Bismuth(III) chloride |
|
| OtherNames = Bismuth trichloride, Trichlorobismuth, Trichlorobismuthine, Bismuth(III) chloride |
|
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers |
|
|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers |
|
| Abbreviations = |
|
| Abbreviations = |
|
| InChIKey = JHXKRIRFYBPWGE-DFZHHIFOAJ |
|
| InChIKey = JHXKRIRFYBPWGE-DFZHHIFOAJ |
| Line 15: |
Line 17: |
|
| StdInChIKey = JHXKRIRFYBPWGE-UHFFFAOYSA-K |
|
| StdInChIKey = JHXKRIRFYBPWGE-UHFFFAOYSA-K |
|
| CASNo = 7787-60-2 |
|
| CASNo = 7787-60-2 |
|
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} |
|
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} |
|
|
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} |
|
|
| UNII = 4X6566U3SD |
|
| EINECS = |
|
| EINECS = |
|
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} |
|
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} |
|
| ChemSpiderID=22993 |
|
| ChemSpiderID=22993 |
|
| PubChem = |
|
| PubChem = 24591 |
|
| SMILES = Cl(Cl)Cl |
|
| SMILES = Cl(Cl)Cl |
|
| InChI = 1/Bi.3ClH/h;3*1H/q+3;;;/p-3 |
|
| InChI = 1/Bi.3ClH/h;3*1H/q+3;;;/p-3 |
|
| RTECS = |
|
| RTECS = EB2690000 |
|
| MeSHName = |
|
| MeSHName = |
|
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} |
|
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} |
| Line 28: |
Line 32: |
|
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}} |
|
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}} |
|
| KEGG = |
|
| KEGG = |
|
|
}} |
|
| ATCCode_prefix = |
|
|
⚫ |
|Section2={{Chembox Properties |
|
| ATCCode_suffix = |
|
|
| ATC_Supplemental =}} |
|
| ⚫ |
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties |
|
|
| Formula = BiCl<sub>3</sub> |
|
| Formula = BiCl<sub>3</sub> |
|
| MolarMass = 315.34 g/mol |
|
| MolarMass = 315.34 g/mol |
| Line 37: |
Line 39: |
|
| Density = 4.75 g/cm<sup>3</sup> |
|
| Density = 4.75 g/cm<sup>3</sup> |
|
| MeltingPtC = 227 |
|
| MeltingPtC = 227 |
|
| Melting_notes = |
|
| MeltingPt_notes = |
|
| BoilingPtC = 447 |
|
| BoilingPtC = 447 |
|
| Boiling_notes = |
|
| BoilingPt_notes = |
|
| Solubility = Decomposes to bismuth oxychloride|BiOCl |
|
| Solubility = Soluble,hydrolyses |
|
| SolubleOther = soluble in ], ], ] |
|
| SolubleOther = soluble in ], ], ] |
|
| pKa = |
|
| pKa = |
| Line 50: |
Line 52: |
|
| RefractIndex = |
|
| RefractIndex = |
|
| Viscosity = |
|
| Viscosity = |
|
| Dipole = }} |
|
| Dipole = |
|
|
| MagSus = -26.5·10<sup>−6</sup> cm<sup>3</sup>/mol }} |
|
| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure |
|
|Section3={{Chembox Structure |
|
| CrystalStruct = |
|
| CrystalStruct = cubic |
|
| Coordination = |
|
| Coordination = |
|
| MolShape = }} |
|
| MolShape = }} |
|
| Section4 = {{Chembox Thermochemistry |
|
|Section4={{Chembox Thermochemistry |
|
| DeltaHf = |
|
| DeltaHf = -1.202 kJ/g |
|
| DeltaHc = |
|
| DeltaHc = |
|
| Entropy = |
|
| Entropy = 82.9 J/(K mol) |
|
| HeatCapacity = }} |
|
| HeatCapacity = 0.333 J/(g K) }} |
|
| Section5 = {{Chembox Pharmacology |
|
|Section5={{Chembox Pharmacology |
|
| AdminRoutes = |
|
| AdminRoutes = |
|
| Bioavail = |
|
| Bioavail = |
| Line 72: |
Line 75: |
|
| Legal_AU = |
|
| Legal_AU = |
|
| Legal_CA = |
|
| Legal_CA = |
|
| PregCat = |
|
| Pregnancy_category = |
|
| PregCat_AU = |
|
| Pregnancy_AU = |
|
| PregCat_US = }} |
|
| Pregnancy_US = }} |
|
| Section6 = {{Chembox Explosive |
|
|Section6={{Chembox Explosive |
|
| ShockSens = |
|
| ShockSens = |
|
| FrictionSens = |
|
| FrictionSens = |
|
| ExplosiveV = |
|
| DetonationV = |
|
| REFactor = }} |
|
| REFactor = }} |
|
| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards |
|
|Section7={{Chembox Hazards |
|
| ExternalMSDS = |
|
| ExternalSDS = |
|
| EUClass = |
|
|
| EUIndex = |
|
|
| MainHazards = |
|
| MainHazards = |
|
| NFPA-H = 2 |
|
| NFPA-H = 2 |
|
| NFPA-F = 0 |
|
| NFPA-F = 0 |
|
| NFPA-R = 0 |
|
| NFPA-R = 0 |
|
| NFPA-O = |
|
| NFPA-S = |
|
| RPhrases = |
|
|
| SPhrases = |
|
|
| RSPhrases = |
|
|
| FlashPt = |
|
| FlashPt = |
|
| Autoignition = |
|
| AutoignitionPt = |
|
| ExploLimits = |
|
| ExploLimits = |
|
| LD50 = 3324 mg/kg, oral (rat) |
|
| LD50 = 3324 mg/kg, oral (rat) |
|
| PEL = }} |
|
| PEL = }} |
|
| Section8 = {{Chembox Related |
|
|Section8={{Chembox Related |
|
| OtherAnions = ], ], ] |
|
| OtherAnions = ], ], ] |
|
| OtherCations = ], ], ] |
|
| OtherCations = ], ], ] |
|
| OtherFunctn = |
|
| OtherFunction = |
|
| Function = |
|
| OtherFunction_label = |
|
| OtherCpds = }} |
|
| OtherCompounds = }} |
|
}} |
|
}} |
|
'''Bismuth chloride''' is an ] with the chemical formula BiCl<sub>3</sub>. It is a common source of the Bi<sup>3+</sup> ion. In the gas phase and in the crystal, the species adopts a pyramidal structure, in accord with ]. |
|
'''Bismuth chloride''' (or '''butter of bismuth''') is an ] with the chemical formula BiCl<sub>3</sub>. It is a covalent compound and is the common source of the Bi<sup>3+</sup> ion. In the gas phase and in the crystal, the species adopts a pyramidal structure, in accord with ]. |
|
|
|
|
|
==Preparation== |
|
==Preparation== |
|
Bismuth chloride is synthesized directly by passing ] over ]. |
|
Bismuth chloride can be synthesized directly by passing ] over ]. |
|
|
|
|
|
:2 Bi + 3 Cl<sub>2</sub> → 2 BiCl<sub>3</sub> |
|
:2 Bi + 3 Cl<sub>2</sub> → 2 BiCl<sub>3</sub> |
|
|
or by dissolving bismuth metal in ], evaporating the mixture to give BiCl<sub>3</sub>·2H<sub>2</sub>O, which can be distilled to form the anhydrous trichloride.<ref name="norman1">{{cite book| title = Chemistry of arsenic, antimony, and bismuth| first1 = S. M. |last1 =Godfrey| first2 = C. A. |last2 =McAuliffe| first3 = A. G. |last3 =Mackie| first4 = R. G. |last4 =Pritchard| editor = Nicholas C. Norman| publisher = Springer| year = 1998| isbn = 0-7514-0389-X| page = 90}}</ref> |
|
|
|
|
|
Alternatively, the chloride salt may be prepared by adding ] to ] and evaporating the solution. |
|
Alternatively, it may be prepared by adding ] to ] and evaporating the solution. |
|
|
|
|
|
Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + 6 HCl → 2 BiCl<sub>3</sub> + 3 H<sub>2</sub>O |
|
:Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + 6 HCl → 2 BiCl<sub>3</sub> + 3 H<sub>2</sub>O |
|
|
|
|
|
Also, the compound can be prepared by dissolving bismuth in concentrated ] and then adding solid ] into this solution. <ref>Pradyot Patnaik. ''Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals''. McGraw-Hill, 2002, ISBN 0070494398</ref> |
|
Also, the compound can be prepared by dissolving bismuth in concentrated ] and then adding solid ] into this solution.<ref>Pradyot Patnaik. ''Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals''. McGraw-Hill, 2002, {{ISBN|0-07-049439-8}}</ref> |
|
|
|
|
|
:Bi + 6 HNO<sub>3</sub> → Bi(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub> + 3 H<sub>2</sub>O + 3 NO<sub>2</sub> |
|
:Bi + 6 HNO<sub>3</sub> → Bi(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub> + 3 H<sub>2</sub>O + 3 NO<sub>2</sub> |
|
:Bi(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub> + 3 NaCl → BiCl<sub>3</sub> + 3 NaNO<sub>3</sub> |
|
:Bi(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub> + 3 NaCl → BiCl<sub>3</sub> + 3 NaNO<sub>3</sub> |
|
|
|
|
|
==Structure == |
|
|
In the gas phase BiCl<sub>3</sub> is pyramidal with a Cl–Bi–Cl angle of 97.5° and a bond length of 242 pm.<ref>Töke, Orsolya, and Magdolna Hargittai. "Molecular structure of bismuth trichloride from combined electron diffraction and vibrational spectroscopic study." Structural Chemistry 6.2 (1995): 127–130.</ref> In the solid state, each Bi atom has three near neighbors at 250 pm, two at 324 pm and three at a mean of 336 pm,<ref name = "Wells">Wells A.F. (1984) ''Structural Inorganic Chemistry'' 5th edition, pp. 879–884, Oxford Science Publications, {{ISBN|0-19-855370-6}}</ref> the image above highlights the three closest neighbours. This structure is similar to that of ], AsBr<sub>3</sub>, ] and SbBr<sub>3</sub>. |
|
|
|
|
|
==Chemistry== |
|
==Chemistry== |
| Line 126: |
Line 128: |
|
| publisher = BiblioBazaar, LLC |
|
| publisher = BiblioBazaar, LLC |
|
| year = 2008 |
|
| year = 2008 |
|
| isbn = 0559318774 |
|
| isbn = 978-0-559-31877-1 |
|
| page = 191 |
|
| page = 191 |
|
}}</ref> |
|
}}</ref> |
|
|
|
|
|
:{{chem|Bi|3+}} + {{chem|Cl|-}} + {{chem|H|2|O}} → BiOCl (s) + 2 {{chem|H|+}} |
|
:{{chem|Bi|3+}}(aq) + {{chem|Cl|-}}(aq) + {{chem|H|2|O}}(l) ⇌ BiOCl (s) + 2 {{chem|H|+}}(aq) |
|
|
|
|
|
This reaction can be suppressed by adding an acid, such as ].<ref>{{cite book |
|
This reaction can be reversed by adding an acid, such as ].<ref>{{cite book |
|
| title = Chemical Solutions |
|
| title = Chemical Solutions |
|
| author = Frank Welcher |
|
| author = Frank Welcher |
|
| publisher = READ BOOKS |
|
| publisher = READ BOOKS |
|
| year = 2008 |
|
| year = 2008 |
|
| isbn = 1443729078 |
|
| isbn = 978-1-4437-2907-9 |
|
| page = 48 |
|
| page = 48 |
|
}}</ref> |
|
}}</ref> |
|
|
|
|
|
Reaction of solid BiCl<sub>3</sub> with water vapour below 50 °C has been shown to produce the intermediate monohydrate, BiCl<sub>3</sub>·H<sub>2</sub>O.<ref name="WosylusHoffmann2010">{{cite journal|last1=Wosylus|first1=Aron|last2=Hoffmann|first2=Stefan|last3=Schmidt|first3=Marcus|last4=Ruck|first4=Michael|title=In-situ Study of the Solid-Gas Reaction of BiCl<sub>3</sub> to BiOCl via the Intermediate Hydrate BiCl<sub>3</sub>·H<sub>2</sub>O|journal=European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry|volume=2010|issue=10|year=2010|pages=1469–1471|issn=1434-1948|doi=10.1002/ejic.201000032}}</ref> |
|
|
|
|
|
Bismuth chloride is an oxidizing agent, being readily reduced to metallic bismuth by reducing agents. |
|
Bismuth chloride is an oxidizing agent, being readily reduced to metallic bismuth by reducing agents. |
|
|
|
|
|
===Chloro complexes=== |
|
===Chloro complexes=== |
|
In contrast to the usual expectation by consistency with periodic trends, BiCl<sub>3</sub> is a ], forming a variety of chloro complexes such as <sup>3−</sup> that strongly violates the ]. Furthermore the octahedral structure of this ] does not follow the predictions of VSEPR theory, since the ] on bismuth is unexpectedly stereochemically inactive. The dianionic complex <sup>2−</sup> does however adopt the expected square pyramidal structure.<ref>Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. "Inorganic Chemistry" Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.</ref> |
|
In contrast to the usual expectation by consistency with periodic trends, BiCl<sub>3</sub> is a ], forming a variety of chloro complexes such as <sup>3−</sup> that strongly violates the ]. Furthermore, the octahedral structure of this ] does not follow the predictions of VSEPR theory, since the ] on bismuth is unexpectedly stereochemically inactive. The dianionic complex <sup>2−</sup> does however adopt the expected square pyramidal structure.<ref>Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. "Inorganic Chemistry" Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. {{ISBN|0-12-352651-5}}.</ref> |
|
|
|
|
|
|
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;" |
|
<center> |
|
|
⚫ |
|]||]||] |
|
{|align="center" class="wikitable" |
|
| ⚫ |
|<center>]</center>||<center>]</center>||<center>]</center> |
|
|
|- |
|
|- |
|
|<center>Cs<sub>3</sub></center>||<center>Cs<sub>3</sub></center>||<center><sup>3−</sup></center> |
|
|Cs<sub>3</sub>||Cs<sub>3</sub>||<sup>3−</sup> |
|
|} |
|
|} |
|
</center> |
|
|
|
|
|
|
===Organic catalysis=== |
|
===Organic catalysis=== |
|
|
|
|
|
Bismuth chloride is used as a ] in ]. In particular, it catalyzes the ] and the ] reaction. The addition of other metal ]s increases its catalytic activity.<ref>{{cite book |
|
Bismuth chloride is used as a ] in ]. In particular, it catalyzes the ] and the ]. The addition of other metal ]s increases its catalytic activity.<ref>{{cite book |
|
| title = Organobismuth chemistry |
|
| title = Organobismuth chemistry |
|
|
| url = https://archive.org/details/organobismuthche00suzu_245 |
|
|
| url-access = limited |
|
| author1 = Hitomi Suzuki |
|
| author1 = Hitomi Suzuki |
|
| author2 = Yoshihiro Matano |
|
| author2 = Yoshihiro Matano |
|
| publisher = Elsevier |
|
| publisher = Elsevier |
|
| year = 2001 |
|
| year = 2001 |
|
| isbn = 0444205284 |
|
| isbn = 0-444-20528-4 |
|
|
| pages = –404 |
|
| pages = 403–404 |
|
|
}}</ref> |
|
}}</ref> |
|
|
|
|
==Uses== |
|
|
Bismuth chloride is an excellent ] crystalline source of bismuth. Its aqueous solution conducts ] as does the molten material. It is used to prepare several other bismuth salts, and is a constituent in ]s and ]. |
|
|
|
|
|
==Safety== |
|
|
Bismuth chloride is toxic. It causes irritation to the gastrointestinal and respiratory tract. Contact with skin may cause burns. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
==References== |
|
==References== |
|
{{reflist}} |
|
{{reflist}} |
|
{{Bismuth compounds}} |
|
{{Bismuth compounds}} |
|
|
{{Chlorides}} |
|
|
|
|
|
|
{{Authority control}} |
|
|
|
|
⚫ |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bismuth Chloride}} |
|
] |
|
] |
|
] |
|
] |
|
|
] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
{{inorganic-compound-stub}} |
|
|
|
|
| ⚫ |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bismuth Chloride}} |
|
|
|
|
|
] |
|
|
] |
|
|
] |
|
|
] |
|
|
] |
|
|
] |
|
|
] |
|