| Revision as of 13:37, 15 February 2012 editBeetstra (talk | contribs)Edit filter managers, Administrators172,031 edits Saving copy of the {{chembox}} taken from revid 475880132 of page Calcium_silicate for the Chem/Drugbox validation project (updated: 'ChemSpiderID', 'KEGG', 'StdInChI', 'StdInChIKey'). |
Latest revision as of 12:01, 31 July 2024 edit C.Fred (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Administrators277,795 editsm Reverted edit by 75.112.191.21 (talk) to last version by SmokefootTag: Rollback |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
|
|
{{Short description|Chemical compound naturally occurring as the mineral larnite}} |
|
{{ambox | text = This page contains a copy of the infobox ({{tl|chembox}}) taken from revid of page ] with values updated to verified values.}} |
|
|
|
{{for|the metasilicate|Calcium metasilicate}} |
|
{{Chembox |
|
{{Chembox |
|
|
|ImageFile = Ca2SiO4simple.svg |
|
|
| ImageSize = |
|
|
| ImageAlt = |
|
|
| IUPACName = |
|
| Verifiedfields = changed |
|
| Verifiedfields = changed |
|
|
| Watchedfields = changed |
|
| verifiedrevid = 460014818 |
|
|
|
| verifiedrevid = 477002240 |
|
| PIN = Calcium silicate |
|
| PIN = Calcium silicate |
|
| SystematicName = Dicalcium silicate |
|
| SystematicName = Dicalcium silicate |
|
| OtherNames = Belite<br /> |
|
| OtherNames = {{unbulleted list |
|
|
| Belite |
|
Calcium orthosilicate<br /> |
|
|
|
| Calcium monosilicate |
|
Grammite<br /> |
|
|
|
| Calcium hydrosilicate |
|
Micro-cell<br /> |
|
|
|
| Calcium metasilicate |
|
Silene<br /> |
|
|
|
| Calcium orthosilicate |
|
Silicic acid calcium salt |
|
|
|
| Micro-cell |
|
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers |
|
|
|
| Silene |
|
| CASNo = 1344-95-2 |
|
|
|
| Silicic acid calcium salt |
|
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} |
|
|
| CASNo1 = 111811-33-7 |
|
|
| CASNo1_Comment = hydrate |
|
|
| CASNo1_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}} |
|
|
| CASNo2 = 12168-85-3 |
|
|
| CASNo2_Comment = calcium oxide |
|
|
| CASNo2_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} |
|
|
| PubChem = 14941 |
|
|
| PubChem_Ref = {{Pubchemcite|correct|PubChem}} |
|
|
| PubChem1 = 44154858 |
|
|
| PubChem1_Comment = hydrate |
|
|
| PubChem1_Ref = {{Pubchemcite|correct|PubChem}} |
|
|
| PubChem2 = 25523 |
|
|
| PubChem2_Comment = calcium oxide |
|
|
| PubChem2_Ref = {{Pubchemcite|correct|PubChem}} |
|
|
| ChemSpiderID = 24568 |
|
|
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|changed|chemspider}} |
|
|
| ChemSpiderID1 = 23811 |
|
|
| ChemSpiderID1_Comment = calcium oxide |
|
|
| ChemSpiderID1_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} |
|
|
| UNII = S4255P4G5M |
|
|
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} |
|
|
| EINECS = 235-336-9 |
|
|
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|changed|kegg}} |
|
|
| KEGG = <!-- blanked - oldvalue: D03309 --> |
|
|
| MeSHName = Calcium+silicate |
|
|
| ATCCode_prefix = A02 |
|
|
| ATCCode_suffix = AC02 |
|
|
| SMILES = ..()() |
|
|
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}} |
|
|
| StdInChI = 1S/Ca.O3Si/c;1-4(2)3/q+2;-2 |
|
|
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}} |
|
|
| StdInChIKey = OYACROKNLOSFPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
|
|
}} |
|
}} |
|
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties |
|
|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers |
|
| Ca = 2 |
|
| CASNo = 1344-95-2 |
|
|
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} |
|
| O = 4 |
|
|
| Si = 1 |
|
| CASNo1 = 111811-33-7 |
|
|
| CASNo1_Comment = hydrate |
|
| ExactMass = 171.881767331 g mol<sup>-1</sup> |
|
|
|
| CASNo1_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}} |
|
| Appearance = White crystals |
|
|
|
| CASNo2 = 12168-85-3 |
|
| MeltingPtC = 1540}} |
|
|
|
| CASNo2_Comment = calcium oxide |
|
| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure |
|
|
|
| CASNo2_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} |
|
| CrystalStruct = |
|
|
|
| PubChem = 14941 |
|
|
| PubChem1 = 44154858 |
|
|
| PubChem1_Comment = hydrate |
|
|
| PubChem2 = 25523 |
|
|
| PubChem2_Comment = calcium oxide |
|
|
| ChemSpiderID = 14235 |
|
|
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|changed|chemspider}} |
|
|
| ChemSpiderID1 = 23811 |
|
|
| ChemSpiderID1_Comment = calcium oxide |
|
|
| ChemSpiderID1_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} |
|
|
| ChEBI = 190294 |
|
|
| UNII = S4255P4G5M |
|
|
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} |
|
|
| UNII1_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} |
|
|
| UNII1 = 404G39282C |
|
|
| UNII1_Comment = calcium oxide |
|
|
| EINECS = 235-336-9 |
|
|
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|changed|kegg}} |
|
|
| KEGG = D03309 |
|
|
| MeSHName = Calcium+silicate |
|
|
| SMILES = ..()() |
|
|
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}} |
|
|
| StdInChI = 1S/2Ca.O4Si/c;;1-5(2,3)4/q2*+2;-4 |
|
|
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}} |
|
|
| StdInChIKey = JHLNERQLKQQLRZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N}} |
|
|
|Section2={{Chembox Properties |
|
|
| Ca=2 | Si=1 | O=4 |
|
|
| Appearance = White crystals |
|
|
| MeltingPtC = 2130<ref>R. B. Heimann, ''Classic and Advanced Ceramics: From Fundamentals to Applications'', Wiley, 2010 {{ISBN|352763018X}}</ref> |
|
|
| Solubility = 0.01% (20 °C)<ref name=PGCH/> |
|
|
| Density = 2.9 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (solid)<ref name=PGCH/> |
|
|
}} |
|
|
|Section3={{Chembox Structure |
|
|
| CrystalStruct = |
|
}} |
|
}} |
|
| Section4 = {{Chembox Thermochemistry |
|
|Section5={{Chembox Thermochemistry |
|
| DeltaHf = −1630 kJ·mol<sup>−1</sup><ref name=b1>{{cite book| author = Zumdahl, Steven S.|title =Chemical Principles 6th Ed.| publisher = Houghton Mifflin Company| year = 2009| isbn = 061894690X|page=A21}}</ref> |
|
| DeltaHf = −1630 kJ/mol<ref name=b1>{{cite book| author = Zumdahl, Steven S.|title =Chemical Principles 6th Ed.| publisher = Houghton Mifflin Company| year = 2009| isbn = 978-0-618-94690-7|page=A21}}</ref> |
|
| Entropy = 84 J·mol<sup>−1</sup>·K<sup>−1</sup><ref name=b1></ref> |
|
| Entropy = 84 J/(mol·K)<ref name=b1 /> |
|
}} |
|
}} |
|
| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards |
|
|Section6={{Chembox Pharmacology |
|
|
| ATCCode_prefix = A02 |
|
| ExternalMSDS = <ref>http://www.bnzmaterials.com/msds/msds218.html</ref> |
|
|
|
| ATCCode_suffix = AC02 |
|
| MainHazards = Irritant |
|
|
|
}} |
|
| FlashPt = Not applicable |
|
|
|
|Section7={{Chembox Hazards |
|
| RPhrases = |
|
|
|
| ExternalSDS = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bnzmaterials.com/msds/msds218.html |title=SDS Sheet Library |publisher=BNZ Materials |access-date=2017-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304071621/http://www.bnzmaterials.com/msds/msds218.html |archive-date=2012-03-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
|
| SPhrases = |
|
|
| NFPA-H = 2 |
|
| MainHazards = Irritant |
|
|
| FlashPt = Not applicable |
|
| NFPA-F = 0 |
|
|
| NFPA-R = 0 |
|
| NFPA-H = 2 |
|
|
| NFPA-F = 0 |
|
|
| NFPA-R = 0 |
|
|
| PEL = TWA 15 mg/m<sup>3</sup> (total) TWA 5 mg/m<sup>3</sup> (resp)<ref name=PGCH>{{PGCH|0094}}</ref> |
|
|
| IDLH = N.D.<ref name=PGCH/> |
|
|
| REL = TWA 10 mg/m<sup>3</sup> (total) TWA 5 mg/m<sup>3</sup> (resp)<ref name=PGCH/> |
|
}} |
|
}} |
|
| Section8 = {{Chembox Related |
|
|Section8={{Chembox Related |
|
| OtherAnions = |
|
| OtherAnions = |
|
}} |
|
}} |
|
}} |
|
}} |
|
|
|
|
|
'''Calcium silicate''' can refer to several silicates of calcium including: |
|
|
*2CaO·SiO<sub>2</sub>, ] (Ca<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>4</sub>) |
|
|
*3CaO·SiO<sub>2</sub>, ] or (Ca<sub>3</sub>SiO<sub>5</sub>) |
|
|
*3CaO·2SiO<sub>2</sub>, (Ca<sub>3</sub>Si<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>) |
|
|
*CaO·SiO<sub>2</sub>, ] (CaSiO<sub>3</sub>). |
|
|
This article focuses on Ca<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>4</sub>, also known as calcium ]. It is also referred to by the shortened trade name Cal-Sil or Calsil. All calcium silicates are white free-flowing powders. They are components of important structural materials because they are strong, cheap, and nontoxic. |
|
|
|
|
|
==Production and occurrence== |
|
|
Calcium silicates are produced by treating ] and ] in various ratios. Their formation is relevant to ].<ref>H. F. W. Taylor, ''Cement Chemistry'', Academic Press, 1990, {{ISBN|0-12-683900-X}}, p. 33–34.</ref> |
|
|
|
|
|
Calcium silicate is a byproduct of the ], a major route to ] metal. The process converts a mixture of magnesium and calcium oxides as represented by the following simplified equation:<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1002/14356007.a15_559 |chapter=Magnesium |title=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry |date=2003 |last1=Amundsen |first1=Ketil |last2=Aune |first2=Terje Kr. |last3=Bakke |first3=Per |last4=Eklund |first4=Hans R. |last5=Haagensen |first5=Johanna Ö. |last6=Nicolas |first6=Carlos |last7=Rosenkilde |first7=Christian |last8=Van Den Bremt |first8=Sia |last9=Wallevik |first9=Oddmund |isbn=978-3-527-30385-4 }}</ref> |
|
|
:{{chem2|MgO*CaO +Si -> 2 Mg + Ca2SiO4}} |
|
|
The calcium oxide combines with silicon as the oxygen scavenger, yielding the very stable calcium silicate and releasing volatile (at high temperatures) magnesium metal. |
|
|
|
|
|
Via the ], carbonate rocks convert into silicate rocks by ] and ] and ] rocks convert to ]s by ] and ].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Berner|first1=Robert |last2=Lasaga|first2=Antonio |last3=Garrels|first3=Robert |date=1983 |title=The carbonate-silicate geochemical cycle and its effect on atmospheric carbon dioxide over the past 100 million years |journal=American Journal of Science|volume=283|issue=7|pages=641–683 |bibcode=1983AmJS..283..641B |doi=10.2475/ajs.283.7.641|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=Walker1981>{{Cite journal|last1=Walker|first1=James C. G.|last2=Hays|first2=P. B.|last3=Kasting|first3=J. F. |date=1981 |title=A negative feedback mechanism for the long-term stabilization of Earth's surface temperature|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans|language=en|volume=86|issue=C10|pages=9776–9782 |bibcode=1981JGR....86.9776W |doi=10.1029/JC086iC10p09776 |issn=2156-2202}}</ref> |
|
|
|
|
|
The production of ] from anhydrous calcium sulfate produces calcium silicates.<ref></ref> Upon being mixed with ] or ], and roasted at 1400 °C, the sulfate liberates ] gas, a precursor to ]. The resulting calcium silicate is used in ] ] production.<ref name="anhydrite process"></ref> |
|
|
:{{chem2|2 CaSO4 + 2 SiO2 + C → 2 CaSiO3 + 2 SO2 + CO2}} |
|
|
|
|
|
==Structure== |
|
|
] of {{chem2|Ca2SiO4}}. Color code: red (O), blue (Ca), gold (Si).|left]] |
|
|
As verified by ], calcium silicate is a dense solid consisting of tetrahedral orthosilicate (SiO<sub>4</sub><sup>4-</sup>) units linked to Ca<sup>2+</sup> via Si-O-Ca bridges. There are two calcium sites. One is seven coordinate and the other is eight coordinate.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1107/S0567740877006918 |title=Redetermination of the structure of β-dicalcium silicate |date=1977 |last1=Jost |first1=K. H. |last2=Ziemer |first2=B. |last3=Seydel |first3=R. |journal=Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry |volume=33 |issue=6 |pages=1696–1700 |bibcode=1977AcCrB..33.1696J }}</ref> |
|
|
|
|
|
==Use== |
|
|
===As a component of cement=== |
|
|
Calcium silicates are the major ingredients in ]s.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1002/14356007.a05_489.pub2 |chapter=Cement |title=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry |date=2008 |last1=Sprung |first1=Siegbert |isbn=978-3-527-30385-4 }}</ref> |
|
|
|
|
|
{|class=wikitable |
|
|
|+ Typical constituents of portland clinker plus gypsum<br><small> showing ] (CCN)</small> |
|
|
! Clinker |
|
|
! CCN |
|
|
! Mass |
|
|
! Mineral |
|
|
|- |
|
|
|Tricalcium silicate (CaO)<sub>3</sub> · SiO<sub>2</sub>||C<sub>3</sub>S|| 25–50%|| ] |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| Dicalcium silicate (this article) (CaO)<sub>2</sub> · SiO<sub>2</sub>||C<sub>2</sub>S|| 20–45%||belite]] |
|
|
|- |
|
|
|] (CaO)<sub>3</sub> · Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>||C<sub>3</sub>A|| 5–12% |
|
|
|- |
|
|
|] (CaO)<sub>4</sub> · Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> · Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>||C<sub>4</sub>AF|| 6–12% |
|
|
|- |
|
|
|CaSO<sub>4</sub> · 2 H<sub>2</sub>O||CS̅H<sub>2</sub>|| 2–10%||] |
|
|
|} |
|
|
|
|
|
===High-temperature insulation=== |
|
|
] board being clad around steel structure in order to achieve a ]]] |
|
|
Calcium silicate is commonly used as a safe alternative to ] for high-temperature insulation materials. Industrial-grade piping and equipment insulation is often fabricated from calcium silicate. Its fabrication is a routine part of the curriculum for insulation ]s. Calcium silicate competes in these realms against ] and proprietary ] solids, such as ] mixture and ] bonded with ]. Although it is popularly considered an asbestos substitute, early uses of calcium silicate for insulation still made use of asbestos fibers. |
|
|
|
|
|
===Passive fire protection=== |
|
|
] ] of ]s in Lingen/Ems, ] using calcium-silicate board ] qualified to DIN 4102. Other methods for exterior protection of electrical circuits include boards made of ] bonded and pressed ] and flexible wraps made of ceramic fibre and rockwool.]] |
|
|
It is used in ] and ] as ] or in roof tiles. It is one of the most successful materials in ] in ] because of regulations and fire safety guidelines for commercial and residential building codes. Where ]ns use spray fireproofing ]s, Europeans are more likely to use ] made of calcium silicate. {{why|date=December 2012}} High-performance calcium-silicate boards retain their excellent dimensional stability even in damp and humid conditions and can be installed at an early stage in the construction program, before wet trades are completed and the building is weather-tight. For sub-standard products, ]-treated sheets are available to fabricators to mitigate potential harm from high ] or general presence of ]. Fabricators and installers of calcium silicate in ] often also install ]s.{{citation needed|date=July 2017}} |
|
|
|
|
|
While the best possible reaction to fire classifications are A1 (construction applications) and A1Fl (flooring applications) respectively, both of which mean "non-combustible" according to EN 13501-1: 2007, as classified by a notified laboratory in Europe, some calcium-silicate boards only come with fire classification of A2 (limited combustibility) or even lower classifications (or no classification), if they are tested at all.{{citation needed|date=July 2017}} |
|
|
|
|
|
===Acid mine drainage remediation=== |
|
|
Calcium silicate, also known as ], is produced when molten ] is made from ], ] and ] in a ]. When this material is processed into a highly refined, re-purposed calcium silicate aggregate, it is used in the remediation of ] (AMD) on active and passive mine sites.<ref name="steel slag">{{cite web|last=Ziemkiewicz|first=Paul|title=The Use of Steel Slag in Acid Mine Drainage Treatment and Control|url=http://wvmdtaskforce.com/proceedings/98/98zie/98zie.htm|website=Wvmdtaskforce.com|access-date=25 April 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720064631/http://wvmdtaskforce.com/proceedings/98/98zie/98zie.htm|archive-date=20 July 2011}}</ref> |
|
|
Calcium silicate neutralizes active acidity in AMD systems by removing free hydrogen ions from the bulk solution, thereby increasing ]. As its silicate anion captures H<sup>+</sup> ions (raising the pH), it forms monosilicic acid (H<sub>4</sub>SiO<sub>4</sub>), a neutral solute. Monosilicic acid remains in the bulk solution to play other important roles in correcting the adverse effects of acidic conditions. As opposed to limestone (a popular remediation material),<ref>{{cite web|last=Skousen|first=Jeff|title=Chemicals|url=http://www.wvu.edu/~agexten/landrec/chemtrt.htm#Chemicals|work=Overview of Acid Mine Drainage Treatment with Chemicals|publisher=West Virginia University Extension Service|access-date=29 March 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524070234/http://www.wvu.edu/~agexten/landrec/chemtrt.htm#Chemicals|archive-date=24 May 2011}}</ref> calcium silicate effectively precipitates heavy metals and does not armor over, prolonging its effectiveness in AMD systems.<ref name="steel slag"/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Hammarstrom|first=Jane M.|author2=Philip L. Sibrell|author3=Harvey E. Belkin|title=Characterization of limestone reacted with acid-mine drainage|journal=Applied Geochemistry|issue=18|pages=1710–1714|url=http://mine-drainage.usgs.gov/pubs/AG_18-1705-1721.pdf|access-date=30 March 2011|archive-date=5 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605231303/http://mine-drainage.usgs.gov/pubs/AG_18-1705-1721.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
|
|
|
|
|
===As a product of sealants=== |
|
|
It is used as a sealant in roads or on the shells of fresh ]: when ] is applied as a sealant to cured ] or egg shells, it chemically reacts with ] or ] to form calcium silicate hydrate, sealing micropores with a relatively impermeable material.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Giannaros | first1 = P. | last2 = Kanellopoulos | first2 = A. | last3 = Al-Tabbaa | first3 = A. | year = 2016 | title = Sealing of cracks in cement using microencapsulated sodium silicate | journal = Smart Materials and Structures | volume = 25 | issue = 8| page = 8 | doi = 10.1088/0964-1726/25/8/084005 | bibcode = 2016SMaS...25h4005G | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Passmore | first1 = S. M. | year = 1975 | title = Preserving eggs | journal = Nutrition & Food Science | volume = 75 | issue = 4| pages = 2–4 | doi = 10.1108/eb058634 }}</ref> |
|
|
|
|
|
===Agriculture=== |
|
|
Calcium silicate is often used in agriculture as a plant available source of silicon. It is "applied extensively to Everglades mucks and associated sands planted to sugarcane and rice" <ref>{{cite journal|last=Gascho|first=Gary J.|title=Chapter 12 Silicon sources for agriculture|journal=Studies in Plant Science|volume=8|issue=8|pages=197–207|doi=10.1016/S0928-3420(01)80016-1|year=2001|isbn=9780444502629}}</ref> |
|
|
|
|
|
===Other=== |
|
|
Calcium silicate is used as an ] in food preparation, including table salt<ref name="mortonsalt1"> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225045630/http://www.mortonsalt.com/faqs/food_salt_faq.html|date=2008-12-25}}</ref> and as an ]. It is approved by the United Nations' ] and ] bodies as a safe ] in a large variety of products.<ref> |
|
|
{{cite web| title = Food Additive Details: Calcium silicate| url = http://www.codexalimentarius.net/gsfaonline/additives/details.html?id=315| access-date = July 28, 2013| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120605054550/http://www.codexalimentarius.net/gsfaonline/additives/details.html?id=315| archive-date = June 5, 2012 |
|
|
}} ''Codex General Standard for Food Additives (GSFA) Online Database'', FAO/WHO Food Standards Codex alimentarius, published by the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations / World Health Organization, 2013.</ref> It has the ] reference '''E552'''. |
|
|
|
|
|
{{clear}} |
|
|
|
|
|
==See also== |
|
|
{{Commons category}} |
|
|
* {{annotated link|Alite}} |
|
|
* {{annotated link|Jaffeite}} |
|
|
* {{annotated link|Plaster}} |
|
|
* {{annotated link|Perlite}} |
|
|
* {{annotated link|Vermiculite}} |
|
|
* {{Annotated link|Brick#Calcium-silicate bricks}} |
|
|
|
|
|
==References== |
|
|
{{Reflist}} |
|
|
|
|
|
{{Calcium compounds}} |
|
|
{{Antacids}} |
|
|
|
|
|
{{DEFAULTSORT:Calcium Silicate}} |
|
|
] |
|
|
] |
|
|
] |
|
|
] |
|
|
] |