| Revision as of 10:53, 12 December 2010 editBeetstra (talk | contribs)Edit filter managers, Administrators172,031 edits Script assisted update of identifiers from ChemSpider, CommonChemistry and FDA for the Chem/Drugbox validation project - Updated: {{cascite}} {{fdacite}} StdInChI StdInChIKey.← Previous edit |
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{{Short description|Common food coloring}} |
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{{Redirect|Blue 1|the airline|Blue1}} |
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{{Redirect|Blue 1|the airline|Blue1}} |
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{{distinguish|Brilliant Blue G}} |
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{{distinguish|Coomassie brilliant blue}} |
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{{chembox |
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{{chembox |
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|Verifiedfields = changed |
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| verifiedrevid = 387905369 |
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|Watchedfields = changed |
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| ImageFile = Brilliant Blue FCF.png |
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|verifiedrevid = 444217443 |
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| IUPACname = Brilliant Blue FCF |
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|ImageFile1 = Brilliant Blue FCF ball-and-stick.png |
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| OtherNames = ] Blue No.1<br/>Acid Blue 9<br/>D&C Blue No. 4<br/>Alzen Food Blue No. 1<br/>Atracid Blue FG<br/>Erioglaucine<br/>Eriosky blue<br/>Patent Blue AR<br/>Xylene Blue VSG |
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|ImageFile2 = File:Acid Blue 9.svg |
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| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers |
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|IUPACName = <nowiki>disodium;2-amino]phenyl]-azaniumylidene]cyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene]methyl]benzenesulfonate</nowiki> |
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| ChemSpiderID = 18556 |
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|OtherNames = {{Unbulleted list |
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| PubChem = 19700 |
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| ] Blue No.1 |
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| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} |
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| Acid blue 9 |
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| UNII = H3R47K3TBD |
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| D&C Blue No. 4 |
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| InChI = 1/C37H36N2O9S3.2Na/c1-3-38(25-27-9-7-11-33(23-27)49(40,41)42)31-19-15-29(16-20-31)37(35-13-5-6-14-36(35)51(46,47)48)30-17-21-32(22-18-30)39(4-2)26-28-10-8-12-34(24-28)50(43,44)45;;/h5-24H,3-4,25-26H2,1-2H3,(H2-,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48);;/q;2*+1/p-2 |
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| Atracid Blue FG |
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| InChIKey = SGHZXLIDFTYFHQ-NUQVWONBAU |
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| Acilan Turquoise Blue AE |
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| StdInChI = 1S/C37H36N2O9S3.2Na/c1-3-38(25-27-9-7-11-33(23-27)49(40,41)42)31-19-15-29(16-20-31)37(35-13-5-6-14-36(35)51(46,47)48)30-17-21-32(22-18-30)39(4-2)26-28-10-8-12-34(24-28)50(43,44)45;;/h5-24H,3-4,25-26H2,1-2H3,(H2-,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48);;/q;2*+1/p-2 |
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| Aizen Brilliant Blue FCF |
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| StdInChIKey = SGHZXLIDFTYFHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L |
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| Alzen Food Blue No. 1 |
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| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} |
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| Erioglaucine |
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| CASNo = 3844-45-9 |
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| Eriosky blue |
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| SMILES = ..S(=O)(=O)c1cccc(c1)CN(c2ccc(cc2)/C(=C\4/C=C\C(=(\CC)Cc3cccc(c3)S()(=O)=O)/C=C/4)c5ccccc5S()(=O)=O)CC |
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| Patent Blue AR |
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}} |
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| Xylene Blue VSG |
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| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties |
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| ] 42090 |
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| Formula = C<sub>37</sub>H<sub>34</sub>N<sub>2</sub>Na<sub>2</sub>O<sub>9</sub>S<sub>3</sub> |
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| CI Food Blue 2 |
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| Basacid Blue 755 |
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| Sulfacid Brilliant Blue 5 J |
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| Neolan Blue E-A |
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| Brilliant Blue FD |
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| Brilliant Blue Lake |
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| Blue #1 Lake |
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| Bucacid Azure Blue |
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}} |
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}} |
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|Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers |
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|ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} |
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|ChemSpiderID = 18556 |
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|PubChem = 19700 |
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|ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|changed|EBI}} |
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|ChEMBL = 423337 |
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|ChEBI = 82411 |
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|EINECS = 223-339-8 |
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|KEGG = C19352 |
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|UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} |
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|UNII = H3R47K3TBD |
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|InChI = 1/C37H36N2O9S3.2Na/c1-3-38(25-27-9-7-11-33(23-27)49(40,41)42)31-19-15-29(16-20-31)37(35-13-5-6-14-36(35)51(46,47)48)30-17-21-32(22-18-30)39(4-2)26-28-10-8-12-34(24-28)50(43,44)45;;/h5-24H,3-4,25-26H2,1-2H3,(H2-,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48);;/q;2*+1/p-2 |
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|InChIKey = SGHZXLIDFTYFHQ-NUQVWONBAU |
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|StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} |
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|StdInChI = 1S/C37H36N2O9S3.2Na/c1-3-38(25-27-9-7-11-33(23-27)49(40,41)42)31-19-15-29(16-20-31)37(35-13-5-6-14-36(35)51(46,47)48)30-17-21-32(22-18-30)39(4-2)26-28-10-8-12-34(24-28)50(43,44)45;;/h5-24H,3-4,25-26H2,1-2H3,(H2-,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48);;/q;2*+1/p-2 |
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|StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} |
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|StdInChIKey = SGHZXLIDFTYFHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L |
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|CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} |
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|CASNo = 3844-45-9 |
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|SMILES = CCN(CC1=CC(=CC=C1)S(=O)(=O))C2=CC=C(C=C2)C(=C3C=CC(=(CC)CC4=CC(=CC=C4)S(=O)(=O))C=C3)C5=CC=CC=C5S(=O)(=O).. |
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|Section2 = {{Chembox Properties |
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'''Brilliant Blue FCF''', also known under commercial names, is a ] for foods and other substances to induce a color change. It is denoted by ] '''E133''' and has a ] of 42090. It has the appearance of a reddish-blue powder. It is soluble in water, and the solution has a maximum absorption at about 628 ]. |
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|Formula = C<sub>37</sub>H<sub>34</sub>N<sub>2</sub>Na<sub>2</sub>O<sub>9</sub>S<sub>3</sub> |
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|MolarMass = 792.85 g/mol |
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|MeltingPt = 283 °C (decomposes) |
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|Solubility = soluble |
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|Solvent1 = water |
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}} |
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|Section3 = {{Chembox Hazards |
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|NFPA-H = 2 |
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|NFPA-F = 1 |
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|NFPA-R = 0 |
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}} |
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'''Brilliant blue FCF''' ('''Blue 1''') is a synthetic ] used primarily as a blue ] for processed foods, medications, dietary supplements, and cosmetics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iacmcolor.org/safety-of-color/safety-synthetic-certified-colors/blue-1/|title=FD&C Blue 1 (Brilliant Blue)|website=International Association of Color Manufacturers|access-date=2019-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506202301/https://www.iacmcolor.org/safety-of-color/safety-synthetic-certified-colors/blue-1/|archive-date=2019-05-06|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is classified as a ] and is known under various names, such as FD&C Blue No. 1 or acid blue 9. It is denoted by ] '''E133''' and has a ] of 42090. It has the appearance of a blue powder and is soluble in water and glycerol,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://culinarylore.com/ingredients:fdc-blue-no-1-brilliant-blue-fcf-food-dye/|title=FD&C Blue No. 1: Brilliant Blue FCF Food Dye|date=2015-08-04|website=culinarylore.com|access-date=2019-06-03}}</ref> with a maximum absorption at about 628 ]. It is one of the oldest FDA-approved color additives and is generally considered nontoxic and safe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/industry/color-additives/color-additives-history|title=Color Additives History|last=Nutrition|first=Center for Food Safety and Applied|date=2019-03-16|website=FDA|access-date=2019-05-06}}</ref> |
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==Chemistry== |
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==Production== |
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It is a ] ] produced using ]s from ].<ref name="isbn0-07-141037-6">{{cite book |author=El Ali, Bassam M.; Bassam El Ali; Ali, Mohammad Farhat |title=Handbook of industrial chemistry: organic chemicals |publisher=McGraw-Hill |location=New York |year=2005 |pages= |isbn=0-07-141037-6 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref> It can be combined with ] (E102) to produce various shades of green. |
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Brilliant blue FCF is a ] ] produced by the ] of 2-formylbenzenesulfonic acid and the appropriate aniline followed by oxidation.<ref name="isbn0-07-141037-6">{{cite book |author1=El Ali, Bassam M. |author2=Bassam El Ali |author3=Ali, Mohammad Farahat |title=Handbook of industrial chemistry: organic chemicals |publisher=McGraw-Hill |location=New York |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-07-141037-3 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780071410373}}</ref> It can be combined with ] (E102) to produce various shades of green. |
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It is usually a disodium salt. The diammonium salt has CAS number {{CASREF|CAS=2650-18-2}}. Calcium and potassium salts are also permitted. It can also appear as an aluminium ]. |
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It is usually a disodium salt. The diammonium salt has CAS number {{CASREF|CAS=2650-18-2}}. Calcium and potassium salts are also permitted. It can also appear as an aluminium ]. The chemical formula is C<sub>37</sub>H<sub>34</sub>N<sub>2</sub>Na<sub>2</sub>O<sub>9</sub>S<sub>3</sub>. |
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Related dyes are C.I. acid green 3 (CAS#4680-78-8) and acid green 9 (CAS#4857-81-2). In these dyes, the 2-sulfonic acid group is replaced by H and Cl, respectively.<ref>{{cite book | first1 = Thomas | last1 = Gessner | first2 = Udo |last2 = Mayer | name-list-style = vanc | chapter = Triarylmethane and Diarylmethane Dyes | title = Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry | date = 2002 | publisher = ] | location =Weinheim | doi = 10.1002/14356007.a27_179 | title-link = Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry | isbn = 3527306730 }}</ref> |
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The chemical formation is C<sub>37</sub>H<sub>34</sub>N<sub>2</sub>Na<sub>2</sub>O<sub>9</sub>S<sub>3</sub>. The dye is poorly absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract and 95% of the ingested dye can be found in the feces. |
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Many attempts have been made to find similarly colored natural dyes that are as stable as brilliant blue FCF. Blue pigments must possess many chemical traits, including pi-bond conjugation, aromatic rings, ]s and heteroatom groups, and ionic charges in order to absorb low energy red light. Most natural blue dyes are either unstable, blue only in alkaline conditions, or toxic; good candidates for further research into use as natural dyes include ] and ] derivatives. No replacement for brilliant blue FCF has been found for use in beverages.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Newsome|first1=Andrew G.|last2=Culver|first2=Catherine A.|last3=van Breemen|first3=Richard B.|date=2014-07-16|title=Nature's Palette: The Search for Natural Blue Colorants|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|volume=62|issue=28|pages=6498–6511|doi=10.1021/jf501419q|pmid=24930897|issn=0021-8561}}</ref>{{disputed|reason=pepsi blue and smarties use phycocyanin from bacteria, perhaps this source is out of date, it's well published that smarties changed their formulae|date=January 2025}} |
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It also reacts with certain bile pigments to form green ]. |
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] candy. The blue color is brilliant blue FCF dye]] |
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==Applications== |
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==Applications== |
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] syrup]] |
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As a blue color, Brilliant Blue FCF is often found in ], ] processed ]s, ] products, sweets<ref>Nestle Aero packet ingredients listing barcode: 7613031579334</ref> and drinks. It is also used in ]s, ]s, ]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.listerine.com/product-acb.jsp |title=LISTERINE Antiseptic Mouthwash, SMART RINSE, WHITENING, ADVANCED, Fluoride Rinse, and Tartar Protection Products |publisher=Listerine.com |date= |accessdate=2009-07-31}}</ref> and other hygiene and cosmetics applications. In soil science, Brilliant Blue is applied in tracing studies to visualize infiltration and water distribution in the soil. |
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Like many other color additives, the primary use of Blue No. 1 is to correct or enhance natural coloring or to give colorless compounds a vivid hue.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nutrition|first=Center for Food Safety and Applied|date=2019-04-14|title=Overview of Food Ingredients, Additives & Colors|url=https://www.fda.gov/food/food-ingredients-packaging/overview-food-ingredients-additives-colors|journal=FDA|language=en}}</ref> |
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In the United States, of the two approved blue dyes (the other being ], or FD&C Blue #2), brilliant blue FCF is the more common of the two. As a blue color, brilliant blue FCF is often found in ], ], ] processed ]s, packet soups, bottled ]s, icings, ice pops, ] flavored products, children's medications, ] products, sweets<ref>Nestle Aero packet ingredients listing barcode: 7613031579334</ref> ]s, and drinks, especially the liqueur ]. It is also used in ]s, ]s, ]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.listerine.com/product-acb.jsp |title=LISTERINE Antiseptic Mouthwash, Smart Rinse, Whitening, Advanced, Fluoride Rinse, and Tartar Protection Products |publisher=Listerine.com |access-date=2009-07-31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110102003953/http://www.listerine.com/product-acb.jsp |archive-date=2011-01-02 }}</ref> and other hygiene and cosmetics applications. |
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Brilliant blue FCF is extensively used as a water tracer agent.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Flury M, Flühler H|date=1994|title=Brilliant Blue FCF as a Dye Tracer for Solute Transport Studies—A Toxicological Overview|journal=Journal of Environmental Quality|volume=23|issue=5|pages=1108–1112|doi=10.2134/jeq1994.00472425002300050037x|pmid=34872226 |bibcode=1994JEnvQ..23.1108F }}</ref> Due to its ability to retain color for long periods of time, brilliant blue FCF outperforms other dye tracers. Additionally, brilliant blue FCF has a low toxicity level that is favorable for the environment. However, brilliant blue FCF has different impacts on varying soils. Brilliant blue FCF is attracted to and ] in acidic soils due to its large size and ionic charge. Soil composition and ] also affect the level of sorption of brilliant blue FCF.<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Allaire SE, Roulier S, Cessna AJ |date=2009-11-15 |title=Quantifying preferential flow in soils: A review of different techniques |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=378 |issue=1 |pages=179–204 |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.08.013 |bibcode=2009JHyd..378..179A }}</ref> |
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Brilliant blue FCF dye within beverages items—such as soda—can be used in the ]. In such foods, both the dye and ]s are incorporated in the same solution. When the solution is blue, oxygen is present. On the addition of NaOH, a reaction occurs that removes the oxygen, turning the solution clear. The dye turns back to blue once it is reoxidized by swirling the solution, incorporating oxygen from the air as an ].<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Staiger FA, Peterson JP, Campbell DJ |date=2015-10-13|title=Variations on the "Blue-Bottle" Demonstration Using Food Items That Contain FD&C Blue #1|journal=Journal of Chemical Education |volume=92 |issue=10 |pages=1684–1686 |doi=10.1021/acs.jchemed.5b00190 |bibcode=2015JChEd..92.1684S}}</ref> |
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==Health and safety== |
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==Health and safety== |
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] chocolates were colored with brilliant blue FCF (top) until 2008, later being replaced with a natural ] coloring (bottom).]] |
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Brilliant Blue FCF has previously been banned in ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ] among others but has been certified as a safe food additive in the EU and is today legal in most of the countries.{{Citation needed|date=July 2008}} It has the capacity for inducing an ] reaction in individuals with pre-existing moderate asthma.<ref>J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.; VOL 64 ISS Jul 1979, P32-37, (REF 25)</ref>{{Citation needed|date=February 2009}} In the ] production exceeds 1 million ] annually, and daily consumption is around 16 mg per person.{{Citation needed|date=July 2008}} |
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When applied to the tongue or to shaven skin, brilliant blue FCF can be absorbed directly into the bloodstream.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lucová M, Hojerová J, Pažoureková S, Klimová Z | title = Absorption of triphenylmethane dyes Brilliant Blue and Patent Blue through intact skin, shaven skin and lingual mucosa from daily life products | journal = Food and Chemical Toxicology | volume = 52 | pages = 19–27 | date = February 2013 | pmid = 23127598 | doi = 10.1016/j.fct.2012.10.027 | quote = porcine tongue dorsum was exposed to human saliva with 15,000 ng/cm2 of dye for 20 min. 24-h diffusion resulted in 34 ng/cm2 of BB and 86 ng/cm2 of PB which can be directly absorbed into the blood system. }}</ref> However, it is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, and 95% of the ingested dye can be found in the feces.{{Cn|date=August 2023}} |
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Due to its nontoxic properties, brilliant blue FCF has been used as a biological stain. When dissolved in an acidic medium, this dye has been used to stain cell walls, bacteria, and fungal cells. The dye does not inhibit the growth of any of these species.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chau HW, Goh YK, Si BC, Vujanovic V | title = An innovative brilliant blue FCF method for fluorescent staining of fungi and bacteria | journal = Biotechnic & Histochemistry | volume = 86 | issue = 4 | pages = 280–7 | date = August 2011 | pmid = 20560873 | doi = 10.3109/10520295.2010.492733 | s2cid = 37175297 }}</ref> |
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It is one of the colorants that the ] Children's Support Group and the ] Association recommends to be eliminated from the diet of children. After extensive testing, the National Institutes of Health concluded that color additives do not cause hyperactivity.<ref>{{cite book | title = FDA/IFIC Brochure, Food Color Facts | publisher = ] | date = January 1993 | url = http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~lrd/colorfac.html | issue = HFI 140}}</ref> |
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For similar reasons, brilliant blue FCF is also being utilized in ] medical devices, most notably the Hemopatch—designed to be placed on bleeding tissues and coagulate the blood. A low concentration of brilliant blue FCF is placed on the backside of the Hemopatch at 1 cm increments, allowing surgeons to cut precisely and indicate the side of the Hemopatch that is an active hemostatic agent for correct placement.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lewis KM, Kuntze CE, Gulle H | title = Control of bleeding in surgical procedures: critical appraisal of HEMOPATCH (Sealing Hemostat) | language = en | journal =Medical Devices: Evidence and Research| volume = 9 | pages = 1–10 | date = 2015-12-22 | pmid = 26730213 | pmc = 4694675 | doi = 10.2147/mder.s90591 | doi-access = free }}</ref> |
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Brilliant blue FCF is an approved food colorant and pharmacologically inactive substance for drug formulations in the EU and the United States. It is also legal in other countries. In a 1979 clinical trial of patients with perennial asthma, brilliant blue FCF, tested alongside two other non-] dyes (] & ]), was found to have no effect on pulmonary function in 42 of 43 participants.<ref name="pmid447949">{{cite journal |vauthors=Weber RW, Hoffman M, Raine DA, Nelson HS |date=July 1979 |title=Incidence of bronchoconstriction due to aspirin, azo dyes, non-azo dyes, and preservatives in a population of perennial asthmatics |url=https://www.jacionline.org/article/0091-6749(79)90080-0/pdf |journal=The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=32–7 |doi=10.1016/0091-6749(79)90080-0 |pmid=447949 |doi-access=free}}</ref> This indicates that brilliant blue FCF is highly unlikely to cause ] reactions in individuals with pre-existing moderate asthma. But, a case study of a 55-year-old man in 1996 reporting occupational asthma when exposed to ] (a derivative of ]) at work found reduced pulmonary function could be recapitulated under laboratory conditions upon exposure;<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=Maureen E. |last2=Lummus |first2=Zana L. |last3=Bernstein |first3=David I. |date=1996-01-01 |title=Occupational Asthma Caused by FD&C Blue Dye No. 2 |url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/10.2500/108854196778662309 |journal=Allergy and Asthma Proceedings |language=en |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=31–34 |doi=10.2500/108854196778662309 |pmid=8814938 |issn=1088-5412}}</ref> suggesting that there may be some people sensitive to non-] dyes or just ] particularly. In 2003, the U.S. FDA issued a public health advisory to warn health care providers of the potential toxicity of this synthetic dye in enteral feeding solutions.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.drugs.com/inactive/fd-c-blue-no-1-244.html | title = FD&C Blue No. 1. | access-date = 16 November 2013 | work = Drugs.com }}</ref> |
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The following legal limits apply in the EU (E 133) and other countries: 150–300 mg/kg <!-- these are probably old valies ; since 2010 it is: 6 mg/kg bw/day according to https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/1853 --> depending on the type of food. Safety limit for foods and drugs: 0.1 mg/day per kg body weight.<ref name = "ZO.de">{{cite web | work = zusatzstoffe-online.de | url = http://www.zusatzstoffe-online.de/zusatzstoffe/20.e133_brillantblau_fcf.html | title = E133 | access-date = 2013-11-16 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130527062847/http://www.zusatzstoffe-online.de/zusatzstoffe/20.e133_brillantblau_fcf.html | archive-date = 2013-05-27 | url-status = dead }}</ref> |
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The ] for brilliant blue FCF is 6 mg/kg. |
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==Biomedical research== |
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==Biomedical research== |
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Brilliant blue FCF and similar dyes such as brilliant blue G are inhibitors to ]s—receptors that are responsible for inflammatory responses and other cell process.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ferreira LG, Faria RX, Ferreira NC, Soares-Bezerra RJ | title = Brilliant Blue Dyes in Daily Food: How Could Purinergic System Be Affected? | journal = International Journal of Food Science | volume = 2016 | pages = 7548498 | date = 2016 | pmid = 27833914 | pmc = 5090090 | doi = 10.1155/2016/7548498 | doi-access = free}}</ref> |
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Scientists who were investigating the use of compounds to lessen the severity of inflammation following ] injury had previously tested a compound called OxATP to block a key ] receptor in spinal ]. However, OxATP has toxic side effects and must be injected directly into the spinal cord; in searching for alternatives they noted that Brilliant Blue FCF has a similar structure. This led them to test a related dye, Brilliant Blue G, also known as ] in rats, which improved recovery from spinal cord injury (note that the ] article is inaccurate since it states that FD&C Blue No. 1 (Brilliant Blue FCF) was the dye that was actually tested in rats, rather than Brilliant Blue G.) <ref> {{Cite journal |
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| last = Peng |
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| first = Weiguo |
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| authorlink = |
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| coauthors = Maria L. Cotrinaa, Xiaoning Hana, Hongmei Yua, Lane Bekara, Livnat Bluma, Takahiro Takanoa, Guo-Feng Tiana, Steven A. Goldmanb, and Maiken Nedergaard |
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| title = Systemic administration of an antagonist of the ATP-sensitive receptor P2X7 improves recovery after spinal cord injury |
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| journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
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| volume = 106 |
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| issue = 30 |
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| pages = 12489–12493 |
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| publisher = |
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| date = July 28, 2009 |
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| url = http://www.pnas.org/content/106/30/12489.full |
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| doi = 10.1073/pnas.0902531106 |
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| accessdate = 01 April 2010 |
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| pmid = 19666625 |
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| pmc = 2718350}} </ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=Blue Food Dye Treats Spine Injury in Rats|first=Hadley|last=Leggett |date=July 27, 2009|magazine=]|url=http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2009/07/bluerats/#ixzz0dsRvphtq|url=http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2009/07/bluerats/|accessdate=January 28, 2010}}</ref> |
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Scientists who were conducting ] studies of compounds to lessen the severity of inflammation following experimental ] injury had previously tested a compound called OxATP to block a key ] receptor in spinal ]s. However, OxATP has toxic side effects and must be injected directly into the spinal cord; in searching for alternatives they noted that brilliant blue FCF has a similar structure. This led them to test a related dye, brilliant blue G (also known as ]) in rats, which improved recovery from spinal cord injury while temporarily turning them blue.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Peng W, Cotrina ML, Han X, Yu H, Bekar L, Blum L, Takano T, Tian GF, Goldman SA, Nedergaard M | title = Systemic administration of an antagonist of the ATP-sensitive receptor P2X7 improves recovery after spinal cord injury | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 106 | issue = 30 | pages = 12489–93 | date = July 2009 | pmid = 19666625 | pmc = 2718350 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0902531106 | doi-access = free}}</ref> |
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==References== |
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When human washed platelets are evaluated using ] it was found that brilliant blue FCF affects ] by blocking the ] channels. These inhibitory effects on collagen-induced shape change and maximal aggregation were shown by high (1 mM) concentrations of the dye but not by lower concentrations (100 μM). The 1 mM effective concentration is 1.59 times greater than the approximately 0.63 mM maximal allowable brilliant blue FCF concentration according to the European Food Safety Authority.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Molica F, Nolli S, Fontana P, Kwak BR | title = Turbidimetry on Human Washed Platelets: The Effect of the Pannexin1-inhibitor Brilliant Blue FCF on Collagen-induced Aggregation | journal = Journal of Visualized Experiments | issue = 122 | date = April 2017 | pmid = 28448011 | pmc = 5564473 | doi = 10.3791/55525}}</ref> |
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Scientists are performing studies to better understand the effects of brilliant blue FCF during ] ] explantation. Brilliant blue FCF hinders the ]s, limiting cell proliferation that may lead to ]. The effects of brilliant blue FCF were tested on rat aortic cells. It was found that brilliant blue FCF had a positive impact in limiting the development of intimal hyperplasia following a vein graft procedure.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Osgood MJ, Sexton K, Voskresensky I, Hocking K, Song J, Komalavilas P, Brophy C, Cheung-Flynn J | title = Use of Brilliant Blue FCF during vein graft preparation inhibits intimal hyperplasia | journal = Journal of Vascular Surgery | volume = 64 | issue = 2 | pages = 471–478 | date = August 2016 | pmid = 27763268 | doi = 10.1016/j.jvs.2015.02.028 | pmc = 5480606}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Voskresensky|first1=Igor V.|last2=Wise|first2=Eric S.|last3=Hocking|first3=Kyle M.|last4=Li|first4=Fan Dong|last5=Osgood|first5=Michael J.|last6=Komalavilas|first6=Padmini|last7=Brophy|first7=Colleen|last8=Cheung-Flynn|first8=Joyce|date=2014-11-01|title=Brilliant Blue FCF as an Alternative Dye for Saphenous Vein Graft Marking: Effect on Conduit Function|journal=JAMA Surgery|volume=149|issue=11|pages=1176–81|doi=10.1001/jamasurg.2014.2029|issn=2168-6254|pmc=4237645|pmid=25251505}}</ref> |
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== References == |
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{{reflist}} |
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{{reflist}} |
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*{{cite journal| title = Chronic toxicity of two food colors, Brilliant Blue FCF and Indigotine | author = W. H. Hansen | coauthors = O. G. Fitzhugh, A. A. Nelson, K. J. Davis | journal = ] | year = 1966 | volume = 8 | issue = 1 | pages = 29–36| doi = 10.1016/0041-008X(66)90097-4}} |
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*{{cite journal | title = Lifetime toxicity/carcinogenicity studies of FD & C blue No. 1 (Brilliant blue FCF) in rats and mice | author = J. F. Borzelleca | coauthors = K. Depukat, J. B. Hallagan | journal = ] | year = 1990 | volume = 28| issue = 4 | pages = 221–235| doi = 10.1016/0278-6915(90)90034-K}} |
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*{{cite journal | title = Synthesis of <sup>14</sup>C-labelled FD & C blue no. 1 (brilliant blue FCF) and its intestinal absorption and metabolic fate in rats | author = J. P. Brown | coauthors = A. Dorsky, F. E. Enderlin, R. L. Hale, V. A. Wright, T. M. Parkinson | journal = ] | year = 1980 | volume = 18 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–5 | doi = 10.1016/0015-6264(80)90002-4}} |
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== Further reading == |
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==External links== |
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{{refbegin}} |
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* {{cite journal | vauthors = Hansen WH, Fitzhugh OG, Nelson AA, Davis KJ | title = Chronic toxicity of two food colors, brilliant blue FCF and indigotine | journal = Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology | volume = 8 | issue = 1 | pages = 29–36 | date = January 1966 | pmid = 5950860 | doi = 10.1016/0041-008X(66)90097-4 | bibcode = 1966ToxAP...8...29H }} |
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* {{cite journal | vauthors = Borzelleca JF, Depukat K, Hallagan JB | title = Lifetime toxicity/carcinogenicity studies of FD & C Blue No. 1 (brilliant blue FCF) in rats and mice | journal = Food and Chemical Toxicology | volume = 28 | issue = 4 | pages = 221–34 | date = April 1990 | pmid = 2358248 | doi = 10.1016/0278-6915(90)90034-K }} |
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* {{cite journal | vauthors = Brown JP, Dorsky A, Enderlin FE, Hale RL, Wright VA, Parkinson TM | title = Synthesis of 14C-labelled FD & C Blue No. 1 (Brilliant Blue FCF) and its intestinal absorption and metabolic fate in rats | journal = Food and Cosmetics Toxicology | volume = 18 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–5 | date = February 1980 | pmid = 7372204 | doi = 10.1016/0015-6264(80)90002-4 }} |
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{{refend}} |
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