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			{{short description|Chemical compound commonly known as ethyl chloride}}
	{{chembox		{{chembox
			| Watchedfields = changed
	| verifiedrevid = 414063629
			| verifiedrevid = 443517203
	| Name = Chloroethane
	| ImageFileL1 = Chloroethane-skeletal.png		| Name = Chloroethane
			| ImageFileL1 = Chloroethane-skeletal.svg
	| ImageSizeL1 = 100px		| ImageSizeL1 = 100px
			| ImageClassL1 = skin-invert
	| ImageFileR1 = Chloroethane-2D.png
			| ImageNameL1 = Skeletal formula of chloroethane
	| ImageSizeR1 = 100px
	| ImageFile2 = Chloroethane-3D-vdW.png		| ImageFileR1 = Chloroethane-2D.svg
	| ImageSize2 = 150px		| ImageSizeR1 = 100px
			| ImageClassR1 = skin-invert
	| IUPACName = Chloroethane
			| ImageNameR1 = Skeletal formula of chloroethane with stereo bonds
	| OtherNames = Ethyl chloride<br />Monochloroethane<br />Chlorene<br />Muriatic ether<br />EtCl<br />]
			| ImageFile2 = Chloroethane-3D-vdW.png
	| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
	| ChEBI = 47554		| ImageSize2 = 150px
			| ImageName2 = Ball-and-stick model of chloroethane
			| PIN = Chloroethane
			| OtherNames = Ethyl chloride, Monochloroethane, Chlorene, Muriatic ether, EtCl, ], Hydrochloric Ether, Chelen, Kelene<ref>Helbing, H. (1895). Modern materia medica for pharmacists, medical men, and students. USA: Lehn & Fink.</ref>
			|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers
			| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
			| ChEBI = 47554
	| SMILES = ClCC		| SMILES = ClCC
	| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}		| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
	| ChemSpiderID = 6097		| ChemSpiderID = 6097
	| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}		| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
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	| StdInChIKey = HRYZWHHZPQKTII-UHFFFAOYSA-N		| StdInChIKey = HRYZWHHZPQKTII-UHFFFAOYSA-N
	| CASNo = 75-00-3		| CASNo = 75-00-3
	| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}		| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
	| PubChem = 6337		| PubChem = 6337
	| RTECS = KH7525000		| RTECS = KH7525000
	}}		}}
	| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties		|Section2={{Chembox Properties
			| C=2 | H=5 | Cl=1
	| Formula = C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>Cl
			| Appearance = Colorless gas
	| MolarMass = 64.51 g/mol
			| Density = 0.921 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (0-4 °C)<ref name=sigma>{{Sigma-Aldrich|id=295310|name=Chloroethane|accessdate=2014-05-26}}</ref><br> 0.8898 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (25 °C)
	| Appearance = colourless gas
			| Odor = Pungent, ethereal<ref name=pubchem>{{PubChemLink|6337}}</ref>
	| Density = 0.92 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, liquid
	| Solubility = 0.6 g/100 ml (?°C)		| Solubility = 0.447 g/100 mL (0 °C)<br> 0.574 g/100 mL (20 °C)<ref name=epa /><ref name=chemister />
			| SolubleOther = Soluble in ], ]<ref name=mts>{{cite web|url=https://www.mathesongas.com/pdfs/msds/MAT08880.pdf|title=Material Safety Data Sheet|website=www.mathesongas.com|publisher=Matheson Tri-Gas, Inc.|access-date=2014-05-26}}</ref>
	| MeltingPt = −139 °C (134 K)
			| Solubility1 = 48.3 g/100 g (21 °C)<ref name=chemister />
	| BoilingPt = 12.3 °C (285.4 K)
	| pKa =		| Solvent1 = ethanol
	| pKb =		| MeltingPtC = −138.7
	| Viscosity =		| BoilingPtC = 12.27
			| BoilingPt_notes = <br> decomposes at 510&nbsp;°C<ref name=chemister>{{Cite web | url=http://chemister.ru/Database/properties-en.php?dbid=1&id=1545 |title = Chloroethane}}</ref>
			| pKa =
			| pKb =
			| Viscosity = 0.279 cP (10 °C)<ref name=pubchem />
			| RefractIndex = 1.3676 (20 °C)<br> 1.001 (25 °C)<ref name=pubchem />
			| VaporPressure = 8.4 kPa (-40 °C)<br> 62.3 kPa (0 °C)<ref name=nist>{{nist|name=Ethyl chloride|id=C75003|accessdate=2014-05-26|mask=FFFF|units=SI}}</ref><br> 134.6 kPa (20 °C)<ref name=pubchem />
			| HenryConstant = 11.1 L·atm/mol (24 °C)<ref name=pubchem />
	}}		}}
	| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure		|Section5={{Chembox Thermochemistry
			| HeatCapacity = 104.3 J/mol·K<ref name=chemister />
	| Dipole = 2.06 ]
			| Entropy = 275.7 J/mol·K<ref name=chemister />
			| DeltaHf = -137 kJ/mol<ref name=chemister /><ref name=nist />
			| DeltaGf = -59.3 kJ/mol<ref name=chemister />
			}}
			|Section3={{Chembox Structure
			| Dipole = 2.06 ]
	}}		}}
	| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards		|Section6={{Chembox Pharmacology
	| ExternalMSDS =		| ATCCode_prefix = N01
			| ATCCode_suffix = BX01
	| MainHazards = Flammable
			}}
	| NFPA-H = 2
			|Section7={{Chembox Hazards
	| NFPA-F = 4
	| NFPA-R = 2		| ExternalSDS =
			| GHSPictograms = {{GHS02}}{{GHS08}}<ref name="sigma" />
	| FlashPt = −50°C (closed cup)
			| GHSSignalWord = Danger
	| RPhrases = {{R12}}, {{R40}}, {{R52}}, {{R53}}
			| HPhrases = {{H-phrases|220|351|412}}<ref name="sigma" />
	| SPhrases = {{S9}}, {{S16}}, {{S33}}, {{S36}}, {{S37}}, {{S61}}
			| PPhrases = {{P-phrases|210|273|281|410+403}}<ref name="sigma" />
			| MainHazards = Flammable
			| NFPA-H = 2
			| NFPA-F = 4
			| NFPA-R = 2
			| FlashPtC = −43
			| FlashPt_notes = <br> open cup<ref name=epa>{{cite web|url=http://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyNET.exe/00002EZG.txt?ZyActionD=ZyDocument&Client=EPA&Index=1986%20Thru%201990&Docs=&Query=&Time=&EndTime=&SearchMethod=1&TocRestrict=n&Toc=&TocEntry=&QField=&QFieldYear=&QFieldMonth=&QFieldDay=&UseQField=&IntQFieldOp=0&ExtQFieldOp=0&XmlQuery=&File=D%3A%5CZYFILES%5CINDEX%20DATA%5C86THRU90%5CTXT%5C00000001%5C00002EZG.txt&User=ANONYMOUS&Password=anonymous&SortMethod=h%7C-&MaximumDocuments=1&FuzzyDegree=0&ImageQuality=r75g8/r75g8/x150y150g16/i425&Display=p%7Cf&DefSeekPage=x&SearchBack=ZyActionL&Back=ZyActionS&BackDesc=Results%20page&MaximumPages=1&ZyEntry=6|title=Summary of Emissions Associated with Sources of Ethyl Chloride|website=nepis.epa.gov|publisher=National Service Center for Environmental Publications (NSCEP)|access-date=2014-05-26}}</ref><br> {{convert|-50|C|F K}}<br> closed cup<ref name="sigma" /><ref name=mts />
			| AutoignitionPtC = 494 to 519
			| AutoignitionPt_ref = <ref name=chemister /><ref name=mts />
			| PEL = TWA 1000 ppm (2600 mg/m<sup>3</sup>)<ref name=PGCH>{{PGCH|0267}}</ref>
			| ExploLimits = 3.8%-15.4%<ref name=PGCH/>
			| IDLH = 3800 ppm<ref name=PGCH/>
			| REL = Handle with caution in the workplace.<ref name=PGCH/>
			| LC50 = 59,701 ppm (rat, 2 hr)<br/>54,478 ppm (mouse, 2 hr)<br/><ref name=IDLH>{{IDLH|75003|Ethyl chloride}}</ref>
			| LCLo = 40,000 ppm (guinea pig, 45 min)<ref name=IDLH/>
	}}		}}
	| Section8 = {{Chembox Related		|Section8={{Chembox Legal status
			| legal_AU =
	| Function = ]
			| legal_BR = B1
	| OtherFunctn =
			| legal_BR_comment = <ref>{{Cite web |author=Anvisa |author-link=Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency |date=2023-03-31 |title=RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial |trans-title=Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control|url=https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-784-de-31-de-marco-de-2023-474904992 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803143925/https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-784-de-31-de-marco-de-2023-474904992 |archive-date=2023-08-03 |access-date=2023-08-16 |publisher=] |language=pt-BR |publication-date=2023-04-04}}</ref>
			| legal_US =
			| legal_UK =
			| legal_UN =
			}}
			|Section9={{Chembox Related
			| OtherFunction_label = ]
			| OtherFunction =
	]<br />		]<br />
	]<br />		]<br />
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	]}}		]}}
	}}		}}
	'''Chloroethane''' or '''monochloroethane''', commonly known by its old name '''ethyl chloride''', is a ] with ] {{chem|C|2|H|5|Cl}}, once widely used in producing ], a ] additive. It is a colorless, flammable gas or refrigerated liquid with a faintly sweet odor.
			'''Chloroethane''', commonly known as '''ethyl chloride''', is a ] with ] CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>Cl, once widely used in producing ], a ] additive. It is a colorless, flammable gas or refrigerated liquid with a faintly sweet odor.<ref name=Ross/>
			Ethyl chloride was first synthesized by ] by reacting ] and ] in 1440.<ref name=Ross/> Glauber made it in 1648 by reacting ethanol and ].<ref name=Ross/>
	==Production==		==Production==
			Chloroethane is produced by ] of ]:<ref name=Ross>{{Ullmann | last1 = Rossberg | first1 = M. | last2 = Lendle | first2 = W. | last3 = Pfleiderer | first3 = G. | last4 = Tögel | first4 = A. | last5 = Dreher | first5 = E. L. | last6 = Langer | first6 = E. | last7 = Rassaerts | first7 = H. | last8 = Kleinschmidt | first8 = P. | last9 = Strack | first9 = H. | last10 = Cook | first10 = R. | last11 = Beck | first11 = U. | last12 = Lipper | first12 = K.-A. | last13 = Torkelson | first13 = T.R.| last14 = Löser | first14 = E. | last15 = Beutel | first15 = K.K. | last16 = Mann | first16 = T. | title= Chlorinated Hydrocarbons| year = 2006 | isbn = 3527306730 | doi=10.1002/14356007.a06_233.pub2 | pmc = }}</ref>
	Ethyl chloride is produced by ] of ethylene:
	:C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub> + HCl → C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>Cl		:C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub> + HCl → C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>Cl
	At various times in the past, ethyl chloride has also been produced from ] and ], or from ] and ], but these routes are no longer economical. Some ethyl chloride is generated as a byproduct of ] production. Should demand for ethyl chloride continue to fall to the point where making it for its own sake is not economical, this may become the leading source of the chemical.		At various times in the past, chloroethane has also been produced from ] and ], from ] and ], or from ] and ], but these routes are no longer economical. Some chloroethane is generated as a byproduct of ] production.
	==Uses==		==Uses==
			Chloroethane is an inexpensive ethylating agent. It reacts with ] metal to give ], a precursor to polymers and other useful ]s.<ref name=UllmannAl>{{Ullmann|last1=Krause|first1=M.J.|last2=Orlandi|first2=F.|last3=Saurage|first3=A.T.|last4=Zietz, Jr.|first4=J.R.|title=Aluminum Compounds|year=2000|doi=10.1002/14356007.a01_543}}</ref> Chloroethane is used to convert ] to ], a thickening agent and binder in ]s, ], and similar products.
			Like other chlorinated ]s, chloroethane has been used as a ], an ], an ], and a ] for foam packaging. For a time it was used as a promoter chemical in the aluminium chloride catalyzed process to produce ], the precursor for ] monomer. At present though, it is not widely used in any of these roles.
	Beginning in 1922 and continuing through most of the 20th century, the major use of ethyl chloride was to produce ] (TEL), an ] for ]. TEL has been or is being phased out in most of the industrialized world, and the demand for ethyl chloride has fallen sharply. It also reacts with ] metal to give ], a precursor to polymers and other useful ]s.<ref name=Ullmann>Krause, M.J., Orlandi, F., Saurage, A.T., Zietz Jr., J.R. Aluminum Compounds. ''Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry''. 2000. {{doi|10.1002/14356007.a01_543}}</ref>
			===Obsolete uses===
	Like other chlorinated ]s, ethyl chloride has been used as a ], an ], an ], and a ] for foam packaging. For a time it was used as a promoter chemical in the aluminium chloride catalyzed process to produce ], the precursor for ] monomer. At present though, it is not widely used in any of these roles.
			Beginning in 1922 and continuing through most of the 20th century, the major use of chloroethane was to produce ] (TEL), an ] for ]. TEL has been or is being phased out in most of the industrialized world, and the demand for chloroethane has fallen sharply.<ref name=Ross/>
			===Niche uses===
	The only remaining industrially important use of ethyl chloride is in treating ] to make ], a thickening agent and binder in ]s, ], and similar products.
			]
			Chloroethane has a low ], so when applied ], the heat absorbed by the boiling liquid produces a deep and rapid chill. When sprayed on the skin, this chill has a mild anesthetic effect, which can be useful when removing splinters or incising abscesses in a clinical setting. Chloroethane was standard equipment in casualty wards.{{when|date=December 2023}} It was commonly used to induce general anaesthesia before continuing with ], which has a much slower uptake.{{cn|date=December 2023}} In dentistry, chloroethane is used as one of the means of diagnosing a 'dead tooth', i.e., one in which the pulp has died. A small amount of the substance is placed on the suspect tooth using a cotton wad; if the tooth is still alive this should be sensed by the patient as mild discomfort that subsides when the wad is removed.{{cn|date=December 2023}}
	Ethyl chloride is supplied as a liquid in a spray bottle propelled by its own vapor pressure. It acts as a mild topical anesthetic by its chilling effect when sprayed on skin, such as when removing splinters in a clinical setting. The heat absorbed by the boiling liquid on tissues produces a deep and rapid chill, but since the boiling point is well above the freezing point of water, it presents no danger of frostbite. The vapor is flammable and narcotic, which requires care.
			===Recreational drug===
	Ethyl chloride is a recreational inhalant drug, sometimes referred to as "Duster". Similar to ], ethyl chloride is used as an inhalant (huffed) during sexual activity. In ], it is a traditional (though illegal) drug taken during ] parades, known as "lança-perfume".
			Chloroethane is a recreational inhalant drug, although it should not be confused with a duster or canned air, which is composed of fluorinated low-weight hydrocarbons such as ], ] or another similar gas.
			In ], it is a major component of a traditional (though illegal) drug taken during ], known locally as "lança-perfume"<ref>{{Cite magazine | url=https://healthland.time.com/2010/12/02/whats-lanca-perfume-the-biggest-drug-in-rio-youve-never-heard-of/ |title = What's Lança-Perfume? The Drug from Rio's Bust You've Never Heard of|magazine = Time|last1 = Melnick|first1 = Meredith|date = 2 December 2010}}</ref> (lit. ''perfume launcher'' or ''sprayer'').
	==Safety==		==Safety==
			{{More citations needed section|date=December 2023}}
			The vapor is flammable and narcotic, which requires care.{{cn|date=December 2023}}
	Ethyl chloride is the least toxic of the chloroethanes. Like other chlorinated hydrocarbons, it is a ] ], albeit a less potent one than many similar compounds. People breathing its vapors at less than 1% concentration in air usually experience no symptoms. At higher concentrations, victims usually exhibit symptoms similar to those of ]. Breathing its vapors at 15% or higher is often fatal.		Monochloroethane is the least toxic of the chloroethanes. Like other chlorinated hydrocarbons, it is a ] ], albeit a less potent one than many similar compounds. People breathing its vapors at less than 1% concentration in air usually experience no symptoms. At concentrations of 3% to 5%, victims usually exhibit symptoms similar to those of ]. Breathing its vapors at >15% concentration is often fatal; most commercially available handheld containers contain 30% per volume of concentrated vapors that naturally disperse in the outside air.
			If exposed to concentrations higher than 6% to 8% victims often exhibit shallow breathing, loss of consciousnesses, and depressed heart-rate. They can be roused with physical contact or loud noise. At this point removal from the area of exposure is advised to restore consciousness. The long-term effects of exposure over a period of 4 or more hours will cause side effects similar to alcoholic hang-over with ], dizziness, loss of clear vision and temporary loss of consciousness, which can last an hour or more. If no longer exposed to the gas, a victim will return to normal health quickly. This can be helped with intake of extra fluids, vitamins, and sugars.
	Studies on the effects of chronic ethyl chloride exposure in animals have given inconsistent results, and there exist no data for its long-term effects on humans. Some studies have reported that prolonged exposure can produce ] or ] damage, or ] ] in mice, but these data have been difficult to reproduce.
			Toxic over-exposure starts at 9% to 12% concentrations, the heart rate drops further, the victim may have more shallow breathing or stop all together, they do not respond to any outside stimulation and may begin to involuntarily gasp, belch or vomit, which can lead to ] if the victim is not turned on their side. This constitutes a medical emergency and requires prompt action. It is advised to move the victim to clear air and administer forced breathing for them to purge the lungs of the toxic fumes. If the victim recovers quickly enough, hospitalization may not be required, but will require a medical examination to ensure that no organ damage has occurred.
	Chloroethane is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3).<ref></ref><ref></ref>
			At >12% concentration, the victim's heart, lungs and kidneys begin to fail. Immediate CPR followed by medical support measures may be required to prevent fatal kidney, lung and heart failure. Singer ] died of "toxic effects of chloroethane" as well as suffocation.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2022/sep/10/darius-danesh-died-of-accidental-inhalation-of-chloroethane | title=Darius Campbell Danesh died of inhalation of chloroethane | website=] | date=10 September 2022 }}</ref>
	Recent information suggests carcinogenic potential; it has been designated as ACGIH category A3, ''Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans''. As a result, the State of California has incorporated it into ] as a known carcinogen. Nonetheless, it is still used in medicine as a ].
			Studies on the effects of chronic ethyl chloride exposure in animals have given inconsistent results, and no data exists for its long-term effects on humans.
			While chloroethane is not classified as ]ic to humans specifically,<ref>, IARC</ref> it is still used in medicine as a ].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Chloroethane |title = Chloroethane}}</ref>
	==References==		==References==
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	==External links==		==External links==
			{{Commons category|Chloroethane}}
	*{{ICSC|0132|01}}		*{{ICSC|0132|01}}
	*{{PGCH|0267}}		*{{PGCH|0267}}
			*] Monograph ""
	*{{ecb}}
	*] Monograph ""
	*{{nist |id=C75003 |name=Ethyl chloride}}		*{{nist |id=C75003 |name=Ethyl chloride}}
	*		*
			{{Local anesthetics}}
	]
			{{General anesthetics}}
			{{GABAAR PAMs}}
			{{Authority control}}
			]
	]		]
			]
	]		]
	]		]
			]
			]
	]
	]		]
			]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
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	]
	]