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	{{chembox		{{chembox
			|Watchedfields = changed
	| verifiedrevid = 443517955
			|verifiedrevid = 444854343
	| ImageFileL1 =chloropicrin.png
			|ImageFileL1 =chloropicrin.png
	| ImageSizeL1 = 100px
	| ImageFileR1 = Chloropicrin-3D-balls.png		|ImageFileR1 = Chloropicrin-3D-balls.png
			|IUPACName = Trichloro(nitro)methane
	| ImageSizeR1 = 100px
			|OtherNames = {{ubl|Nitrochloroform|Nitrotrichloromethane|PS|Tri-clor|Trichloronitromethane}}
	| IUPACName = trichloro(nitro)methane
			|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers
	| OtherNames = PS
			|IUPHAR_ligand = 6292
	| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
	| InChI = 1/CCl3NO2/c2-1(3,4)5(6)7		|InChI = 1/CCl3NO2/c2-1(3,4)5(6)7
	| InChIKey = LFHISGNCFUNFFM-UHFFFAOYAJ		|InChIKey = LFHISGNCFUNFFM-UHFFFAOYAJ
	| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}		|StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
	| StdInChI = 1S/CCl3NO2/c2-1(3,4)5(6)7		|StdInChI = 1S/CCl3NO2/c2-1(3,4)5(6)7
	| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}		|StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
	| StdInChIKey = LFHISGNCFUNFFM-UHFFFAOYSA-N		|StdInChIKey = LFHISGNCFUNFFM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
	| CASNo = 76-06-2		|CASNo = 76-06-2
	| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}		|CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
	| PubChem =		|PubChem = 6423
	| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}		|UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
	| UNII = I4JTX7Z7U2		|UNII = I4JTX7Z7U2
	| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}		|ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
	| ChEBI = 39285		|ChEBI = 39285
			|ChEMBL = 1327143
	| SMILES = ClC(Cl)(Cl)()=O
			|Beilstein = 1756135
	| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
			|Gmelin = 240197
	| ChemSpiderID = 13861343
			|EC_number = 200-930-9
	| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
	| KEGG = C18445		|RTECS = PB6300000
			|UNNumber = 1580
	}}
			|SMILES = ClC(Cl)(Cl)()=O
	| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
			|ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
	| Formula = CCl<sub>3</sub>NO<sub>2</sub>
			|ChemSpiderID = 13861343
	| MolarMass = 164.375
			|KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
	| Appearance = colorless liquid
			|KEGG = C18445
	| Density = 1.692 g/ml<ref>http://msds.chem.ox.ac.uk/CH/chloropicrin.html</ref>
			}}
	| MeltingPt = -69 °C
			|Section2={{Chembox Properties
	| BoilingPt = 112 °C (dec)
			|Formula = {{chem2|CCl3NO2}}
	| Solubility =
			|MolarMass = 164.375 g/mol
	}}
			|Appearance = colorless liquid
	| Section3 = {{Chembox Hazards
			|Odor = irritating<ref name=PGCH/>
	| MainHazards = Extremely toxic and irritating to skin, eyes, and lungs.
			|Density = 1.692&nbsp;g/ml
	| FlashPt =
			|MeltingPtC = -69
	| Autoignition =
			|BoilingPtC = 112
	}}
			|BoilingPt_notes = (decomposes)
			|Solubility = 0.2%<ref name=PGCH/>
			|VaporPressure = 18 mmHg (20°C)<ref name=PGCH/>
			|MagSus = −75.3·10<sup>−6</sup> cm<sup>3</sup>/mol
			}}
			|Section7={{Chembox Hazards
			|MainHazards = Extremely toxic and irritating to skin, eyes, and lungs. Carcinogenic.
			|GHSPictograms = {{GHS05}}{{GHS06}}{{GHS08}}{{GHS09}}
			|GHSSignalWord = Danger
			|HPhrases = {{H-phrases|301|314|330|370|372|410}}
			|PPhrases = {{P-phrases|260|264|270|271|273|280|284|301+310|301+330+331|303+361+353|304+340|305+351+338|307+311|310|314|320|321|330|363|391|403+233|405|501}}
			|NFPA-H = 4
			|NFPA-F = 0
			|NFPA-R = 3
			|PEL = TWA 0.1 ppm (0.7 mg/m<sup>3</sup>)<ref name=PGCH>{{PGCH|0132}}</ref>
			|REL = TWA 0.1 ppm (0.7 mg/m<sup>3</sup>)<ref name=PGCH/>
			|IDLH = 2 ppm<ref name=PGCH/>
			|LC50 = 9.7 ppm (mouse, 4 hr)<br />117 ppm (rat, 20 min)<br />14.4 ppm (rat, 4 hr)<ref name=IDLH>{{IDLH|76062|Chloropicrin}}</ref>
			|LCLo = 293 ppm (human, 10 min)<br />340 ppm (mouse, 1 min)<br />117 ppm (cat, 20 min)<ref name=IDLH/>
			}}
	}}		}}
			'''Chloropicrin''', also known as '''PS''' (from ]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Foulkes|first1=C. H.|title="GAS!" – The Story of the Special Brigade|date=31 January 2012|publisher=Andrews UK Limited|page=193}}</ref>) and '''nitrochloroform''', is a chemical compound currently used as a broad-spectrum antimicrobial, fungicide, ], ], and ].<ref name="RED Fact Sheet">{{cite web |title=RED Fact Sheet: Chloropicrin|url=http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/factsheets/chloropicrin-fs.pdf|publisher=US Environmental Protection Agency|access-date=20 September 2013|page=2|date=10 July 2008}}</ref> It was used as a ] and the Russian military has been accused of using it in the ].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Office of the Spokesperson |date=1 May 2024 |title=Imposing New Measures on Russia for its Full-Scale War and Use of Chemical Weapons Against Ukraine |url=https://www.state.gov/imposing-new-measures-on-russia-for-its-full-scale-war-and-use-of-chemical-weapons-against-ukraine-2/#:~:text=The%20Department%20of%20State%20has,Chemical%20Weapons%20Convention%20(CWC). |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523134544/https://www.state.gov/imposing-new-measures-on-russia-for-its-full-scale-war-and-use-of-chemical-weapons-against-ukraine-2/ |archive-date=23 May 2024 |access-date=23 May 2024 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-explosion-head-of-nuclear-defense-forces-killed-9656bce946a9f552454df9debe5fbd18?utm_source=firefox-newtab-en-us | title=A top Russian general is killed in a Moscow bombing claimed by Ukraine | website=] |date=2024-12-17 |access-date=2024-12-18}}</ref> Its chemical structural formula is {{chem2|Cl3C\sNO2|auto=1}}.
	'''Chloropicrin''', also known as '''PS''', is a ] with the structural formula Cl<sub>3</sub>CNO<sub>2</sub>. This colourless highly toxic liquid was once used in ] and is currently used as a ] and ].<ref name=fumigant>http://www.workcover.nsw.gov.au/Documents/Publications/AlertsGuidesHazards/DangerousGoodsExplosivesFireworksPyrotechnics/chloropicrin_fact_sheet_1371.pdf</ref><ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=cTA6AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA144&dq=Chloropicrin+in+chemical+warfare#PPA144,M1</ref>
	==History==		==Synthesis==
	Chloropicrin was first discovered in 1848 by a ] chemist ]. He prepared it by the reaction of a ] with ]:<!--eq is an approx guess-->		Chloropicrin was discovered in 1848 by Scottish chemist ]. He prepared it by the reaction of ] with ]:<!--eq is an approx guess-->
	:HOC<sub>6</sub>H<sub>2</sub>(NO<sub>2</sub>)<sub>3</sub> + 11 NaOCl → 3 Cl<sub>3</sub>CNO<sub>2</sub> + 3 Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> + 3 NaOH + 2 NaCl
	Because of the precursor he used, Stenhouse named the compound chloropicrin, although the two compounds are structurally dissimilar.
			{{block indent|{{chem2|HOC6H2(NO2)3 + 11 NaOCl → 3 Cl3CNO2 + 3 ] + 3 ] + 2 ]}}}}
	Arguably{{Weasel-inline|date=August 2011}}, chloropicrin's most famous use was in ]. In 1917, there were reports that the Germans were testing and using a new chemical in warfare.<ref name="chemweaponprevent">http://books.google.com/books?id=cTA6AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA144&dq=Chloropicrin+in+chemical+warfare&client=firefox-a#PPA144,M1</ref> That chemical was chloropicrin. While not as lethal as other chemical weapons, it caused ] and was a ].<ref name="chemweaponprevent"/> This combination of properties forced Allied soldiers to remove their masks to vomit, exposing them to toxic gases.<ref name="chemweaponprevent"/> This caused a large number of casualties on the Italian front.<ref name="chemweaponprevent"/>
			Because of the precursor used, Stenhouse named the compound chloropicrin, although the two compounds are structurally dissimilar.
	==Preparation==
	Chloropicrin is manufactured by the reaction of ] with ]:<ref>Sheldon B. Markofsky "Nitro Compounds, Aliphatic" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2005.</ref>
	:H<sub>3</sub>CNO<sub>2</sub> + 3 NaOCl → Cl<sub>3</sub>CNO<sub>2</sub> + 3 NaOH
			Today, chloropicrin is manufactured by the reaction of ] with ]:<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |first=Sheldon B. |last=Markofsky |title=Nitro Compounds, Aliphatic |encyclopedia=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry |publisher=Wiley-VCH |location=Weinheim |year=2005}}</ref>
	==Properties==
	As listed in the Table, chloropicrin is a colorless liquid that is insoluble in water, with which it is stable. With a vapor pressure of 24&nbsp;mm Hg, its volatility is between that of ] and ] in persistency, although closer to phosgene because it is related to the compound.<ref name=chemwarfarebook>http://books.google.com/books?id=cTA6AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA144&dq=Chloropicrin+in+chemical+warfare#PPA146,M1</ref> Tests have shown that chloropicrin causes humans to shut their eyes involuntarily.<ref name="chemweaponprevent"/> Chloropicrin can be absorbed systemically through inhalation, ingestion, and the skin. It is severely irritating to the lungs, eyes, and skin.<ref>. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Emergency Response Safety and Health Database, August 22, 2008. Retrieved December 23, 2008.</ref> Because of these properties, chloropicrin can only be delivered in shell form as a chemical weapon.<ref name="chemwarfarebook"/>
			{{block indent|{{chem2|H3CNO2 + 3 NaOCl → Cl3CNO2 + 3 NaOH}}}}
	==Application==
	Chloropicrin, today, is used as a fumigant to control pests found in the soil.<ref name="fumigant"/> Although less common, it can be used as a poison for vertebrates, such as rabbits.<ref name="fumigant"/> Chloropicrin is commonly used in combination with other fumigants, such as ] and ], for increased potency and as a warning agent.<ref name="fumigant"/>
			Reaction of ] and ] also yields chloropicrin:<ref>{{cite journal |title=Chloropicrin |first=Kirby E. |last=Jackson |journal=Chemical Reviews |year=1934 |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=251–286 |url=https://doi.org/10.1021/cr60048a003 |doi=10.1021/cr60048a003}}</ref>
	Chloropicrin has been used in ]. It first appeared in 1917 when the Germans tested a new chemical weapon on the Italian front.<ref name=chemwarfarebook>http://books.google.com/books?id=cTA6AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA144&dq=Chloropicrin+in+chemical+warfare</ref> The new chemical weapon was devastating to the Allies at first, since they had never encountered it before.
			{{block indent|{{Chem2|Cl3CH + HONO2 -> Cl3CNO2 + H2O}}}}
	==Safety==
	Chloropicrin is a highly toxic chemical:
	NIOSH 1995 states that:
			==Properties==
	*Chloropicrin is a lacrimator and a severe irritant of the respiratory system in humans; it also causes severe skin irritation on contact. When splashed onto the eye chloropicrin has caused corneal ] and liquification of the ].
			Chloropicrin's chemical formula is {{chem2|CCl3NO2}} and its molecular weight is 164.38 grams/mole.<ref name=DPR_ExecSum>{{cite web|title=Executive Summary - Evaluation of Chloropicrin As A Toxic Air Contaminant|url=http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/pubs/tac/exec_sum_0210.pdf|publisher=Department of Pesticide Regulation - California Environmental Protection Agency|access-date=20 September 2013|page=iv|date=February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006220801/http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/pubs/tac/exec_sum_0210.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Pure chloropicrin is a colorless liquid, with a boiling point of 112&nbsp;°C.<ref name="DPR_ExecSum"/> Chloropicrin is sparingly soluble in water with solubility of 2&nbsp;g/L at 25&nbsp;°C.<ref name="DPR_ExecSum"/> It is volatile, with a vapor pressure of 23.2 ] (mmHg) at 25&nbsp;°C; the corresponding ] constant is 0.00251&nbsp;atmosphere-cubic meter per mole.<ref name="DPR_ExecSum"/> The ] (''K''<sub>ow</sub>) of chloropicrin is estimated to be 269.<ref name="DPR_ExecSum"/> Its soil adsorption coefficient (''K''<sub>oc</sub>; normalized to soil organic matter content) is 25&nbsp;cm<sup>3</sup>/g.<ref name="DPR_ExecSum"/>
	*Exposure to concentrations of 15 ppm cannot be tolerated for more than 1 minute, and exposure to 4 ppm for a few seconds is temporarily disabling.
	*Exposure to 0.3-0.37 ppm chloropicrin for 3 to 30 seconds causes tearing and eye pain. Exposure to 15 ppm for a few seconds can cause respiratory tract injury.
	*Exposure to 119 ppm in air for 30 minutes is lethal; death is caused by pulmonary oedema.
			==Uses==
	Examples of industrial exposure in humans: 27 workers in a cellulose factory who were exposed to high levels of chloropicrin for 3 minutes developed ] after 3 to 12 hours of irritated coughing and difficulty on breathing; they subsequently developed pulmonary oedema, and one died.
			===Poison===
			Chloropicrin was manufactured for use as ].<ref>{{cite book |last=Ayres |first=Leonard P. |title =The War with Germany |url=https://archive.org/details/warwithgermanya02ayregoog |publisher =United States Government Printing Office |edition =2nd |date =1919 |location =Washington, DC |page =}}</ref> In ], German forces used concentrated chloropicrin against Allied forces as a ]. While not as lethal as other chemical weapons, it induced ] and forced Allied soldiers to remove their masks to vomit, exposing them to more toxic gases used as weapons during the war.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heller |first=Charles E. |date=September 1984 |title=Chemical Warfare in World War I: The American Experience, 1917–1918 |url=https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Portals/7/combat-studies-institute/csi-books/leavenworth-papers-10-chemical-warfare-in-world-war-i-the-american-experience-1917-1918.pdf |journal=Leavenworth Papers |issue=10 |pages=23}}</ref>
			===Agriculture===
	EU classification of chloropicrin is:
			In agriculture, chloropicrin is injected into soil prior to planting a crop to ] soil. Chloropicrin affects a broad spectrum of ], ] and ].<ref name="fumigant">{{cite web |url=http://www.workcover.nsw.gov.au/Documents/Publications/AlertsGuidesHazards/DangerousGoodsExplosivesFireworksPyrotechnics/chloropicrin_fact_sheet_1371.pdf |title=Factsheet: Chloropicrin |location=New South Wales |publisher=] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090520095913/http://www.workcover.nsw.gov.au/Documents/Publications/AlertsGuidesHazards/DangerousGoodsExplosivesFireworksPyrotechnics/chloropicrin_fact_sheet_1371.pdf |archive-date=May 20, 2009}}</ref> It is commonly used as a stand-alone treatment or in combination / co-formulation with ] and ].<ref name="fumigant" /><ref name="google">{{cite book| first1 = Amos Alfred |last1=Fries|first2=Clarence Jay |last2=West| title = Chemical warfare| url = https://archive.org/details/chemicalwarfare00westgoog| year = 1921| publisher = McGraw-Hill | page = }}</ref> Chloropicrin is used as an indicator and repellent when fumigating residences for insects with ] which is an odorless gas.{{cn<!--Commercial link removed-->|date=December 2024}} Chloropicrin's ] is unknown<ref name="PPDB" /> (IRAC MoA 8B).<ref name="IRAC-MoAs-9.4" /> Chloropicrin may stimulate ] ], which can be useful when quickly followed by a more effective ].<ref name="Martin-2003">{{cite journal | last=Martin | first=Frank N. | title=Development of Alternative Strategies for Management of Soilborne Pathogens Currently Controlled with Methyl Bromide | journal=] | publisher=] | volume=41 | issue=1 | year=2003 | issn=0066-4286 | doi=10.1146/annurev.phyto.41.052002.095514 | pages=325–350| pmid=14527332}}</ref>
	R22 Harmful if swallowed, R26 Very toxic by inhalation, R36/37/38 Irritating to eyes, skin and respiratory system, R43 May cause sensitisation by skin contact, R50/53 Very toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long term adverse effects in the aquatic environment.
			In 2008, the US ] re-approved chloropicrin as safe for use in agricultural settings, stating that treatments "can provide benefits to both food consumers and growers. For consumers, it means more fresh fruits and vegetables can be cheaply produced domestically year-round because several severe pest problems can be efficiently controlled."<ref>{{cite web|title=Amended Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) for Chloropicrin|url=http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/chloropicrin-red-amended.pdf|publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency|access-date=20 September 2013|date=May 2009}}</ref>{{dead link|date=May 2024}}<ref name=DPR_MitPro2>{{cite web|title=Chloropicrin Mitigation Proposal|url=http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/whs/pdf/dpr_chloropicrin_mitigation_proposal_and_app_1-3.pdf|publisher=Department of Pesticide Regulation – California Environmental Protection Agency|access-date=20 September 2013|page=2|date=15 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006220459/http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/whs/pdf/dpr_chloropicrin_mitigation_proposal_and_app_1-3.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> To ensure chloropicrin is used safely, the EPA requires a strict set of protections for handlers, workers, and persons living and working in and around farmland during treatments.<ref name=chloro_background>{{cite web|title=Chloropicrin – Background|url=http://www.chloropicrinfacts.org/background.html|access-date=20 September 2013}}</ref><ref name="DPR_MitPro2"/> EPA protections were increased in both 2011 and 2012, reducing ] exposures and significantly improving safety.<ref name=DPR_MitProQuote>{{cite web|title=Chloropicrin Mitigation Proposal|url=http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/whs/pdf/dpr_chloropicrin_mitigation_proposal_and_app_1-3.pdf|publisher=Department of Pesticide Regulation – California Environmental Protection Agency|access-date=20 September 2013|page=2|date=15 May 2013|quote=The Amended RED incorporated final new safety measures to increase protections for agricultural workers and bystanders. These measures establish a baseline for safe use of the soil fumigants throughout the United States, reducing fumigant exposures and significantly improving safety.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006220459/http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/whs/pdf/dpr_chloropicrin_mitigation_proposal_and_app_1-3.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Protections include the training of certified applicators supervising pesticide application, the use of buffer zones, posting before and during pesticide application, fumigant management plans, and compliance assistance and assurance measures.{{cn|date=December 2024}}
	Because of chloropicrin's stability, protection requires highly effective absorbents, such as ].<ref name="chemweaponprevent"/> Chloropicrin, unlike its relative compound ], is absorbed readily at any temperature, which may pose a threat in low or high temperature climates.<ref name="chemwarfarebook"/>
			Used as a preplant soil treatment measure, chloropicrin suppresses soilborne pathogenic ] and some ] and ]. According to chloropicrin manufacturers, with a ] of hours to days, it is completely digested by soil organisms before the crop is planted, making it safe and efficient.{{cn|date=May 2024}} Contrary to popular belief, chloropicrin does not ] soil and does not ], as the compound is destroyed by sunlight. Additionally, chloropicrin has never been found in ], due to its low solubility.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/edcenter/seminars/potato/Chloropicrin/ |title=Chloropicrin Soil Fumigation in Potato Production Systems|work=Plant Management Network |publisher=American Phytopathological Society |access-date= 1 Apr 2019}}</ref>
	The use of the substance has been restricted by the ], although such restriction is outdated now <ref name=rupr>{{cite web
	| last = ]
	| first =
	| authorlink =
	| coauthors =
	| title = Restricted Use Products (RUP) Report: Six Month Summary List
	| work =
	| publisher =
	| date =
	| url = http://www.epa.gov/opprd001/rup/rup6mols.htm
	| doi =
	| accessdate = 1 December 2009}}</ref>
			====California====
	==Portrayal in Media==
			In ], experience with acute effects of chloropicrin when used as a soil fumigant for ] and other ] led to the release of regulations in January 2015 creating buffer zones and other precautions to minimize exposure of farm workers, neighbors, and passersby.<ref name=CDPR01615>{{cite web|title=Control Measures for Chloropicrin|url=http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/whs/pdf/control_measures_chloropicrin_summary.pdf|publisher=California Department of Pesticide Regulation|access-date=January 15, 2015|date=January 6, 2015|quote=added controls for chloropicrin when it is used as a soil fumigant. The controls are intended to reduce risk from acute (short-term) exposures that might occur near fields fumigated with products containing chloropicrin.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128143316/http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/whs/pdf/control_measures_chloropicrin_summary.pdf|archive-date=January 28, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=DPR_MitProQuote2>{{cite web|title=Chloropicrin Mitigation Proposal|url=http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/whs/pdf/dpr_chloropicrin_mitigation_proposal_and_app_1-3.pdf|publisher=Department of Pesticide Regulation – California Environmental Protection Agency|access-date=20 September 2013|page=2|date=15 May 2013|quote=The new measures appearing on soil fumigant Phase 2 labels include buffer zones and posting, emergency preparedness and response measures, training for certified applicators supervising applications, Fumigant Management Plans, and notice to State Lead Agencies who wish to be informed of applications in their states.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006220459/http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/whs/pdf/dpr_chloropicrin_mitigation_proposal_and_app_1-3.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
	In the 1987 Movie ], detectives Joe Friday (]) and Pep Streebeck (]) thwart an attempt by mad cultists to release a tanker truck of ] at a party attended by several prominent Los Angeles city officials.
			==Safety==
			At a national level, chloropicrin is regulated in the ] by the ] as a restricted use ].<ref name=DPR_MitPro1>{{cite web|title=Chloropicrin Mitigation Proposal|url=http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/whs/pdf/dpr_chloropicrin_mitigation_proposal_and_app_1-3.pdf|publisher=Department of Pesticide Regulation – California Environmental Protection Agency|access-date=20 September 2013|page=1|date=15 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006220459/http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/whs/pdf/dpr_chloropicrin_mitigation_proposal_and_app_1-3.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Because of its toxicity and ]icity, distribution and use of chloropicrin is available only to licensed professionals and specially certified growers who are trained in its proper and safe use.<ref name="DPR_MitPro1"/> In the US, occupational exposure limits have been set at 0.1 ppm over an eight-hour time-weighted average.<ref name=cdc>{{cite web|title = NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards|url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0132.html|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=7 November 2013}}</ref>
			===High concentrations===
			]
			Chloropicrin is harmful to humans. It can be absorbed systemically through inhalation, ingestion, and the skin. At high concentrations, it is severely irritating to the lungs, eyes, and skin.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ershdb/EmergencyResponseCard_29750034.html |title=Chloropicrin (PS): Lung Damaging Agent |publisher=National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health |work=Emergency Response Safety and Health Database |date=August 22, 2008 |access-date=December 23, 2008}}</ref>
			==Damage to protective gear==
	The effects cited in explaining the substance (vomiting, suffocation, and death) are consistent with the actual chemical.
			Chloropicrin and its derivative ] have been known to damage or compromise earlier generations of personal protective equipment. Some of the soldiers attacked mentioned a white smoke emerging from their gas masks.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}
			==See also==
			*]
			*]
	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist|refs=
			<ref name="IRAC-MoAs-9.4">{{cite web|url=http://irac-online.org/documents/moa-classification/|title=IRAC Mode of Action Classification Scheme Version 9.4|website=IRAC (])|type=pdf|date=March 2020}}</ref>
			<ref name="PPDB">{{PPDB|148}}, ], accessed 2021-03-10.</ref>
			}}
	{{Chemical warfare}}		{{Chemical warfare}}
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