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{{chembox {{chembox
| Verifiedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 414064518
| Watchedfields = changed
| Name = Chloroprene
| verifiedrevid = 443518109
| ImageFileL1 = Chloroprene-2D-skeletal.png
| Name = Chloroprene
| ImageSizeL1 = 120px
| ImageNameL1 = Chloroprene | ImageFileL1 = Chloroprene.svg
| ImageSizeL1 = 120px
| ImageFileR1 = Chloroprene-3D-vdW.png
| ImageNameL1 = Chloroprene
| ImageSizeR1 = 120px
| ImageNameR1 = Chloroprene | ImageFileR1 = Chloroprene-3D-vdW.png
| ImageSizeR1 = 120px
| IUPACName = 2-Chlorobuta-1,3-diene
| OtherNames = Chloroprene, 2-chloro-1,3-butadiene | ImageNameR1 = Chloroprene
| PIN = 2-Chlorobuta-1,3-diene
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
| OtherNames = Chloroprene, 2-chloro-1,3-butadiene, Chlorobutadiene, β-Chloroprene
| ChEBI = 39481
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
| SMILES = Cl/C(=C)/C=C
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} | ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEBI = 39481
| SMILES = C=C(Cl)C=C
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 29102 | ChemSpiderID = 29102
| InChI = 1/C4H5Cl/c1-3-4(2)5/h3H,1-2H2 | InChI = 1/C4H5Cl/c1-3-4(2)5/h3H,1-2H2
Line 25: Line 28:
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} | CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CASNo = 126-99-8 | CASNo = 126-99-8
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| RTECS = EL9625000
| UNII = 42L93DWV3A
| RTECS = EL9625000
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}} | KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
| KEGG = C19208 | KEGG = C19208
| PubChem = 31369
}}
| Gmelin = 277888
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
| Beilstein = 741875
| Formula = C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>5</sub>Cl
| EC_number = 204-818-0
| MolarMass = 88.5365 g/mol
| UNNumber = 1991
| Appearance = Colorless liquid.
}}
| Density = 0.9598 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, liquid.
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
| Solubility = 0.026 g/100 mL, liquid.
| Formula = C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>5</sub>Cl
| MeltingPtC = -130
| MolarMass = 88.5365 g/mol
| BoilingPtC = 59.4
| Appearance = Colorless liquid
| Viscosity =
| Odor = Pungent, ]-like
}}
| Density = 0.9598 g/cm<sup>3</sup>
| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure
| Solubility = 0.026 g/100 mL
| MolShape =
| SolubleOther = Soluble in ], ] <br />Miscible in ], ], ]
| Dipole =
| MeltingPtC = −130
}}
| BoilingPtC = 59.4
| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards
| Viscosity =
| ExternalMSDS =
| RefractIndex = 1.4583
| MainHazards = Highly flammable, toxic.
| VaporPressure = 188 mmHg (20 °C)<ref name=PGCH/>
| NFPA-H = 2
}}
| NFPA-F = 3
| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure
| NFPA-R =
| FlashPt = -15.6°C | MolShape =
| Dipole =
| RPhrases = {{R45}}, {{R11}}, {{R20/22}},<br />{{R36/37/38}}, {{R48/20}}
}}
| SPhrases = {{S53}}, {{S45}}
| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards
}}
| ExternalSDS =
| Section8 = {{Chembox Related
| MainHazards = Highly flammable, irritant, toxic
| Function = ]s
| NFPA-H = 2
| OtherFunctn = ]<br />]
| NFPA-F = 3
| OtherCpds = ]
| NFPA-R = 0
}}
| FlashPtC = −15.6
| ExploLimits = 1.9–11.3%<ref name=PGCH/>
| GHSPictograms = {{GHS02}}{{GHS07}}{{GHS08}}
| GHSSignalWord = Danger
| HPhrases = {{H-phrases|225|302|315|319|332|335|350|373}}
| PPhrases = {{P-phrases|201|202|210|233|240|241|242|243|260|261|264|270|271|280|281|301+312|302+352|303+361+353|304+312|304+340|305+351+338|308+313|312|314|321|330|332+313|337+313|362|370+378|403+233|403+235|405|501}}
| LD50 = 450 mg/kg (rat, oral)
| PEL = TWA 25 ppm (90 mg/m<sup>3</sup>) <ref name=PGCH>{{PGCH|0133}}</ref>
| IDLH = 300 ppm<ref name=PGCH/>
| REL = Ca C 1 ppm (3.6 mg/m<sup>3</sup>) <ref name=PGCH/>
| LC50 = 3207 ppm (rat, 4 hr)<ref name=IDLH>{{IDLH|126998|ß-Chloroprene}}</ref>
| LCLo = 1052 ppm (rabbit, 8 hr) <br/>350 ppm (cat, 8 hr)<ref name=IDLH/>
}}
| Section8 = {{Chembox Related
| OtherFunction_label = ]s
| OtherFunction = ] <br />]
| OtherCompounds = ] <br />]
}}
}} }}


'''Chloroprene''' is the common name for the ] 2-chlorobuta-1,3-diene, which has the ] CH<sub>2</sub>=CCl-CH=CH<sub>2</sub>. This colorless liquid is the ] for the production of the ] polychloroprene, a type of ]. Polychloroprene is better known to the public as ], the trade name given by ]. '''Chloroprene''' (] name '''2-chlorobuta-1,3-diene''') is a chemical compound with the molecular formula CH<sub>2</sub>=CCl−CH=CH<sub>2.</sub><ref name=Ross/> Chloroprene is a colorless volatile liquid, almost exclusively used as a ] for the production of the ] polychloroprene, better known as ], a type of ].<!--As explained with references at ], the 1937 trade name "Neoprene" was almost immediately ] to "neoprene", with DuPont's own consent and approval; it is a ] and is thus entered as such (lowercased) in major dictionaries such as Merriam-Webster and American Heritage Dictionary.-->


==History==
==Production of chloroprene==
Although it may have been discovered earlier, chloroprene was largely developed by DuPont during the early 1930s, specifically with the formation of neoprene in mind.<ref name=origin>{{cite journal |last1=Carothers |first1=Wallace H. |last2=Williams |first2=Ira. |last3=Collins |first3=Arnold M. |last4=Kirby |first4=James E. |title=Acetylene Polymers and their Derivatives. II. A New Synthetic Rubber: Chloroprene and its Polymers|journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society |date=November 1931 |volume=53 |issue=11 |pages=4203–4225 |doi=10.1021/ja01362a042}}</ref> The chemists ], ], ] and ] are generally accredited with its development and commercialisation although the work was based upon that of ], with whom they collaborated.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=John K. |title=The Ten-Year Invention: Neoprene and Du Pont Research, 1930-1939 |journal=Technology and Culture |date=January 1985 |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=34–55 |doi=10.2307/3104528|jstor=3104528 |s2cid=113234844 }}</ref>
Chloroprene is produced in three steps from ]: (i) ], (ii) isomerization of part of the product stream, and (iii) ] of 3,4-dichloro-1-butene.


==Production==
] adds to 1,3-butadiene to afford a mixture of 3,4-dichloro-1-butene and 2,3-dichloro-2-butene. The 2,3-chloro isomer is subsequently isomerized to 3,4 isomer, which in turn is treated with base to induce dehydrochlorination to 2-chlorobuta-1,3-diene. This dehydrohalogenation entails loss of a hydrogen ] in the 3 position and the chlorine atom in the 4 position thereby forming a double bond between carbons 3 and 4. In 1983, approximately 2,000,000 kg were produced in this manner.<ref name=Ross>Manfred Rossberg, Wilhelm Lendle, Gerhard Pfleiderer, Adolf Tögel, Eberhard-Ludwig Dreher, Ernst Langer, Heinz Rassaerts, Peter Kleinschmidt, Heinz Strack, Richard Cook, Uwe Beck, Karl-August Lipper, Theodore R. Torkelson, Eckhard Löser, Klaus K. Beutel, “Chlorinated Hydrocarbons” in Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2006 John Wiley-VCH: Weinheim.DOI: 10.1002/14356007.a06_233.pub2</ref> The chief impurity in chloroprene prepared in this way is
Chloroprene is produced in three steps from 1,3-]: (i) ], (ii) isomerization of part of the product stream, and (iii) ] of 3,4-dichlorobut-1-ene.
1-chlorobuta-1,3-diene, which is usually separated by ].

] adds to 1,3-butadiene to afford a mixture of 3,4-dichlorobut-1-ene and 1,4-dichlorobut-2-ene. The 1,4-dichloro isomer is subsequently isomerized to 3,4 isomer, which in turn is treated with base to induce dehydrochlorination to 2-chlorobuta-1,3-diene. This dehydrohalogenation entails loss of a hydrogen ] in the 3 position and the chlorine atom in the 4 position thereby forming a double bond between carbons 3 and 4. In 1983, approximately 2,000,000&nbsp;kg was produced in this manner.<ref name=Ross>Manfred Rossberg, Wilhelm Lendle, Gerhard Pfleiderer, Adolf Tögel, Eberhard-Ludwig Dreher, Ernst Langer, Heinz Rassaerts, Peter Kleinschmidt, Heinz Strack, Richard Cook, Uwe Beck, Karl-August Lipper, Theodore R. Torkelson, Eckhard Löser, Klaus K. Beutel, "Chlorinated Hydrocarbons" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2006 John Wiley-VCH: Weinheim. {{doi|10.1002/14356007.a06_233.pub2}}</ref> The chief impurity in chloroprene prepared in this way is
1-chlorobuta-1,3-diene, which is usually separated by ].


===Acetylene process=== ===Acetylene process===
Until the 1960s, chloroprene production was dominated by the “acetylene process, which was modeled after the original synthesis of ].<ref>{{cite journal | author = ], Ira Williams, Arnold M. Collins, and James E. Kirby | title = Acetylene Polymers and their Derivatives. II. A New Synthetic Rubber: Chloroprene and its Polymers | journal = ]| year = 1937 | volume = 53 | pages = 4203–4225 | doi = 10.1021/ja01362a042}}</ref> In this process, ] is dimerized to give vinyl acetylene, which is then combined with ] to afford 4-chloro-1,2-butadiene (an allene derivative), which in the presence of ], rearranges to the targeted 2-chlorobuta-1,3-diene:<ref name=Ross/> Until the 1960s, chloroprene production was dominated by the "acetylene process," which was modeled after the original synthesis of ].<ref name=origin /> In this process, ] is dimerized to give vinyl acetylene, which is then combined with ] to afford 4-chloro-1,2-butadiene (an allene derivative), which in the presence of ], rearranges to the targeted 2-chlorobuta-1,3-diene:<ref name=Ross/>
:HC&equiv;C-CH=CH<sub>2</sub> + HCl → H<sub>2</sub>C=C=CH-CH<sub>2</sub>Cl
: H<sub>2</sub>C=C=CH-CH<sub>2</sub>Cl → H<sub>2</sub>C=CCl-CH=CH<sub>2</sub>


:]
This process is very energy-intensive and has high investment costs. Furthermore, the intermediate vinyl acetylene is unstable.


This "acetylene process" has been replaced by a process which adds ] to one of the double bonds in 1,3-butadiene instead, and subsequent elimination produces ] instead, as well as chloroprene. This process is energy-intensive and has high investment costs. Furthermore, the intermediate vinyl acetylene is unstable. This "acetylene process" has been replaced by a process which adds ] to ], giving ]. Isomerization of the latter gives 1,2-dichloro-3-butene, which undergoes ]::
:{{chem2|CH2\dCHCH\dCH2 + Cl2 -> ClCH2CH\dCHCH2Cl}}
:{{chem2|ClCH2CH\dCHCH2Cl -> ClCH2CHClCH\dCH2}}
:{{chem2|ClCH2CHClCH\dCH2 -> CH2\dCClCH\dCH2 + HCl}}

==Occupational health and safety, and regulations==
Chloroprene is in ] 3 (flammable liquid). Its ] is 1991 and is in ] 1.

=== Hazards ===
Chloroprene is toxic. It is reactive towards air, producing peroxides, which are also toxic. Handling of and exposure to chloroprene poses an occupational health risk to workers involved in the manufacture and production of neoprene.
{{Multiple image
| align = left
| direction = horizontal
| width = 50
| image1 = FlameHAZCOM.png
| caption1 =
| image2 = HealthHazard.png
| caption2 =
| image3 = ExclamationMark.png
| image4 = Environment(Non-Mandatory).png
| image5 = SkullAndCrossbones.png
| footer = ] that apply to chloroprene. From left: flammability; carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, reproductive toxicity, respiratory sensitization, target organ toxicity, or aspiration toxicity; irritant (skin and eye), skin sensitizer, respiratory tract irritant, hazardous to ozone layer, may have narcotic effects; aquatic toxicity; and acute toxicity (fatal or toxic).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.osha.gov/dsg/hazcom/pictograms/index.html|title=Hazard Communication Pictograms|website=U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration|access-date=2018-12-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.osha.gov/Publications/HazComm_QuickCard_Pictogram.html|title=OSHA Quick Card: Hazard Communication Standard Pictogram|website=U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration|access-date=2018-12-11}}</ref>
}}

As a way to visually communicate hazards associated with chloroprene exposure, the United Nations ] has designated the following hazards for exposure to chloroprene: flammable, toxic, dangerous to the environment, health hazard and irritant. Chloroprene poses ] (flash point {{convert|-4|°F|°C}}).<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/chloroprene#section=Top|title=Chloroprene|last=Pubchem|website=pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|language=en|access-date=2018-11-24}}</ref> OSHA identifies chloroprene as a category 2 flammable liquid and emphasizes that at least one portable fire extinguisher should be within 10 and no more than 25 feet away from the flammable liquid storage area.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.osha.gov/dte/library/TrngandMatlsLib_FlammableLiquids.pdf|title=Flammable liquids|website=Occupational Safety and Health Administration |access-date=2018-12-14}}</ref> OSHA provides resources on addressing flammable liquids at industrial plants which is where the likely exposure to chloroprene exists (see external resources). As a vapor, chloroprene is heavier than air.

According to the ]'s rating system, chloroprene is designated with a category 2 health hazard (temporary incapacitation or residual injury), a category 3 fire hazard (ignition under the presence of moderate heat), and a category 1 reactivity (unstable at high temperatures and pressures).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fm.colostate.edu/files/forms/safety/CH-23.NFPA.ratings.pdf|title=National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Rating System|website=www.fm.colostate.edu|access-date=2018-12-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/391|title=Chloroprene, Stabilized {{!}} Cameo Chemicals {{!}} NOAA|website=cameochemicals.noaa.gov|access-date=2018-12-14}}</ref>

Chronic exposure to chloroprene may have the following symptoms: liver function abnormalities, disorders of the cardiovascular system, and depression of the immune system.<ref name=":5" />

The ] designated chloroprene as likely to be carcinogenic to humans based on evidence from studies that showed a statistically significant association between occupational chloroprene exposure and the risk of lung cancer.<ref name=":0">U.S. EPA. IRIS Toxicological Review of Chloroprene (Final Report). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, EPA/635/R-09/010F, 2010.</ref> As early as 1975, NIOSH had identified the potential health hazards of chloroprene in their bulletin primarily citing two Russian cohort studies from those working with chloroprene in an occupational setting.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2018-10-16 |title=Current intelligence bulletin 1 - chloroprene |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/78-127/78127_1.html|language=en-us|doi=10.26616/NIOSHPUB781271}}</ref>

=== Hazard controls ===
Several epidemiological studies and toxicological reports provide evidence of chloroprene's capability to inflict occupational health and safety concerns. However, varying reviews of the degree to which chloroprene should be held responsible for health concerns highlight the criticality of sound scientific research.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The IRIS Review Process: Chloroprene and the Criticality of Good Science |website=House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology Republicans |s2cid=33811055 |url=https://science.house.gov/_cache/files/6/7/67679af7-e48f-408f-b392-618a86c313fd/914B47595100BD3AC366B2ED39BA7BCE.hhrg-115-sy18-wstate-kmundt-20170906.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2001-06-01|title=Occupational exposure to butadiene, isoprene and chloroprene|journal=Chemico-Biological Interactions|language=en|volume=135-136|pages=207–214|doi=10.1016/S0009-2797(01)00191-0|issn=0009-2797|last1=Lynch|first1=Jeremiah|pmid=11397391|bibcode=2001CBI...135..207L }}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|date=2012-02-10|title=A fatal intoxication by chloroprene|journal=Forensic Science International|language=en|volume=215|issue=1–3|pages=110–113|doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.03.029|issn=0379-0738|last1=Rickert|first1=Annette|last2=Hartung|first2=Benno|last3=Kardel|first3=Bernd|last4=Teloh|first4=Johanna|last5=Daldrup|first5=Thomas|pmid=21511420}}</ref> Only one fatality as a result of chloroprene intoxication has been recorded which was a result of cleaning a container used for chloroprene.<ref name=":9" />

The primary occupational concern for chloroprene is limited to the facilities producing chloroprene and using chloroprene to produce the synthetic rubber, polychloroprene.<ref name=":0" />

The high vaporization potential and flammability of chloroprene has significant implications for handling and storage operations in the occupational setting. Chloroprene should be stored in closed containers in a cool, well-ventilated area with the temperature no higher than {{convert|50|°F|°C}}. In addition, chloroprene has a high reactivity and should be stored away from oxidizing agents such as perchlorate, peroxides, permanganates, chlorates, nitrates, chlorine, bromine, and fluorine. All activities inducing a potential fire hazard should be avoided. For instance, smoking, having open flames or using sparking tools to open or close storage containers should be prohibited. It is also advised that grounded and bonded metal containers are used for the transport of chloroprene.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://nj.gov/health/eoh/rtkweb/documents/fs/0407.pdf|title=Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet|website=New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services}}</ref>

=== Occupational exposure limits===
A table of ] (OELs) from various jurisdictions follows. In general, the OELs range from 0.55 ppm to 25 ppm.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0133.html|title=Template Package 4|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=2018-11-24|language=en-us}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
! colspan="2" | Occupational exposure limits for chloroprene<ref name=":2" />
|-
! Organization
! Concentration
|-
|NIOSH REL
|1 ppm
|-
|ACGIH TLV 8-hour TWA
|1 ppm
|-
|OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA
|25 ppm
|-
|Mine Safety and Health Administration
|25 ppm
|-
|Austria OEL MAK-TMW
|5 ppm
|-
|Belgium OEL TWA
|10 ppm
|-
|Denmark OEL ceiling concentration
|1 ppm
|-
|Finland OEL TWA
|1 ppm
|-
|France OEL VME
|10 ppm
|-
|Hungary OEL TWA
|5 ppm
|-
|Iceland OEL Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL)
|1 ppm
|-
|Korea OEL TWA
|10 ppm
|-
|Mexico OEL TWA
|10 ppm
|-
|New Zealand OEL TWA
|10 ppm
|-
|Norway OEL TWA
|1 ppm
|-
|Peru OEL TWA
|10 ppm
|-
|Poland OEL MAC TWA
|0.55 ppm
|-
|Sweden OEL TWA
|1 ppm
|-
|Switzerland OEL MAK-week
|5 ppm
|-
|The Netherlands OEL MAC-TGG
|5 ppm
|}

In the ACGIH's ''2018 TLV and BEI booklet'', chloroprene was designated with a skin and an A2 notation. The skin notation designation is based on animal and human research that have shown chloroprene's ability to be absorbed by the skin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.acgih.org/docs/default-source/presentations/2004/aihce_slides_5.pdf?sfvrsn=e5fadf0d_2|title=Definitions and Interpretations of Skin Notations and the Use of Biological Monitoring to Assess Total Exposure|last=Lowry|first=Larry K.|date=2004|website=ACGIH}}</ref> An A2 designation by the ACGIH means that the substance is a suspected human ] with support from human data that are accepted as adequate in quality but may not be enough to declare an A1 (known human carcinogen) designation. Additionally, the TLV basis for these designations are due to scientific studies that show an association between chloroprene exposure and lung cancer, upper respiratory tract (URT) and eye irritation.<ref name=":4">''2018 TLVs and BEIs: Based on the Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents & Biological Exposure Indices''. ACGIH, 2018.</ref>

===Chronic effects===
Chloroprene is classified as a polytropic poison, and it causes organic disturbances in the nervous system and cardiovascular system. Examinations of the cardiovascular system show muffled heart sounds, reduced arterial pressure, and tachycardia. Within exposed workers, they report respiratory problems, eye and skin irritation, chest pains, and neurological symptoms.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sanotskii |first=I V |date=October 1976 |title=Aspects of the toxicology of chloroprene: immediate and long-term effects. |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |language=en |volume=17 |pages=85–93 |doi=10.1289/ehp.761785 |issn=0091-6765|pmc=1475249 }}</ref>

===Environment===
The fate of chloroprene in the environment has been examined.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Report on Carcinogens, fourteenth edition|year= 2016|author=National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. National Toxicology Program|isbn=978-1-5231-0852-7|oclc=990561140}}</ref> Due to its volatility and extreme reactivity, it is not expected to bioaccumulate.<ref name=":0" />

The only known environmental effect is related to how chloroprene is volatile and spreads rapidly through the air. This highly flammable component increases the possibility of causing a fire or explosion releasing irritating or toxic fumes (or gases).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Toxic Chemistry: Chloroprene, Health & Environment |url=http://www.greenspec.co.uk/building-design/chloroprene-environment-human-health/ |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=www.greenspec.co.uk |language=en}}</ref>

In 2022, a request made by Denka to regulate chloroprene emissions was rejected by EPA. The request establishes a revision of EPA’s 2010 assessment of the chemical, arguing that the model used to estimate human cancer risk based on experiments, performed on mice, was not rigorous.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lerner |first=Sharon |date=2022-03-17 |title=EPA Rejects Denka's Request to Weaken Assessment of Chloroprene |url=https://theintercept.com/2022/03/17/epa-cancer-chloroprene-denka/ |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=The Intercept |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Transportation===
Only stabilized chloroprene can be transported in U.S..

=== Effects on the human body ===
Chloroprene, if inhaled in any amount over 1ppm is toxic to the human body. Chloroprene is carcinogenic, can cause temporary hair loss on the exposed area, and can cause damage to the eyes and skin.<ref>https://nj.gov/health/eoh/rtkweb/documents/fs/0407.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=August 2024}}</ref>


==References== ==References==
{{reflist}}
<references/>


==External links== ==External links==
* {{ICSC|0133|01}} * {{ICSC|0133|01}}
* {{PGCH|0133}} * {{PGCH|0133}}
* ] Monograph ""
* {{ecb}}
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* ] Monograph ""
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127110248/https://m.restek.com/documentation/msds/30238_useng.pdf |date=2018-11-27 }}
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