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Revision as of 09:03, 5 December 2011 editBeetstra (talk | contribs)Edit filter managers, Administrators172,031 edits Saving copy of the {{chembox}} taken from revid 462322413 of page Carbonyl_sulfide for the Chem/Drugbox validation project (updated: '').  Latest revision as of 20:01, 29 October 2024 edit Mondtaler (talk | contribs)181 edits GHS04 and H280 specifically address hazards linked to the pressurized storage of gases. As storage methods can vary, these pictograms and hazard statements are not universally applicable to all gaseous compounds.Tag: 2017 wikitext editor 
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{{ambox | text = This page contains a copy of the infobox ({{tl|chembox}}) taken from revid of page ] with values updated to verified values.}}
{{chembox {{chembox
| Watchedfields = changed | Verifiedfields = changed
| Watchedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 451721846
| verifiedrevid = 464184821
| Name = Carbonyl sulfide
| ImageFile = Carbonyl-sulfide-2D-dimensions.png | Name = Carbonyl sulfide
| ImageFile = Carbonyl-sulfide-2D-dimensions.png
<!-- | ImageSize = 150px -->
| ImageName = Carbonyl sulfide | ImageName = Carbonyl sulfide
| ImageFile1 = Carbonyl-sulfide-3D-vdW.png | ImageFile1 = Carbonyl-sulfide-3D-vdW.png
| ImageName1 = Space-filling 3D model of carbonyl sulfide
<!-- | ImageSize1 = 150px -->
| IUPACName = Carbonyl sulfide<ref name="redbook">{{RedBook2005|page=292}}</ref> <br /> Oxidosulfidocarbon<ref name="redbook" />
| ImageName1 = Space-filling 3D model of carbonyl sulfide
| SystematicName = Thioxomethanone
| IUPACName = Carbon oxide sulfide
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers | Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} | ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 9644 | ChemSpiderID = 9644
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}} | KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
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| StdInChIKey = JJWKPURADFRFRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N | StdInChIKey = JJWKPURADFRFRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
| CASNo = 463-58-1 | CASNo = 463-58-1
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} | CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} | UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = 871UI0ET21
| UNNumber = 2204
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEBI = 16573 | ChEBI = 16573
| SMILES = O=C=S | SMILES = O=C=S
| PubChem = 10039
| EINECS = 207-340-0
}} }}
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties | Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
| Formula = COS | Formula = COS
| MolarMass = 60.075 g/mol | MolarMass = 60.075 g/mol
| Appearance = colorless gas
| MeltingPt = −138.8 °C (134 K)
| Odor = sulfide-like
| BoilingPt = −50.2 °C (223 K)
| Density = 2.51 g/L | MeltingPtC = −138.8
| BoilingPtC = −50.2
| CriticalTP = {{convert|101.85|C|F K|1}}, {{convert|58.03|atm|kPa psi|1}}<ref>{{cite book|url=https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9781000102574_A40413991/preview-9781000102574_A40413991.pdf|last1=Lide|first1=David R.|last2=Kehiaian|first2=Henry V.|title=CRC Handbook of Thermophysical and Themochemical Data|year=1994|page=32|publisher=CRC Press}}</ref>
| Density = 2.51 g/L
| Solubility = 0.376 g/100 mL (0&nbsp;°C) <br /> 0.125 g/100 mL (25&nbsp;°C)
| SolubleOther = very soluble in ], ] <br /> soluble in ], ]
| Dipole = 0.65 D
| MagSus = {{val|−32.4|e=−6|u=cm<sup>3</sup>/mol}}
}} }}
| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards | Section5 = {{Chembox Thermochemistry
| DeltaHf = −141.8 kJ/mol
| ExternalMSDS =
| Entropy = 231.5 J/(mol⋅K)
| EUIndex = Not listed
| HeatCapacity = 41.5 J/(mol⋅K)
| NFPA-H =
| NFPA-F =
| NFPA-R =
}} }}
| Section8 = {{Chembox Other | Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards
| ExternalSDS =
| OtherCpds = ]<br/>]
| NFPA-H = 3
| NFPA-F = 4
| NFPA-R = 1
| ExploLimits = 12–29%
| GHSPictograms = {{GHS02}}{{GHS06}}{{GHS07}}
| GHSSignalWord = Danger
| HPhrases = {{H-phrases|220|315|319|331|335}}
| PPhrases = {{P-phrases|210|261|264|271|280|302+352|304+340|305+351+338|311|312|321|332+313|337+313|362|377|381|403|403+233|405|410+403|501}}
}} }}
| Section8 = {{Chembox Related
| OtherCompounds = ]<br/>]<br/>]
}}
}}

'''Carbonyl sulfide''' is the ] with the ] {{chem2|O\dC\dS|auto=1}}. It is a colorless flammable ] with an unpleasant ].{{Citation needed lead|date=December 2017}} It is a linear molecule consisting of a ] ]ed to a sulfur atom. Carbonyl sulfide can be considered to be intermediate between ] and ], both of which are ] with it.

== Occurrence ==
Carbonyl sulfide is the most abundant sulfur compound naturally present in the atmosphere, at {{val|0.5|0.05|ul=ppb}}, because it is emitted from oceans, ]es and ]s. As such, it is a significant compound in the global ]. Measurements on the ] ]s and from air trapped in snow above glaciers (] air) have provided a detailed picture of OCS concentrations from 1640 to the present day and allow an understanding of the relative importance of ] and non-anthropogenic sources of this gas to the atmosphere.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Montzka | first1 = S. A. | last2 = Aydin | first2 = M. | last3 = Battle | first3 = M. | last4 = Butler | first4 = J. H. | last5 = Saltzman | first5 = E. S. | last6 = Hall | first6 = B. D. | last7 = Clarke | first7 = A. D. | last8 = Mondeel | first8 = D. | last9 = Elkins | first9 = J. W. | title = A 350-year atmospheric history for carbonyl sulfide inferred from Antarctic firn air and air trapped in ice | year = 2004 | journal = Journal of Geophysical Research | volume = 109 | issue = D18 | pages = 22302 | id = eid D22302 | doi = 10.1029/2004JD004686 | bibcode = 2004JGRD..10922302M | s2cid = 1261238 | url = https://escholarship.org/content/qt17j6m436/qt17j6m436.pdf?t=n6lm7g }}</ref> Some carbonyl sulfide that is transported into the ] sulfate layer is oxidized to sulfuric acid.<ref>{{cite journal | title = The possible importance of COS for the sulfate layer of the stratosphere | author-link = Paul Crutzen | author = Crutzen, P. | journal = Geophysical Research Letters | year = 1976 | volume = 3 | issue = 2 | pages = 73–76 | doi = 10.1029/GL003i002p00073 | bibcode = 1976GeoRL...3...73C }}</ref> Sulfuric acid forms particulate which affects ] due to ].<ref name="Seinfeld 2006">{{cite book | last = Seinfeld | first = J. | title = Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics | publisher = J. Wiley | location = London | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-1-60119-595-1 }}</ref> The long atmospheric lifetime of COS makes it the major source of stratospheric sulfate, though ] from volcanic activity can be significant too.<ref name="Seinfeld 2006"/> Carbonyl sulfide is also removed from the atmosphere by terrestrial vegetation by enzymes associated with the uptake of carbon dioxide during photosynthesis, and by hydrolysis in ocean waters.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Campbell | first1 = J. E. | last2 = Carmichael | first2 = G. R. | last3 = Chai | first3 = T. | last4 = Mena-Carrasco | first4 = M. | last5 = Tang | first5 = Y. | last6 = Blake | first6 = D. R. | last7 = Blake | first7 = N. J. | last8 = Vay | first8 = S. A. | last9 = Collatz | first9 = G. J. | last10 = Baker | first10 = I. | last11 = Berry | first11 = J. A. | last12 = Montzka | first12 = S. A. | last13 = Sweeney | first13 = C. | last14 = Schnoor | first14 = J. L. | last15 = Stanier | first15 = C. O. | title = Photosynthetic Control of Atmospheric Carbonyl Sulfide During the Growing Season | journal = Science | year = 2008| volume = 322 | issue = 5904 | pages = 1085–1088 | doi = 10.1126/science.1164015 | pmid = 19008442 | bibcode = 2008Sci...322.1085C| s2cid = 206515456 | url = http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/82r9s2x3 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Kettle | first1 = A. J. | last2 = Kuhn | first2 = U. | last3 = von Hobe | first3 = M. | last4 = Kesselmeier | first4 = J. | last5 = Andreae | first5 = M. O. | title = Global budget of atmospheric carbonyl sulfide: Temporal and spatial variations of the dominant sources and sinks | journal = Journal of Geophysical Research | year = 2002 | volume = 107 | issue = D22 | pages = 4658 | doi = 10.1029/2002JD002187 | bibcode = 2002JGRD..107.4658K | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Montzka | first1 = S. A. | last2 = Calvert | first2 = P. | last3 = Hall | first3 = B. D. | last4 = Elkins | first4 = J. W. | last5 = Conway | first5 = T. J. | last6 = Tans | first6 = P. P. | last7 = Sweeney | first7 = C. | year = 2007 | title = On the global distribution, seasonality, and budget of atmospheric carbonyl sulfide (COS) and some similarities to CO<sub>2</sub> | journal = Journal of Geophysical Research | volume = 112 | issue = D9 | id = eid D09302 | pages = 9302 | doi = 10.1029/2006JD007665 | bibcode = 2007JGRD..112.9302M }}</ref> Loss processes, such as these, limit the persistence (or lifetime) of a molecule of COS in the atmosphere to a few years.

The largest man-made sources of carbonyl sulfide release include its primary use as a chemical intermediate and as a byproduct of carbon disulfide production; however, it is also released from automobiles and their ],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pos W, Berreshein B| title = Automotive tire wear as a source for atmospheric OCS and CS2 | journal = Geophysical Research Letters| year = 1993 | volume = 1 | issue = 9 | pages = 815–818 | doi = 10.1029/93GL00972 |bibcode = 1993GeoRL..20..815P }}</ref> coal-fired power plants, ], ] combustion, fish processing, combustion of refuse and plastics, petroleum manufacture, and manufacture of synthetic fibers, starch, and rubber.<ref name="hsdb94">{{cite web | url = http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@DOCNO+6127 | title = Carbonyl Sulfide CASRN: 463-58-1 | work = Hazardous Substances Data Bank | publisher = National Library of Medicine }}</ref> The average total worldwide release of carbonyl sulfide to the atmosphere has been estimated{{when|date=August 2021}} at about 3 million tons per year, of which less than one third was related to human activity.<ref name="hsdb94"/> It is also a significant sulfur-containing impurity in many ]es such as ], which are produced from sulfur-containing feedstocks.<ref name=syngasetc>{{cite book |doi=10.1002/14356007.a12_169.pub2|chapter=Gas Production |title=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry |year=2006 |last1=Hiller |first1=Heinz |last2=Reimert |first2=Rainer |last3=Marschner |first3=Friedemann |last4=Renner |first4=Hans-Joachim |last5=Boll |first5=Walter |last6=Supp |first6=Emil |last7=Brejc |first7=Miron |last8=Liebner |first8=Waldemar |last9=Schaub |first9=Georg |last10=Hochgesand |first10=Gerhard |last11=Higman |first11=Christopher |last12=Kalteier |first12=Peter |last13=Müller |first13=Wolf-Dieter |last14=Kriebel |first14=Manfred |last15=Schlichting |first15=Holger |last16=Tanz |first16=Heiner |last17=Stönner |first17=Hans-Martin |last18=Klein |first18=Helmut |last19=Hilsebein |first19=Wolfgang |last20=Gronemann |first20=Veronika |last21=Zwiefelhofer |first21=Uwe |last22=Albrecht |first22=Johannes |last23=Cowper |first23=Christopher J. |last24=Driesen |first24=Hans Erhard |isbn=3527306730 }}</ref>

Carbonyl sulfide is present in ]s, such as ] and prepared ]s of the ] family. Traces of COS are naturally present in ]s and ]s in the range of 0.05–0.1&nbsp;mg/kg.

Carbonyl sulfide has been observed in the ] (see also ]), in ]<ref>{{cite web|last1=Rosetta Blog|title=OMET'S FIREWORK DISPLAY AHEAD OF PERIHELION|url=http://blogs.esa.int/rosetta/2015/08/11/comets-firework-display-ahead-of-perihelion/|website=blogs.esa.int |publisher=European Space Agency|access-date=11 August 2015}}</ref> and in the ], where, because of the difficulty of producing COS inorganically, it is considered a possible indicator of life.<ref name=Landis2003b>{{cite journal | title = Astrobiology: the Case for Venus | last = Landis | first = G. A. | journal = Journal of the British Interplanetary Society | volume = 56 | issue = 7–8 | year = 2003 | pages = 250–254 | url = https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20030067857_2003079552.pdf |bibcode = 2003JBIS...56..250L }}</ref>

== Reactions and applications ==
Carbonyl sulfide is used as an intermediate in the production of thiocarbamate herbicides.<ref name="epa94">{{cite web | url = http://www.epa.gov/chemfact/s_carbns.txt | title = Chemical Summary for Carbonyl Sulfide | date = 2013-07-19 | publisher = U.S. Environmental Protection Agency }}</ref>

The hydrolysis of carbonyl sulfide is promoted by chromium-based catalysts:<ref name=syngasetc/>
:{{chem2|COS + H2O -> CO2 + H2S}}
This conversion is catalyzed in solution by ] enzymes in plants and mammals. Because of this chemistry, the release of carbonyl sulfide from small organic molecules has been identified as a strategy for delivering hydrogen sulfide, which is ].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Steiger |first1=Andrea K. |last2=Pardue |first2=Sibile |last3=Kevil |first3=Christopher G. |last4=Pluth |first4=Michael D. |date=2016-06-15 |title=Self-Immolative Thiocarbamates Provide Access to Triggered H<sub>2</sub>S Donors and Analyte Replacement Fluorescent Probes |journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society |volume=138 |issue=23 |pages=7256–7259 |doi=10.1021/jacs.6b03780 |issn=0002-7863 |pmc=4911618 |pmid=27218691}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Protoschill-Krebs | first1 = G. | last2 = Wilhelm | first2 = C. | last3 = Kesselmeier | first3 = J. | title = Consumption of carbonyl sulphide (COS) by higher plant carbonic anhydrase (CA) | journal = Atmospheric Environment | year = 1996 | volume = 30 | issue = 18 | pages = 3151–3156 | doi = 10.1016/1352-2310(96)00026-X |bibcode = 1996AtmEn..30.3151P }}</ref>

This compound is found to ] the formation of ]s from ]s. This finding is an extension of the ], and it is suggested that carbonyl sulfide played a significant role in the ].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Leman, L. |author2=Orgel, L. |author3=Ghadiri, M. R. |title=Carbonyl sulfide-mediated prebiotic formation of peptides |journal=Science |volume=306 |issue=5694 |pages=283–6 |year=2004 |pmid=15472077 |doi=10.1126/science.1102722 |bibcode = 2004Sci...306..283L |s2cid=11819295 }}</ref>

In ecosystem science, <ref>{{youtube|dbW236IDELo|What Carbonyl Sulfide Teaches Us About Earth's Biosphere}}.</ref> are increasingly being used to describe the rate of ].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Campbell |first1=J. E. |last2=Berry |first2=J. A. |last3=Seibt |first3=U. |last4=Smith |first4=S. J. |last5=Montzka |first5=S. A. |last6=Launois |first6=T. |last7=Belviso |first7=S. |last8=Bopp |first8=L. |last9=Laine |first9=M. |date=April 2017 |title=Large historical growth in global terrestrial gross primary production |journal=Nature |volume=544 |issue=7648 |pages=84–87 |doi=10.1038/nature22030 |pmid=28382993 |bibcode=2017Natur.544...84C |osti=1398774 |s2cid=205255121}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yakir |first1=Dan |last2=Montzka |first2=Stephen A. |last3=Uri Dicken |last4=Tatarinov |first4=Fyodor |last5=Rotenberg |first5=Eyal |last6=Asaf |first6=David |date=March 2013 |title=Ecosystem photosynthesis inferred from measurements of carbonyl sulphide flux |journal=Nature Geoscience |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=186–190 |doi=10.1038/ngeo1730 |bibcode=2013NatGe...6..186A |issn=1752-0908}}</ref>

== Synthesis ==
Carbonyl sulfide was first described in 1841,<ref>{{cite journal | author = Couërbe, J. P. | title = Ueber den Schwefelkohlenstoff | journal = Journal für Praktische Chemie | year = 1841 | volume = 23 | issue = 1 | pages = 83–124 | doi = 10.1002/prac.18410230105 }}</ref> but was apparently mischaracterized as a mixture of carbon dioxide and ]. ] first characterized the substance in 1867. It forms when ] reacts with molten sulfur:

: {{chem2|CO +}} {{sfrac|1|8}} {{chem2|S8 -> COS}}

This reaction reverses above {{convert|1200|K|comma=off}}.

A laboratory synthesis entails the reaction ] and ]:

: {{chem2|KSCN + 2 H2SO4 + H2O → KHSO4 + NH4HSO4 + COS}}

The resulting gas contains significant amounts of byproducts and requires purification.<ref>{{cite journal | title = The Chemistry of Carbonyl Sulfide | author = Ferm R. J. | journal = ] | year = 1957 | volume = 57 | issue = 4 | pages = 621–640 | doi = 10.1021/cr50016a002 }}</ref>

Hydrolysis of ] in ] solution also affords COS.

== Toxicity ==
As of 1994, limited information existed on the acute toxicity of carbonyl sulfide in humans and in animals.<ref name="epa94"/> High concentrations (above 1000 ppm) can cause sudden collapse, convulsions, and death from respiratory paralysis.<ref name="hsdb94"/><ref name="epa94"/> Occasional fatalities have been reported, practically without local irritation or olfactory warning.<ref name="epa94"/> In tests with rats, 50% animals died when exposed to {{val|1400|u=ppm}} of COS for 90 minutes, or at {{val|3000|u=ppm}} for 9 minutes.<ref name="epa94"/> Limited studies with laboratory animals also suggest that continued inhalation of low concentrations (around 50 ppm for up to 12 weeks) does not affect the lungs or the heart.<ref name="epa94"/>

Carbonyl sulfide is a potential alternative ]<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bartholomaeus|first1=Andrew|last2=Haritos|first2=Victoria|year=2005|title=Review of the toxicology of carbonyl sulfide, a new grain fumigant|journal=Food and Chemical Toxicology|volume=43|issue=12|pages=1687–1701|doi=10.1016/j.fct.2005.06.016|pmid=16139940}}</ref> to ] and ]. In some cases, however, residues on the grain result in flavours that are unacceptable to consumers, such as in barley used for brewing.

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==

* {{cite journal | title = COS and C<sub>3</sub>S<sub>2</sub>: The Discovery and Chemistry of Two Important Inorganic Sulfur Compounds |author1=Beck, M. T. |author2=Kauffman, G. B. | journal = ] | year = 1985 | volume = 4 | issue = 5 | pages = 775–781 | doi = 10.1016/S0277-5387(00)87025-4 }}
* {{cite journal | title = Assessing a New Clue to How Much Carbon Plants Take Up
|author1=J. Elliott Campbell
|author2= Jürgen Kesselmeier
|author3= Dan Yakir
|author4= Joe A. Berry
|author5= Philippe Peylin
|author6= Sauveur Belviso
|author7= Timo Vesala
|author8= Kadmiel Maseyk
|author9= Ulrike Seibt
|author10= Huilin Chen
|author11= Mary E. Whelan
|author12= Timothy W. Hilton
|author13= Stephen A. Montzka
|author14= Max B. Berkelhammer
|author15= Sinikka T. Lennartz
|author16= Le Kuai
|author17= Georg Wohlfahrt
|author18= Yuting Wang
|author19= Nicola J. Blake
|author20= Donald R. Blake
|author21= James Stinecipher
|author22= Ian Baker
|author23= Stephen Sitch
| journal = EOS| year = 2017| volume = 98 | doi = 10.1029/2017EO075313 |doi-access= free
|hdl= 10871/31921
|hdl-access= free
}} }}
* {{cite journal | title = Carbonyl sulfide: A review of its chemistry and properties |author1=Svoronos P. D. N. |author2=Bruno T. J. | journal = Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research | year = 2002 | volume = 41 | issue = 22 | pages = 5321–5336 | doi = 10.1021/ie020365n }}

== External links ==
*
*
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{{Carbon compounds}}
{{Molecules detected in outer space}}
{{sulfur compounds}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Carbonyl Sulfide}}
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