| Revision as of 05:34, 9 August 2011 editCheMoBot (talk | contribs)Bots141,565 edits Updating {{chembox}} (no changed fields - added verified revid - updated 'DrugBank_Ref', 'ChEMBL_Ref', 'ChEBI_Ref', 'ChEBI_Ref') per Chem/Drugbox validation (report [[Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_C← Previous edit |
Latest revision as of 02:21, 18 November 2024 edit undoRustyOldShip (talk | contribs)495 edits 1974 USA usage |
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{{Chembox |
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| Verifiedfields = changed |
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| verifiedrevid = 443428399 |
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|ImageFile=Bromacil skeletal.svg |
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| verifiedrevid = 443816837 |
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|IUPACName=5-bromo-3-(butan-2-yl)-6-methylpyrimidine-2,4(1''H'',3''H'')-dione |
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| ImageFile=Bromacil skeletal.svg |
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|OtherNames=Bromazil |
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| IUPACName=5-bromo-3-(butan-2-yl)-6-methylpyrimidine-2,4(1''H'',3''H'')-dione or 5-bromo-3-sec-butyl-6-methyluracil |
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|Section1= {{Chembox Identifiers |
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| OtherNames=Bromazil, Borea, Bromax 4G, Cynogan, Uragan, 5-Bromo-6-methyl-3-(1-methylpropyl)uracil |
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| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}} |
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|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers |
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| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}} |
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| KEGG = C10911 |
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| KEGG = C10911 |
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| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|changed|EBI}} |
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| ChEBI = 3177 |
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| InChI = 1/C9H13BrN2O2/c1-4-5(2)12-8(13)7(10)6(3)11-9(12)14/h5H,4H2,1-3H3,(H,11,14) |
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| InChI = 1/C9H13BrN2O2/c1-4-5(2)12-8(13)7(10)6(3)11-9(12)14/h5H,4H2,1-3H3,(H,11,14) |
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| InChIKey = CTSLUCNDVMMDHG-UHFFFAOYAA |
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| InChIKey = CTSLUCNDVMMDHG-UHFFFAOYAA |
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| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} |
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| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} |
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| CASNo=314-40-9 |
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| CASNo=314-40-9 |
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| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} |
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| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} |
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| ChemSpiderID = 9040 |
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| ChemSpiderID = 9040 |
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| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} |
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| PubChem = 9411 |
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| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} |
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| UNII = I048FFR2J0 |
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| UNII = I048FFR2J0 |
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| EC_number = 206-245-1 |
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| RTECS = YQ9100000 |
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| SMILES=O=C1C(\Br)=C(/NC(=O)N1C(CC)C)C |
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| SMILES=O=C1C(\Br)=C(/NC(=O)N1C(CC)C)C |
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|Section2= {{Chembox Properties |
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|Section2={{Chembox Properties |
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| Formula=C<sub>9</sub>H<sub>13</sub>BrN<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> |
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| Formula=C<sub>9</sub>H<sub>13</sub>BrN<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> |
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| MolarMass =261.1157 |
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| MolarMass =261.1157 |
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| Appearance=Odorless, colorless to white, crystalline solid |
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| Appearance=Odorless, colorless to white, crystalline solid |
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| Density= 1.46 g/cm<sup>3</sup> |
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| Density= 1.46 g/cm<sup>3</sup> |
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| MeltingPtC = 157.5 to 160 |
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| MeltingPt_notes = sublimes<ref name=PGCH/> |
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| BoilingPt = none - sublimes<ref name=PGCH/> |
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| Solubility = 0.08% (25°C)<ref name=PGCH/> |
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|Section3= {{Chembox Hazards |
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| FlashPt= |
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| PEL = none<ref name=PGCH>{{PGCH|0063}}</ref> |
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| REL = TWA 1 ppm (10 mg/m<sup>3</sup>)<ref name=PGCH/> |
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| IDLH = N.D.<ref name=PGCH/> |
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| GHSPictograms = {{GHS07}}{{GHS09}} |
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| GHSSignalWord = Warning |
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| HPhrases = {{H-phrases|302|315|319|335|410}} |
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| PPhrases = {{P-phrases|261|264|270|271|273|280|301+312|302+352|304+340|305+351+338|312|321|330|332+313|337+313|362|391|403+233|405|501}} |
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'''Bromacil''' is an organic ] with the ] C<sub>9</sub>H<sub>13</sub>BrN<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, commercially available as a ]. Bromacil was first registered as a ] in the U.S. in 1961,<ref name="EPA">United States Environmental Protection Agency. "Bromacil". 1996, p.1-11. Accessed October 9, 2012</ref> and by 1974 {{convert|1017000|lbs|kg}} was used annually in the US, largely by government and industry.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pesticide Usage Survey of Agricultural, Governmental, and Industrial Sectors in the United States, 1974 |url=https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=91012P4O.txt |website=epa.gov |publisher=EPA |date=1977}}</ref> It is used for brush control on non-cropland areas.<ref name="Cornell">Cornell University. “Bromacil”. 1993, p. 1. Accessed October 9, 2012</ref> It works by interfering with ] by entering the plant through the root zone and moving throughout the plant.<ref name="Power">USDOE-Bonneville Power Administration. 2000, p.1-9. Accessed October 9, 2012</ref> Bromacil is one of a group of compounds called substituted uracils. These materials are broad spectrum herbicides used for nonselective weed and brush control on non-croplands, as well as for selective weed control on a limited number of crops, such as ] and ].<ref name="Cornell" /> Bromacil is also found to be excellent at controlling perennial grasses. |
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'''Bromacil''' is an organic ] with the ] C<sub>9</sub>H<sub>13</sub>BrN<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, commercially available as an ]. |
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It is also used as rat poison (Bromokill) |
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==Safety== |
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There are quite a few safety precautions that should be taken when dealing with Bromacil. Dry formulations containing bromacil must bear the word "Caution" and liquid formulas must signal "Warning."<ref name="Cornell" /> Care should be exercised when spraying Bromacil on plants because it will also stop the photosynthesis of the adjacent non-target plants, therefore killing them. Bromacil should never be used in residential or recreation areas for risk of ]. Bromacil is slightly ] if individuals accidentally eat or touch ]s and practically nontoxic if ]. Bromacil is a mild eye irritant and a very slight skin irritant. It is not a skin ].<ref name="Wash">Washington State Department of Transportation. “Bromacil”. 2006, p.1-4. Accessed October 9, 2012</ref> In studies using laboratory animals, bromacil is slightly toxic by the ], ], and inhalation routes and has been placed in Toxicity Category IV (the lowest of four categories) for these effects.<ref name="EPA" /> This herbicide should be stored in a cool, dry place and after any handling a thorough hand-washing is advised. |
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In regards to occupational exposure, the ] has recommended workers handing bromacil not exceed an exposure of 1 ppm (10 mg/m<sup>3</sup>) over an eight-hour time-weighted average.<ref name=pocket>{{cite web |
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| last = ] |
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| first = |
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| title = Bromacil |
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| work = NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards |
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| publisher = |
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| date = 4 April 2011 |
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| url = https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0063.html |
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| doi = |
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| accessdate = 13 November 2013}}</ref> |
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==Facts== |
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Bromacil (40%) is combined with the active ingredient ] in the herbicide Krovar, which is used by companies such as the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT). It is in a group of chemicals that are absorbed through the gut and ] primarily in the ]. The ] of bromacil in soils is about 60 days, but as long as 8 months in some conditions.<ref name="Wash" /> Bromacil is available in granular, liquid, water-soluble liquid, and wettable powder formulations.<ref name="Cornell" /> Because bromacil is a possible human ] and systemic toxicity may result from intermediate exposure (one week to several months), ] (EPA) assessed risk to workers using several major exposure scenarios. Bromacil is stable to ] under normal environmental conditions.<ref name="EPA" /> |
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==Applications== |
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Bromacil is applied mainly by sprayers including boom, hand-held, ], compressed air, tank-type, and power sprayers. Bromacil is also applied using ], shaker, or sprinkler cans. Solid forms of bromacil are spread using granule applicators and spreaders. In the United States, application using aircraft is allowed only for Special Local Need registrations to control vegetation on the Department of Defense's Yakima Firing Center in the state of ].<ref name="EPA" /> |
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==References== |
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