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{{chembox {{chembox
| Verifiedfields = changed
⚫ | verifiedrevid = 396324207
| Watchedfields = changed
⚫ | verifiedrevid = 414405403
| ImageFile = Decabromodiphenyl ether.svg | ImageFile = Decabromodiphenyl ether.svg
| ImageSize = 250px | ImageSize = 230px
| ImageAlt = Skeletal formula of decabromodiphenyl ether
| IUPACName = 2,3,4,5,6-Pentabromo-1-(2,3,4,5,6-<br/>pentabromophenoxy)benzene
| ImageFile1 = Decabromodiphenyl ether 3D ball.png
| OtherNames = DecaBDE, Deca-BDE, BDE-209
| ImageSize1 = 230
⚫ | Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
| ImageAlt1 = Ball-and-stick model of the decabromodiphenyl ether molecule
| PIN = 1,1′-Oxybis(2,3,4,5,6-pentabromobenzene)
| OtherNames = {{bulleted list|2,3,4,5,6-Pentabromo-1-(2,3,4,5,6-pentabromophenoxy)benzene|6,6′-Oxybis(1,2,3,4,5-pentabromobenzene)|decabromodiphenyl oxide (DBDPO)| bis(pentabromophenyl) ether }}
⚫ |Section1={{Chembox Identifiers
| Abbreviations = | Abbreviations =
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} | ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 13764 | ChemSpiderID = 13764
| InChIKey = WHHGLZMJPXIBIX-UHFFFAOYAY | InChIKey = WHHGLZMJPXIBIX-UHFFFAOYAY
⚫ | ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEMBL = 229975 | ChEMBL = 229975
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
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| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} | CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CASNo = 1163-19-5 | CASNo = 1163-19-5
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| EINECS =
| UNII = N80BQ29A0H
| EC_number = 214-604-9
| PubChem = 14410 | PubChem = 14410
| SMILES = Brc2c(Oc1c(Br)c(Br)c(Br)c(Br)c1Br)c(Br)c(Br)c(Br)c2Br | SMILES = Brc2c(Oc1c(Br)c(Br)c(Br)c(Br)c1Br)c(Br)c(Br)c(Br)c2Br
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| RTECS = KN3525000 | RTECS = KN3525000
| MeSHName = | MeSHName =
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEBI = | ChEBI = 82436
⚫ | KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|changed|kegg}}
| KEGG = | KEGG = C19383
| ATCCode_prefix =
}}
| ATCCode_suffix =
⚫ |Section2={{Chembox Properties
| ATC_Supplemental =}}
⚫ | Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
| Formula = C<sub>12</sub>Br<sub>10</sub>O | Formula = C<sub>12</sub>Br<sub>10</sub>O
| MolarMass = 959.17 g/mol | MolarMass = 959.17 g/mol
| Appearance = White or pale yellow solid | Appearance = White or pale yellow solid
| Density = 3.364 g/cm<sup>3</sup> solid | Density = 3.364 g/cm<sup>3</sup> solid
| MeltingPtC = 294 to 296
⚫ | MeltingPt = 294–296 °C <ref name=GESTIS/>
⚫ | MeltingPt_ref = <ref name="GESTIS">{{GESTIS|ZVG=493931|CAS=1163-19-5|Name=Decabromodiphenyl ether|Date=17 June 2008}}</ref>
| Melting_notes =
| BoilingPtC = 425
| BoilingPt = 425 °C (decomposition) <ref name=GESTIS/>
⚫ | BoilingPt_notes = (decomposition)<ref name=GESTIS/>
| Boiling_notes =
| Solubility = 20-30 µg/litre <ref>{{cite web | title=Environmental Health Criteria| publisher=ICPS | accessdate=2009-07-20 | url= http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc162.htm#SectionNumber:2.1/}}</ref> | Solubility = 20-30 μg/litre <ref>{{cite web | title=Environmental Health Criteria| publisher=ICPS | accessdate=2009-07-20 | url= http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc162.htm#SectionNumber:2.1/}}</ref>
| SolubleOther = | SolubleOther =
| Solvent = | Solvent =
| pKa = | pKa =
| pKb = }} | pKb = }}
| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure |Section3={{Chembox Structure
| CrystalStruct = | CrystalStruct =
| Coordination = | Coordination =
| MolShape = }} | MolShape = }}
| Section4 = {{Chembox Thermochemistry |Section4={{Chembox Thermochemistry
| DeltaHf = | DeltaHf =
| DeltaHc = | DeltaHc =
| Entropy = | Entropy =
| HeatCapacity = }} | HeatCapacity = }}
| Section5 = {{Chembox Pharmacology |Section5={{Chembox Pharmacology
| AdminRoutes = | AdminRoutes =
| Bioavail = | Bioavail =
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| Legal_AU = | Legal_AU =
| Legal_CA = | Legal_CA =
| PregCat = | Pregnancy_category =
| PregCat_AU = | Pregnancy_AU =
| PregCat_US = }} | Pregnancy_US = }}
| Section6 = {{Chembox Explosive |Section6={{Chembox Explosive
| ShockSens = | ShockSens =
| FrictionSens = | FrictionSens =
| ExplosiveV = | DetonationV =
| REFactor = }} | REFactor = }}
| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards |Section7={{Chembox Hazards
| ExternalSDS =
| ExternalMSDS =
| GHSPictograms = {{GHS07}}{{GHS09}}
| EUClass =
| GHSSignalWord = Warning
| EUIndex =
| HPhrases = {{H-phrases|302|312|319|332|341|373|413}}
⚫ | MainHazards = Xn <ref name="GESTIS">{{GESTIS|ZVG=493931|CAS=1163-19-5|Name=Decabromodiphenyl ether|Date=17 June 2008}}</ref>
| PPhrases = {{P-phrases|201|202|260|261|264|270|271|273|280|281|301+312|302+352|304+312|304+340|305+351+338|308+313|312|314|322|330|337+313|363|405|501}}
⚫ | NFPA-H =
| NFPA-F = | NFPA-H = 2
| NFPA-R = | NFPA-F = 0
| NFPA-O = | NFPA-R = 0
⚫ | NFPA-S =
| RPhrases = {{none}} <ref name="EU Official Journal"></ref>
| FlashPtC = 241
| SPhrases = {{none}} <ref name="EU Official Journal"/>
| AutoignitionPtC =
| RSPhrases =
| FlashPt = 241 °C
| Autoignition =
| ExploLimits = | ExploLimits =
| PEL = }} | PEL = }}
| Section8 = {{Chembox Related |Section8={{Chembox Related
| OtherAnions = | OtherAnions =
| OtherCations = | OtherCations =
| OtherFunctn = ], ] | OtherFunction = ], ]
| Function = ]s | OtherFunction_label = ]s
| OtherCpds = ]}} | OtherCompounds = ]}}
}} }}
'''Decabromodiphenyl ether''' (also referred to as '''decaBDE''', '''DBDE''', '''BDE-209''') is a ] which belongs to the group of ]s (PBDEs). It was commercialised in the 1970s and was initially thought to be safe,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Liepins |first1=R |last2=Pearce |first2=E M |title=Chemistry and toxicity of flame retardants for plastics. |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |date=October 1976 |volume=17 |pages=55–63 |doi=10.1289/ehp.761755|pmid=1026419 |pmc=1475265 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Norris |first1=J M |last2=Kociba |first2=R J |last3=Schwetz |first3=B A |last4=Rose |first4=J Q |last5=Humiston |first5=C G |last6=Jewett |first6=G L |last7=Gehring |first7=P J |last8=Mailhes |first8=J B |title=Toxicology of octabromobiphenyl and decabromodiphenyl oxide. |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |date=June 1975 |volume=11 |pages=153–161 |doi=10.1289/ehp.7511153|pmid=126149 |pmc=1475203 }}</ref> but is now recognised as a hazardous and persistent pollutant. It was added to Annex A of the ] in 2017,<ref>{{cite web |title=c-decaBDE |url=http://chm.pops.int/Implementation/Alternatives/AlternativestoPOPs/ChemicalslistedinAnnexA/cdecaBDE/tabid/5985/Default.aspx |website=chm.pops.int |publisher=Secretariat of the Stockholm Convention |access-date=8 January 2023}}</ref><ref name="COP2017"></ref> which means that treaty members must take measures to eliminate its production and use. The plastics industry started switching to ] as an alternative in the 1990s, but this is now also coming under regulatory pressure due to concerns over human health.
'''Decabromodiphenyl ether''' (also known as decaBDE, deca-BDE, DBDE, deca, decabromodiphenyl oxide, DBDPO, or bis(pentabromophenyl) ether) is a ] which belongs to the group of ]s (PBDEs).


==Composition, uses, and production== ==Composition, uses, and production==
'''Commercial decaBDE''' is a technical mixture of different PBDE ]s, with PBDE congener number 209 (decabromodiphenyl ether) and nonabromodiphenyl ether being the most common.<ref name=EU2002> Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2002. Publication EUR 20402 EN.</ref> The term '''decaBDE''' alone refers to only decabromodiphenyl ether, the single "fully brominated" PBDE.<ref name=ATSDR2004>Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, September 2004.</ref> '''Commercial decaBDE''' is a technical mixture of various PBDE ]s (related compounds). Congener number 209 (decabromodiphenyl ether) and nonabromodiphenyl ether are the main components.<ref name="JRC">Joint Research Centre European inventory of Existing Commercial chemical Substances {{cite web|url=http://esis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-07-11 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101220543/http://esis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ |archivedate=2014-01-01 }}</ref> The term '''decaBDE''' alone refers to only decabromodiphenyl ether, the single "fully brominated" PBDE.<ref name=ATSDR2004>Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, September 2004.</ref>


DecaBDE is a ]. The chemical "is always used in conjunction with ]" in ]s, mainly in "high impact polystyrene (HIPS) which is used in the television industry for cabinet backs."<ref name=EU2002/> DecaBDE is also used for "polypropylene drapery and upholstery fabric" by means of backcoating and "may also be used in some synthetic carpets."<ref name=EU2002/> DecaBDE is a ]. The chemical "is always used in conjunction with ]" in ]s, mainly in "high impact polystyrene (HIPS) which is used in the television industry for cabinet backs."<ref name="JRC" /> DecaBDE is also used for "polypropylene drapery and upholstery fabric" by means of backcoating and "may also be used in some synthetic carpets."<ref name="JRC" />


The annual demand worldwide was estimated as 56,100 ] in 2001, of which the Americas accounted for 24,500 tonnes, Asia 23,000 tonnes, and Europe 7,600 tonnes.<ref>Bromine Science and Environmental Forum. 21 January 2003.</ref> The industrial consumption in Europe was stable at approximately 8,000 tonnes annually between the beginning of the 1990s and 2004.<ref>, study for the Swiss National Science Foundation, 2007, page 23</ref> As of 2007, ] in the U.S., ] in the U.S., ICL-IP in Israel, and Tosoh Corporation in Japan are the main manufacturers of decaBDE.<ref name=Maine2007> Augusta, Maine: Maine Department of Environmental Protection and Maine Center for Disease Control & Prevention, January 2007.</ref><ref name=Sissell2007>{{cite journal |author=Sissell, Kara |title=Washington State Signs Law Regulating Deca-PBDE |journal=Chemical Week |date=May 2, 2007 |url=http://www.ewg.org/node/21556 |format= &ndash; <sup></sup>}} {{dead link|date=May 2009}}</ref> The annual demand worldwide was estimated as 56,100 ] in 2001, of which the Americas accounted for 24,500 tonnes, Asia 23,000 tonnes, and Europe 7,600 tonnes.<ref name="JRC" /> In 2012 between 2500 and 5000 metric tonnes of Deca-BDE was sold in Europe.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.vecap.info/index.php?mact=NewsPublications,cntnt01,details,0&cntnt01documentid=20&cntnt01returnid=57 | title=VECAP - Annual Progress Report}}</ref> As of 2007, ] in the U.S., ] in the U.S., ICL-IP in Israel, and Tosoh Corporation in Japan are the main manufacturers of DecaBDE.<ref name=Maine2007> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311231314/http://www.maine.gov/dep/rwm/publications/legislativereports/pdf/finalrptjan07.pdf |date=2007-03-11 }} Augusta, Maine: Maine Department of Environmental Protection and Maine Center for Disease Control & Prevention, January 2007.</ref>

Despite its listing in Annex A to the ], decaBDE is still produced in China, namely in the provinces ] and ].<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020-05-01|title=Trends of production, consumption and environmental emissions of Decabromodiphenyl ether in mainland China|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0269749119354946|journal=Environmental Pollution|language=en|volume=260|pages=114022|doi=10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114022|issn=0269-7491|last1=Chen |first1=Yuan |last2=Li |first2=Jinhui |last3=Tan |first3=Quanyin |pmid=31995770 |s2cid=210951187 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Zhen|first1=Xiaomei|last2=Li|first2=Yanfang|last3=Tang|first3=Jianhui|last4=Wang|first4=Xinming|last5=Liu|first5=Lin|last6=Zhong|first6=Mingyu|last7=Tian|first7=Chongguo|date=2021-05-17|title=Decabromodiphenyl Ether versus Decabromodiphenyl Ethane: Source, Fate, and Influencing Factors in a Coastal Sea Nearing Source Region|url=https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c08528|journal=Environmental Science & Technology|volume=55 |issue=11 |pages=7376–7385 |doi=10.1021/acs.est.0c08528|pmid=33998794 |bibcode=2021EnST...55.7376Z |s2cid=234747918 |issn=0013-936X}}</ref>


==Environmental chemistry== ==Environmental chemistry==
As stated in a 2006 review, "Deca-BDE has long been characterized as an environmentally stable and inert product that was not capable of degradation in the environment, not toxic, and therefore of no concern."<ref name=Alcock2006>{{cite journal |author=Alcock RE, Busby J |title=Risk migration and scientific advance: the case of flame-retardant compounds |journal=Risk Anal. |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=369–81 |year=2006 |month=April |pmid=16573627 |doi=10.1111/j.1539-6924.2006.00739.x |url=http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2006.00739.x?journalCode=risk}}</ref> However, "some scientists had not particularly believed that Deca-BDE was so benign, particularly as evidence to this effect came largely from the industry itself."<ref name=Alcock2006/> One problem in studying the chemical was that "the detection of Deca-BDE in environmental samples is difficult and problematic"; only in the late 1990s did "analytical advances... allow detection at much lower concentrations."<ref name=Alcock2006/> As stated in a 2006 review, "Deca-BDE has long been characterized as an environmentally stable and inert product that was not capable of degradation in the environment, not toxic, and therefore of no concern."<ref name=Alcock2006>{{cite journal |vauthors=Alcock RE, Busby J |title=Risk migration and scientific advance: the case of flame-retardant compounds |journal=Risk Anal. |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=369–81 |date=April 2006 |pmid=16573627 |doi=10.1111/j.1539-6924.2006.00739.x |s2cid=37119476 }}</ref> However, "some scientists had not particularly believed that Deca-BDE was so benign, particularly as evidence to this effect came largely from the industry itself."<ref name=Alcock2006/> One problem in studying the chemical was that "the detection of Deca-BDE in environmental samples is difficult and problematic"; only in the late 1990s did "analytical advances... allow detection at much lower concentrations."<ref name=Alcock2006/>


DecaBDE is released by different processes into the environment, such as emissions from manufacture of decaBDE-containing products and from the products themselves.<ref name=ATSDR2004/> Elevated concentrations can be found in air, water, soil, food, ], ], and ].<ref name=Hale2006>{{cite journal |author=Hale RC, La Guardia MJ, Harvey E, Gaylor MO, Mainor TM |title=Brominated flame retardant concentrations and trends in abiotic media |journal=Chemosphere |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=181–6 |year=2006 |month=June |pmid=16434082 |doi=10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.12.006 }}</ref> A 2006 study concluded "in general, environmental concentrations of BDE-209 appear to be increasing."<ref name=Hale2006/> DecaBDE is released by diverse processes into the environment, such as emissions from manufacture of decaBDE-containing products and from the products themselves.<ref name=ATSDR2004/> Elevated concentrations can be found in air, water, soil, food, ], ], and ].<ref name=Hale2006>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hale RC, La Guardia MJ, Harvey E, Gaylor MO, Mainor TM |title=Brominated flame retardant concentrations and trends in abiotic media |journal=Chemosphere |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=181–6 |date=June 2006 |pmid=16434082 |doi=10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.12.006 |bibcode=2006Chmsp..64..181H }}</ref> A 2006 study concluded "in general, environmental concentrations of BDE-209 appear to be increasing."<ref name=Hale2006/>


===The question of debromination=== ===The question of debromination===
An important scientific issue is whether decaBDE debrominates in the environment to PBDE congeners with fewer bromine atoms, since such PBDE congeners may be more toxic than decaBDE itself.<ref name=ATSDR2004/> Debromination may be "biotic" (caused by biological means) or "abiotic" (caused by nonbiological means).<ref name=Maine2007/> The ] (EU) in May 2004 stated "the formation of PBT/vPvB substances in the environment as a result of degradation is a possibility that cannot be quantified based on current knowledge."<ref name=EU2004></ref> In September 2004 an ] (ATSDR) report asserted that "DecaBDE seems to be largely resistant to environmental degradation."<ref name=ATSDR2004/> An important scientific issue is whether decaBDE debrominates in the environment to PBDE congeners with fewer bromine atoms, since such PBDE congeners may be more toxic than decaBDE itself.<ref name=ATSDR2004/> Debromination may be "biotic" (caused by biological means) or "abiotic" (caused by nonbiological means).<ref name=Maine2007/> The ] (EU) in May 2004 stated "the formation of PBT/vPvB (] / very Persistent, very Bioaccumulative) substances in the environment as a result of degradation is a possibility that cannot be quantified based on current knowledge."<ref name="JRC"/> In September 2004 an ] (ATSDR) report asserted that "DecaBDE seems to be largely resistant to environmental degradation."<ref name=ATSDR2004/>


In May 2006, the EPHA Environment Network (now The Health and Environment Alliance) released a report reviewing the available scientific literature<ref name=Stapleton2006May>Stapleton, Heather M. Brussels, Belgium: EPHA Environment Network, May 2006.</ref> and concluding the following: In May 2006, the EPHA Environment Network (now The Health and Environment Alliance) released a report reviewing the available scientific literature<ref name=Stapleton2006May>Stapleton, Heather M. Brussels, Belgium: EPHA Environment Network, May 2006.</ref> and concluding the following:
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* "Some fish appear capable of debrominating BDE 209 through metabolism. The extent of the metabolism varies among fish and it is difficult to determine the extent of debromination that would occur in the wild." * "Some fish appear capable of debrominating BDE 209 through metabolism. The extent of the metabolism varies among fish and it is difficult to determine the extent of debromination that would occur in the wild."


Subsequently, many studies have been published concerning decaBDE debromination. Common ] soil bacteria debrominated decaBDE and octaBDE in a 2006 study.<ref name=He2007>{{cite journal |author=He J, Robrock KR, Alvarez-Cohen L |title=Microbial reductive debromination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) |journal=Environ. Sci. Technol. |volume=40 |issue=14 |pages=4429–34 |year=2006 |month=July |pmid=16903281 |doi= 10.1021/es052508d|url=http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/esthag/2006/40/i14/abs/es052508d.html}}</ref> In 2006-2007 studies, metabolic debromination of decaBDE was demonstrated in fish,<ref name=Stapleton2006Aug>{{cite journal |author=Stapleton HM, Brazil B, Holbrook RD, ''et al'' |title=In vivo and in vitro debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209) by juvenile rainbow trout and common carp |journal=Environ. Sci. Technol. |volume=40 |issue=15 |pages=4653–8 |year=2006 |month=August |pmid=16913120 |url=http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/esthag/2006/40/i15/abs/es060573x.html |doi=10.1021/es060573x}}</ref> birds,<ref name=VandenSteen2007>{{cite journal |author=Van den Steen E, Covaci A, Jaspers VL, ''et al'' |title=Accumulation, tissue-specific distribution and debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209) in European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) |journal=Environ. Pollut. |volume=148 |issue=2 |pages=648–53 |year=2007 |month=July |pmid=17239511 |doi=10.1016/j.envpol.2006.11.017 |url=}}</ref> cows,<ref name=Kierkegaard2007>{{cite journal |author=Kierkegaard A, Asplund L, de Wit CA, ''et al'' |title=Fate of higher brominated PBDEs in lactating cows |journal=Environ. Sci. Technol. |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=417–23 |year=2007 |month=January |pmid=17310701 |url=http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/esthag/2007/41/i02/abs/es0619197.html |doi=10.1021/es0619197}}</ref> and rats.<ref name=Huwe2007>{{cite journal |author=Huwe JK, Smith DJ |title=Accumulation, whole-body depletion, and debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether in male sprague-dawley rats following dietary exposure |journal=Environ. Sci. Technol. |volume=41 |issue=7 |pages=2371–7 |year=2007 |month=April |pmid=17438789 |url=http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/esthag/2007/41/i07/abs/es061954d.html |doi=10.1021/es061954d}}</ref> A 2007 study by La Guardia and colleagues measured PBDE congeners "from a wastewater treatment plant (sludge) to receiving stream sediments and associated aquatic biota"; it "support the hypothesis that metabolic debromination of -209 does occur in the aquatic environment under realistic conditions."<ref name=LaGuardia2007>{{cite journal |author=La Guardia MJ, Hale RC, Harvey E |title=Evidence of debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in biota from a wastewater receiving stream |journal=Environ. Sci. Technol. |volume=41 |issue=19 |pages=6663–70 |year=2007 |month=October |pmid=17969678 |url=http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/esthag/2007/41/i19/abs/es070728g.html |doi=10.1021/es070728g}}</ref> In another 2007 study, Stapleton and Dodder exposed "both a natural and a BDE 209 spiked dust material" to sunlight, and found "nonabrominated congeners" and "octabrominated congeners" consistent with debromination of decaBDE in the environment.<ref name=Stapleton2007>{{cite journal |author=Stapleton HM, Dodder NG |title=Photodegradation of decabromodiphenyl ether in house dust by natural sunlight |journal=Environ. Toxicol. Chem. |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=306–12 |year=2008 |month=February |pmid=18348638 |doi=10.1897/07-301R.1}}</ref> Subsequently, many studies have been published concerning decaBDE debromination. Common ] soil bacteria debrominated decaBDE and octaBDE in a 2006 study.<ref name=He2007>{{cite journal |vauthors=He J, Robrock KR, Alvarez-Cohen L |title=Microbial reductive debromination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) |journal=Environ. Sci. Technol. |volume=40 |issue=14 |pages=4429–34 |date=July 2006 |pmid=16903281 |doi= 10.1021/es052508d|bibcode=2006EnST...40.4429H }}</ref> In 2006-2007 studies, metabolic debromination of decaBDE was demonstrated in fish,<ref name=Stapleton2006Aug>{{cite journal |author=Stapleton HM |title=In vivo and in vitro debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209) by juvenile rainbow trout and common carp |journal=Environ. Sci. Technol. |volume=40 |issue=15 |pages=4653–8 |date=August 2006 |pmid=16913120 |doi=10.1021/es060573x |name-list-style=vanc|author2=Brazil B |author3=Holbrook RD |last4=Mitchelmore |first4=Carys L. |last5=Benedict |first5=Rae |last6=Konstantinov |first6=Alex |last7=Potter |first7=Dave|bibcode=2006EnST...40.4653S |display-authors=3 }}</ref> birds,<ref name=VandenSteen2007>{{cite journal |author=Van den Steen E |title=Accumulation, tissue-specific distribution and debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209) in European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) |journal=Environ. Pollut. |volume=148 |issue=2 |pages=648–53 |date=July 2007 |pmid=17239511 |doi=10.1016/j.envpol.2006.11.017 }}</ref> cows,<ref name=Kierkegaard2007>{{cite journal |author=Kierkegaard A |title=Fate of higher brominated PBDEs in lactating cows |journal=Environ. Sci. Technol. |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=417–23 |date=January 2007 |pmid=17310701 |doi=10.1021/es0619197 |name-list-style=vanc|author2=Asplund L |author3=de Wit CA |last4=McLachlan |first4=Michael S. |last5=Thomas |first5=Gareth O. |last6=Sweetman |first6=Andrew J. |last7=Jones |first7=Kevin C.|bibcode=2007EnST...41..417K |display-authors=3 }}</ref> and rats.<ref name=Huwe2007>{{cite journal |vauthors=Huwe JK, Smith DJ |title=Accumulation, whole-body depletion, and debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether in male sprague-dawley rats following dietary exposure |journal=Environ. Sci. Technol. |volume=41 |issue=7 |pages=2371–7 |date=April 2007 |pmid=17438789 |doi=10.1021/es061954d|bibcode=2007EnST...41.2371H }}</ref> A 2007 study by La Guardia and colleagues measured PBDE congeners "from a wastewater treatment plant (sludge) to receiving stream sediments and associated aquatic biota"; it "support the hypothesis that metabolic debromination of -209 does occur in the aquatic environment under realistic conditions."<ref name=LaGuardia2007>{{cite journal |vauthors=La Guardia MJ, Hale RC, Harvey E |title=Evidence of debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in biota from a wastewater receiving stream |journal=Environ. Sci. Technol. |volume=41 |issue=19 |pages=6663–70 |date=October 2007 |pmid=17969678 |doi=10.1021/es070728g|bibcode=2007EnST...41.6663L }}</ref> In another 2007 study, Stapleton and Dodder exposed "both a natural and a BDE 209 spiked dust material" to sunlight, and found "nonabrominated congeners" and "octabrominated congeners" consistent with debromination of decaBDE in the environment.<ref name=Stapleton2007>{{cite journal |vauthors=Stapleton HM, Dodder NG |title=Photodegradation of decabromodiphenyl ether in house dust by natural sunlight |journal=Environ. Toxicol. Chem. |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=306–12 |date=February 2008 |pmid=18348638 |doi=10.1897/07-301R.1|s2cid=207267052 }}</ref>


In March 2007 the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency concluded "it can be questioned how much abiotic and microbial degradation occurs under normal environmental conditions, and it is not clear whether the more toxic lower-brominated PBDEs are produced in significant quantities by any of these pathways."<ref name=IL2007>Illinois Environmental Protection Agency. March 2007.</ref> In September 2007 a U.K. Advisory Committee on Hazardous Substances issued an opinion that "The relevance of this potential degradation to the real world is questionable. ... it is impossible to say what the level of concern is unless we have reliable figures for the degradation in the field."<ref name=ACHS2007>Advisory Committee on Hazardous Substances. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, September 2007.</ref> In March 2007 the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency concluded "it can be questioned how much abiotic and microbial degradation occurs under normal environmental conditions, and it is not clear whether the more toxic lower-brominated PBDEs are produced in significant quantities by any of these pathways."<ref name=IL2007>Illinois Environmental Protection Agency. March 2007.</ref> In September 2010, the UK Advisory Committee on Hazardous Substances issued an opinion that ‘there is strong but incomplete, scientific evidence indicating that Deca-BDE has the potential to undergo transformation to lower brominated congeners in the environment'.<ref>Advisory Committee on Hazardous Substances. ACHS opinion on the Draft Environmental Risk Assessment Report for Decabromodiphenyl ether (DecaBDE) (CAS 1163 19 5). Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs </ref>


==Pharmacokinetics== ==Pharmacokinetics==
Exposure to decaBDE is thought to occur by means of ingestion.<ref name=ATSDR2004/> Humans and animals do not absorb decaBDE well; at most, perhaps 2% of an oral dose is absorbed.<ref name=BFRIP2002> American Chemistry Council’s Brominated Flame Retardant Industry Panel (BFRIP), December 17, 2002.</ref><ref name=BFRIP2003> American Chemistry Council’s Brominated Flame Retardant Industry Panel for the Voluntary Children's Chemical Evaluation Program (VCCEP), September 30, 2003.</ref> It is believed that "the small amount of decaBDE that is absorbed can be metabolized".<ref name=ATSDR2004/> Exposure to decaBDE is thought to occur by means of ingestion.<ref name=ATSDR2004/> Humans and animals do not absorb decaBDE well; at most, perhaps 2% of an oral dose is absorbed.<ref name=BFRIP2002> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050220175325/http://www.tera.org/peer/VCCEP/DECA/DBDPO%20Assessment.pdf |date=2005-02-20 }} American Chemistry Council’s Brominated Flame Retardant Industry Panel (BFRIP), December 17, 2002.</ref><ref name=BFRIP2003> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060927195453/http://www.tera.org/peer/VCCEP/DECA/VCCEP%20DBDPO.pdf |date=2006-09-27 }} American Chemistry Council’s Brominated Flame Retardant Industry Panel for the Voluntary Children's Chemical Evaluation Program (VCCEP), September 30, 2003.</ref> It is believed that "the small amount of decaBDE that is absorbed can be metabolized".<ref name=ATSDR2004/>


Once in the body, decaBDE "might leave unchanged or as metabolites, mainly in the feces and in very small amounts in the urine, within a few days," in contrast with "lower brominated PBDEs... might stay in your body for many years, stored mainly in body fat."<ref name=ATSDR2004/> In workers with occupational exposure to PBDEs, the calculated apparent half-life for decaBDE was 15 days, as opposed to (for example) an octaBDE congener with a half-life of 91 days.<ref name=Thuresson2006>{{cite journal |author=Thuresson K, Höglund P, Hagmar L, Sjödin A, Bergman A, Jakobsson K |title=Apparent half-lives of hepta- to decabrominated diphenyl ethers in human serum as determined in occupationally exposed workers |journal=Environ. Health Perspect. |volume=114 |issue=2 |pages=176–81 |year=2006 |month=February |pmid=16451851 |pmc=1367828 |url=http://ehpnet1.niehs.nih.gov/members/2005/8350/8350.html |doi=10.1289/ehp.8350}}</ref> Once in the body, decaBDE "might leave unchanged or as metabolites, mainly in the feces and in very small amounts in the urine, within a few days," in contrast with "lower brominated PBDEs... might stay in your body for many years, stored mainly in body fat."<ref name=ATSDR2004/> In workers with occupational exposure to PBDEs, the calculated apparent half-life for decaBDE was 15 days, as opposed to (for example) an octaBDE congener with a half-life of 91 days.<ref name=Thuresson2006>{{cite journal|vauthors=Thuresson K, Höglund P, Hagmar L, Sjödin A, Bergman A, Jakobsson K |title=Apparent Half-Lives of Hepta- to Decabrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Human Serum as Determined in Occupationally Exposed Workers |journal=Environ. Health Perspect. |volume=114 |issue=2 |pages=176–81 |date=February 2006 |pmid=16451851 |pmc=1367828 |doi=10.1289/ehp.8350 }}</ref>


===Detection in humans=== ===Detection in humans===
In the general population, decaBDE has been found in blood and breast milk, but at lower levels than other PBDE congeners such as 47, 99, and 153.<ref name=Lorber2007>{{cite journal |author=Lorber M |title=Exposure of Americans to polybrominated diphenyl ethers |journal=J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=2–19 |year=2008 |month=January |pmid=17426733 |doi=10.1038/sj.jes.7500572 |url=http://www.nature.com/jes/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/7500572a.html}}</ref> An investigation carried out by the ] detected decaBDE in blood samples from 3 of 14 ministers of health and environment of European Union countries, while (for example) PBDE-153 was found in all 14.<ref>WWF Detox Campaign. October 2004.</ref> In the general population, decaBDE has been found in blood and breast milk, but at lower levels than other PBDE congeners such as 47, 99, and 153.<ref name=Lorber2007>{{cite journal |author=Lorber M |title=Exposure of Americans to polybrominated diphenyl ethers |journal=J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=2–19 |date=January 2008 |pmid=17426733 |doi=10.1038/sj.jes.7500572 |doi-access=free }}</ref> A 2004 investigation carried out by the ] detected decaBDE in blood samples from 3 of 14 ministers of health and environment of European Union countries, while (for example) PBDE-153 was found in all 14.<ref>WWF Detox Campaign. October 2004.</ref>


==Possible health effects in humans== ==Possible health effects in humans==
In 2004, ATSDR wrote "Nothing definite is known about the health effects of PBDEs in people. Practically all of the available information is from studies of laboratory animals. Animal studies indicate that commercial decaBDE mixtures are generally much less toxic than the products containing lower brominated PBDEs. Because of its very different toxicity, decaBDE is expected to have relatively little effect on the health of humans."<ref name=ATSDR2004/> Based on animal studies, the possible health effects of decaBDE in humans involve the liver, thyroid, reproductive/developmental effects, and neurological effects.<ref name=IL2006>Illinois Environmental Protection Agency. January 2006.</ref> In 2004, ATSDR wrote "Nothing definite is known about the health effects of PBDEs in people. Practically all of the available information is from studies of laboratory animals. Animal studies indicate that commercial decaBDE mixtures are generally much less toxic than the products containing lower brominated PBDEs. DecaBDE is expected to have relatively little effect on the health of humans."<ref name=ATSDR2004/> Based on animal studies, the possible health effects of decaBDE in humans involve the liver, thyroid, reproductive/developmental effects, and neurological effects.<ref name=IL2006>Illinois Environmental Protection Agency. January 2006.</ref>


===Liver=== ===Liver===
Line 136: Line 144:


===Thyroid=== ===Thyroid===
One 2006 review concluded "Decreases in thyroid hormone levels have been reported in several studies, and thyroid gland enlargement (an early sign of hypothyroidism) has been shown in studies of longer duration exposure."<ref name=IL2006/> A 2007 experiment giving decaBDE to pregnant mice found that decaBDE "is likely an endocrine disrupter in male mice following exposure during development" based on results such as decreased serum ].<ref name=Tseng2007>{{cite journal |author=Tseng LH, Li MH, Tsai SS, ''et al'' |title=Developmental exposure to decabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE 209): effects on thyroid hormone and hepatic enzyme activity in male mouse offspring |journal=Chemosphere |volume=70 |issue=4 |pages=640–7 |year=2008 |month=January |pmid=17698168 |doi=10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.06.078 }}</ref> One 2006 review concluded "Decreases in thyroid hormone levels have been reported in several studies, and thyroid gland enlargement (an early sign of hypothyroidism) has been shown in studies of longer duration exposure."<ref name=IL2006/> A 2007 experiment giving decaBDE to pregnant mice found that decaBDE "is likely an endocrine disrupter in male mice following exposure during development" based on results such as decreased serum ].<ref name=Tseng2007>{{cite journal |author=Tseng LH |title=Developmental exposure to decabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE 209): effects on thyroid hormone and hepatic enzyme activity in male mouse offspring |journal=Chemosphere |volume=70 |issue=4 |pages=640–7 |date=January 2008 |pmid=17698168 |doi=10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.06.078 |name-list-style=vanc|author2=Li MH |author3=Tsai SS |last4=Lee |first4=Chia-Wei |last5=Pan |first5=Min-Hsiung |last6=Yao |first6=Wei-Jen |last7=Hsu |first7=Ping-Chi |bibcode=2008Chmsp..70..640T |url=http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/173649/1/14.pdf |display-authors=3 }}</ref>


===Reproductive/developmental effects=== ===Reproductive/developmental effects===
"Significant data gaps" exist in the scientific literature on a possible relationship between decaBDE and reproductive/developmental effects.<ref name=IL2006/> A 2006 study of mice found that decaBDE decreased some "sperm functions."<ref name=Tseng2006>{{cite journal |author=Tseng LH, Lee CW, Pan MH, ''et al'' |title=Postnatal exposure of the male mouse to 2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5',6,6'-decabrominated diphenyl ether: decreased epididymal sperm functions without alterations in DNA content and histology in testis |journal=Toxicology |volume=224 |issue=1-2 |pages=33–43 |year=2006 |month=July |pmid=16713668 |doi=10.1016/j.tox.2006.04.003 }}</ref> "Significant data gaps" exist in the scientific literature on a possible relationship between decaBDE and reproductive/developmental effects.<ref name=IL2006/> A 2006 study of mice found that decaBDE decreased some "sperm functions."<ref name=Tseng2006>{{cite journal |author=Tseng LH |title=Postnatal exposure of the male mouse to 2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5',6,6'-decabrominated diphenyl ether: decreased epididymal sperm functions without alterations in DNA content and histology in testis |journal=Toxicology |volume=224 |issue=1–2 |pages=33–43 |date=July 2006 |pmid=16713668 |doi=10.1016/j.tox.2006.04.003 |name-list-style=vanc|author2=Lee CW |author3=Pan MH |last4=Tsai |first4=Shinn-Shong |last5=Li |first5=Mei-Hui |last6=Chen |first6=Jenq-Renn |last7=Lay |first7=Jiunn-Jyi |last8=Hsu |first8=Ping-Chi |url=http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/173646/1/12.pdf |display-authors=3 }}</ref>


===Neurological effects=== ===Neurological effects===
EPA has determined that daily Deca exposures should be less than 7 μg/kg-d (micrograms per kilogram bodyweight per day) to minimize the chance of brain and nervous system toxicity.<ref>EPA. 2008. Final Integrated Risk Information System Assessment for Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209). Available: http://www.epa.gov/ncea/iris/subst/0035.htm</ref> EPA based their assessment on a study in 2003 on neurotoxicity in mice, which some have "criticized for certain procedural and statistical problems."<ref name=IL2006/> A 2007 study in mice "suggest that decaBDE is a developmental neurotoxicant that can produce long-term behavioral changes following a discrete period of neonatal exposure."<ref name=Rice2007>{{cite journal |author=Rice DC, Reeve EA, Herlihy A, Zoeller RT, Thompson WD, Markowski VP |title=Developmental delays and locomotor activity in the C57BL6/J mouse following neonatal exposure to the fully-brominated PBDE, decabromodiphenyl ether |journal=Neurotoxicol Teratol |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=511–20 |year=2007 |pmid=17482428 |doi=10.1016/j.ntt.2007.03.061 }}</ref> Administration of decaBDE to male rats at 3 days of age in another 2007 study "was shown to disrupt normal spontaneous behaviour at 2 months of age."<ref name=Viberg2007>{{cite journal |author=Viberg H, Fredriksson A, Eriksson P |title=Changes in spontaneous behaviour and altered response to nicotine in the adult rat, after neonatal exposure to the brominated flame retardant, decabrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE 209) |journal=Neurotoxicology |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=136–42 |year=2007 |month=January |pmid=17030062 |doi=10.1016/j.neuro.2006.08.006 }}</ref> EPA has determined that daily Deca exposures should be less than 7 μg/kg-d (micrograms per kilogram bodyweight per day) to minimize the chance of brain and nervous system toxicity.<ref>EPA. 2008. Final Integrated Risk Information System Assessment for Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209). Available: http://www.epa.gov/ncea/iris/subst/0035.htm</ref> EPA based their assessment on a study in 2003 on neurotoxicity in mice, which some have "criticized for certain procedural and statistical problems."<ref name=IL2006/> A 2007 study in mice "suggest that decaBDE is a developmental neurotoxicant that can produce long-term behavioral changes following a discrete period of neonatal exposure."<ref name=Rice2007>{{cite journal |vauthors=Rice DC, Reeve EA, Herlihy A, Zoeller RT, Thompson WD, Markowski VP |title=Developmental delays and locomotor activity in the C57BL6/J mouse following neonatal exposure to the {{Sic|hide=y|fully|-}}brominated PBDE, decabromodiphenyl ether |journal=Neurotoxicol Teratol |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=511–20 |year=2007 |pmid=17482428 |doi=10.1016/j.ntt.2007.03.061 }}</ref> Administration of decaBDE to male rats at 3 days of age in another 2007 study "was shown to disrupt normal spontaneous behaviour at 2 months of age."<ref name=Viberg2007>{{cite journal |vauthors=Viberg H, Fredriksson A, Eriksson P |title=Changes in spontaneous behaviour and altered response to nicotine in the adult rat, after neonatal exposure to the brominated flame retardant, decabrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE 209) |journal=Neurotoxicology |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=136–42 |date=January 2007 |pmid=17030062 |doi=10.1016/j.neuro.2006.08.006 }}</ref>


==Overall risks and benefits== ==Overall risks and benefits==
In 2002–2003 the American Chemistry Council’s Brominated Flame Retardant Industry Panel, citing an unpublished 1997 study, estimated that 280 deaths due to fires are prevented each year in the U.S. because of the use of decaBDE.<ref name=BFRIP2002/><ref name=BFRIP2003/> The ], in a 2006 report largely concerning decaBDE, concluded that "the benefits of PBDE flame retardants, in terms of lives saved and injuries prevented, far outweigh any demonstrated or likely negative health effects from their use."<ref name=Kucewicz2006>Kucewicz, William P. New York: American Council on Science and Health, August 2006.</ref> A 2006 study concluded "current levels of Deca in the United States are unlikely to represent an adverse health risk for children."<ref name=Hays2006>{{cite journal |author=Hays SM, Pyatt DW |title=Risk assessment for children exposed to decabromodiphenyl (oxide) ether (Deca) in the United States |journal=Integr Environ Assess Manag |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=2–12 |year=2006 |month=January |pmid=16640311 |doi=10.1897/1551-3793(2006)22.0.CO;2 }}</ref> A report from the Swedish National Testing and Research Institute concerning the costs and benefits of decaBDE in television sets that was funded by BSEF assumed "no cost for injuries (either to humans or the environment) due to exposure to flame retardants... as there was no indication that such costs exist for DecaBDE"; it found that decaBDE's benefits exceeded its costs.<ref name=Simonson2006>Simonson, Margaret, et al. Swedish National Testing and Research Institute, SP Report 2006:28.</ref> In 2002–2003 the American Chemistry Council's Brominated Flame Retardant Industry Panel, citing an unpublished 1997 study, estimated that 280 deaths due to fires are prevented each year in the U.S. because of the use of decaBDE.<ref name=BFRIP2002/><ref name=BFRIP2003/> The industry advocacy group ], in a 2006 report largely concerning decaBDE, said that "the benefits of PBDE flame retardants, in terms of lives saved and injuries prevented, far outweigh any demonstrated or likely negative health effects from their use."<ref name=Kucewicz2006>Kucewicz, William P. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521154359/http://www.acsh.org/docLib/20060809_flame.pdf |date=2011-05-21 }} New York: American Council on Science and Health, August 2006.</ref> A 2006 study concluded "current levels of Deca in the United States are unlikely to represent an adverse health risk for children."<ref name=Hays2006>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hays SM, Pyatt DW |title=Risk assessment for children exposed to decabromodiphenyl (oxide) ether (Deca) in the United States |journal=Integr Environ Assess Manag |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=2–12 |date=January 2006 |pmid=16640311 |doi=10.1897/1551-3793(2006)22.0.CO;2 |s2cid=23777908 |doi-access=free }}</ref> A report from the Swedish National Testing and Research Institute concerning the costs and benefits of decaBDE in television sets that was funded by BSEF assumed "no cost for injuries (either to humans or the environment) due to exposure to flame retardants... as there was no indication that such costs exist for DecaBDE"; it found that decaBDE's benefits exceeded its costs.<ref name=Simonson2006>Simonson, Margaret, et al. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206124130/http://www.sp.se/sv/units/fire/Documents/Rapporter/SPReport_2006_28.pdf |date=2008-12-06 }} Swedish National Testing and Research Institute, SP Report 2006:28.</ref>


==Voluntary and governmental actions== ==Voluntary and governmental actions==

===Europe=== ===Europe===
In ], plastics manufacturers and the textile additives industry "declared in 1986 a voluntary phase-out of the use of PBDEs, including Deca-BDE."<ref name=Lassen2006>Lassen, Carsten, et al. Danish Environmental Protection Agency, 2006.</ref> Although decaBDE was to be phased out of electrical and electronic equipment in the EU by 2006 under the EU's ] (RoHS), decaBDE use has been exempted from RoHS beginning in 2005 and continuing for five years.<ref name=EU2005> ''Official Journal of the European Union'' 15.10.2005.</ref><ref name=WA2005>Washington State Departments of Health and Ecology. October 12, 2005.</ref> A case in the ] against the RoHS exemption has been decided against Deca-BDE and its use must be phased out by July 1, 2008.<ref name=Maine2007/> ], an EU member, banned decaBDE as of 2007.<ref name=Lorber2007/><ref name=Stiffler2007March>Stiffler, Lisa. ''Seattle Post-Intelligencer'', March 28, 2007.</ref> The European Brominated Flame Retardant Industry Panel (EBFRIP), which represents the chemical industry, stated that Sweden's ban on decaBDE "is a serious breach of EU law. . The European Commission then started an infringement procedure against Sweden which lead to the Swedish Government repealing this restriction on 1 July 2008 . The environment agency of ], which is a member of the ] but is not a member of the EU, recommended that decaBDE be banned from electronic products in 2008.<ref>Norwegian Ban on Deca PBDE "" Norwegian Pollution Control Agency.</ref> In ], plastics manufacturers and the textile additives industry "declared in 1986 a voluntary phase-out of the use of PBDEs, including Deca-BDE."<ref name=Lassen2006>Lassen, Carsten, et al. Danish Environmental Protection Agency, 2006.</ref> Although decaBDE was to be phased out of electrical and electronic equipment in the EU by 2006 under the EU's ] (RoHS), decaBDE use has been exempted from RoHS during 2005–2010.<ref name=EU2005> ''Official Journal of the European Union'' 15.10.2005.</ref><ref name= EU2010> ''Official Journal of the European Union'' 24.09.2010.</ref><ref name=WA2005>Washington State Departments of Health and Ecology. October 12, 2005.</ref> A case in the ] against the RoHS exemption was decided against Deca-BDE and its use must be phased out by July 1, 2008.<ref name=Maine2007/> ], an EU member, banned decaBDE as of 2007.<ref name=Lorber2007/><ref name=Stiffler2007March>Stiffler, Lisa. ''Seattle Post-Intelligencer'', March 28, 2007.</ref> The former European Brominated Flame Retardant Industry Panel (EBFRIP), now merged with EFRA, the European Flame Retardant Association, stated that Sweden's ban on DecaBDE "was a serious breach of EU law. . The European Commission then started an ] against Sweden which lead to the Swedish Government repealing this restriction on 1 July 2008 . The environment agency of ], which is a member of the ] but is not a member of the EU, recommended that decaBDE be banned from electronic products in 2008.<ref>Norwegian Ban on Deca PBDE "{{dead link|date=September 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}" Norwegian Pollution Control Agency.</ref>

⚫ DecaBDE has been the subject of a ten-year evaluation under the EU Risk Assessment procedure which has reviewed over 1100 studies. The Risk Assessment was published on the EU Official Journal in May 2008.<ref>Official Journal of the European Union: '''', 29.5.2008</ref> Deca was registered under the EU's REACH Regulation at the end of August 2010.


The UK's Advisory Committee on Hazardous Substances (ACHS) presented their conclusions following a review of the emerging studies on Deca-BDE on 14 September 2010.
⚫ DecaBDE has been the subject of a ten year evaluation under the EU Risk Assessment procedure which has reviewed over 1100 studies. The Risk Assessment was published on the EU Official Journal in May 2008.<ref>Official Journal of the European Union: '''', 29.5.2008</ref> Deca was registered under the EU’s REACH Regulation at the end of August 2010.


On 5 July ECHA withdrew Deca-BDE from its list of priority substances for Authorisation under REACH, therefore closing the public consultation. On 1 August 2014, ] submitted a restriction proposal for Deca-BDE. The agency is proposing a restriction on the manufacture, use and placing on the market of the substance and of mixtures and articles containing it. On 17 September 2014, ECHA submitted the restriction report which initiates a six months public consultation. On 9 February 2017, the ] adopted Regulation EU 2017/227. Article 1 of this regulation states that Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 is amended to include a ban on the use of decaBDE in quantities greater than 0.1% by weight, effective from 2 March 2019. Products placed on the market prior to 2 March 2019 are exempt. Furthermore, the use decaBDE in aircraft is permissible until 2 March 2027.<ref name="Commission Regulation (EU) 2017/227">{{cite journal|last1=The European Commission|title=Commission Regulation (EU) 2017/227|journal=Official Journal of the European Union|date=9 February 2017|volume=L35|pages=6–9|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32017R0227&from=EN|accessdate=16 June 2017}}</ref>
The UK’s Advisory Committee on Hazardous Substances (ACHS) presented their conclusions following a review of the emerging studies on Deca-BDE on 14 September 2010. The ACHS’s conclusions will not lead to any immediate change in the European regulatory status , including classification and labeling, of Deca- BDE. The UK’s Department of Environment (DEFRA) and Environment Agency will now consider the ACHS’s conclusions in consultation with other bodies on the UK Competent Authority for REACH.
This EU process is running in parallel with a UNEP review to determine whether Deca-BDE should be listed as a ] (POP) under the Stockholm Convention.


===United States=== ===United States===
As of mid-2007 two states had instituted measures to phase out decaBDE. In April 2007 the state of ] passed a law banning the manufacture, sale, and use of decaBDE in mattresses as of 2008; the ban "could be extended to TVs, computers and upholstered residential furniture in 2011 provided an alternative flame retardant is approved."<ref name=Sissell2007/><ref name=Stiffler2007April>Stiffler, Lisa. ''Seattle Post-Intelligencer'', April 16, 2007.</ref><ref name=WA2007></ref> In June 2007 the state of ] passed a law "ban the use of deca-BDE in mattresses and furniture on January 1, 2008 and phas out its use in televisions and other plastic-cased electronics by January 1, 2010."<ref name=NRCM2007> Natural Resources Council of Maine, May 24th, 2007.</ref><ref name=MaineDemos2007>Maine House Democrats. June 14, 2007.</ref> As of 2007, other states considering restrictions on decaBDE include California, Connecticut, Hawaii, Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota,<ref></ref> Montana, New York, and Oregon.<ref name=Stiffler2007March/><ref name=NCEL2007> Washington, DC: National Caucus of Environmental Legislators, June 18, 2007.</ref> As of mid-2007 two states had instituted measures to phase out decaBDE. In April 2007 the state of ] passed a law banning the manufacture, sale, and use of decaBDE in mattresses as of 2008; the ban "could be extended to TVs, computers and upholstered residential furniture in 2011 provided an alternative flame retardant is approved."<ref name=Stiffler2007April>Stiffler, Lisa. ''Seattle Post-Intelligencer'', April 16, 2007.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ecy.wa.gov/laws-rules/leg_imp/2007/1024.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402122352/http://www.ecy.wa.gov/laws-rules/leg_imp/2007/1024.pdf |archive-date=2015-04-02 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In June 2007 the state of ] passed a law "ban the use of deca-BDE in mattresses and furniture on January 1, 2008 and phas out its use in televisions and other plastic-cased electronics by January 1, 2010."<ref name=NRCM2007> ], May 24th, 2007.</ref><ref name=MaineDemos2007>Maine House Democrats. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630002226/http://www.maine.gov/legis/housedems/news/deca_bill_signed_into_law%20.htm |date=2007-06-30 }} June 14, 2007.</ref> As of 2007, other states considering restrictions on decaBDE include California, Connecticut, Hawaii, Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota,<ref></ref> Montana, New York, and Oregon.<ref name=Stiffler2007March/><ref name=NCEL2007> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070802103637/http://ncel.net/newsmanager/news_article.cgi?news_id=175 |date=2007-08-02 }} Washington, DC: National Caucus of Environmental Legislators, June 18, 2007.</ref>


On December 17, 2009, as the result of negotiations with EPA, the two U.S. producers of decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE), Albemarle Corporation and Chemtura Corporation, and the largest U.S. importer, ICL Industrial Products, Inc., announced commitments to phase out voluntarily decaBDE in the United States., , On December 17, 2009, as the result of negotiations with EPA, the two U.S. producers of decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE), Albemarle Corporation and Chemtura Corporation, and the largest U.S. importer, ICL Industrial Products, Inc., announced commitments to phase out voluntarily decaBDE in the United States by the end of 2013. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119061747/http://phoenix.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=68079&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1367410&highlight |date=2016-01-19 }}, ,


==Alternatives== ==Alternatives==
A number of reports have examined alternatives to decaBDE as a flame retardant.<ref name=Lassen2006/><ref name=Leisewitz2001>Leisewitz, André, et al. Berlin, Germany: Federal Environmental Agency (Umweltbundesamt), June 2001.</ref><ref name=Lowell2005>Pure Strategies, Inc. Lowell, MA: University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell Center for Sustainable Production, April 2005.</ref><ref name=Posner2005>Posner, Stefan, and Linda Börås. Stockholm: Swedish Chemicals Inspectorate, June 2005.</ref><ref name=Stuer-Lauridsen2007>Stuer-Lauridsen, Frank, et al. Danish Environmental Protection Agency, 2007.</ref><ref name=Pakalin2007>Pakalin, Sazan, et al. European Chemicals Bureau, January 2007.</ref> At least three U.S. states have evaluated decaBDE alternatives: A number of reports have examined alternatives to decaBDE as a flame retardant.<ref name=Lassen2006/><ref name=Leisewitz2001>Leisewitz, André, et al. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610141659/http://www.umweltdaten.de/publikationen/fpdf-l/1988.pdf |date=2011-06-10 }} Berlin, Germany: Federal Environmental Agency (Umweltbundesamt), June 2001.</ref><ref name=Lowell2005>Pure Strategies, Inc. Lowell, MA: University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell Center for Sustainable Production, April 2005.</ref><ref name=Posner2005>Posner, Stefan, and Linda Börås. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024133635/https://www.kemi.se/upload/Trycksaker/Pdf/Rapporter/Rapport1_05.pdf |date=2007-10-24 }} Stockholm: Swedish Chemicals Inspectorate, June 2005.</ref><ref name="Stuer-Lauridsen2007">Stuer-Lauridsen, Frank, et al. Danish Environmental Protection Agency, 2007.</ref><ref name=Pakalin2007>Pakalin, Sazan, et al. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512195131/http://ecb.jrc.it/documents/Existing-Chemicals/Review_on_production_process_of_decaBDE.pdf |date=2008-05-12 }} European Chemicals Bureau, January 2007.http://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/111111111/5259</ref> At least three U.S. states have evaluated decaBDE alternatives:
* ] concluded in 2006 that "there do not appear to be any obvious alternatives to Deca-BDE that are less toxic, persistent and bioaccumulative and have enough data available for making a robust assessment" and that "there is much more data available on Deca-BDE than for any of the alternatives."<ref name=WA2006> Washington State Departments of Ecology and Health, January 19, 2006.</ref> * ] concluded in 2006 that "there do not appear to be any obvious alternatives to Deca-BDE that are less toxic, persistent and bioaccumulative and have enough data available for making a robust assessment" and that "there is much more data available on Deca-BDE than for any of the alternatives."<ref name=WA2006> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070209205635/http://www.ecy.wa.gov/pubs/0507048.pdf |date=2007-02-09 }} Washington State Departments of Ecology and Health, January 19, 2006.</ref>
* ] in January 2007 stated that bisphenol A diphenyl phosphate (also known as BDP, BPADP, bisphenol A diphosphate, or BAPP) "is not a suitable alternative to decaBDE" because "one of the degradation products is ], a potent endocrine disruptor."<ref name=Maine2007/> The report listed ] bis(diphenyl phosphate) (also known as RDP), ], and other chemicals as alternatives to decaBDE that are "most likely to be used."<ref name=Maine2007/> * ] in January 2007 stated that bisphenol A diphenyl phosphate (also known as BDP, BPADP, bisphenol A diphosphate, or BAPP) "is not a suitable alternative to decaBDE" because "one of the degradation products is ], a potent ]."<ref name=Maine2007/> The report listed ] bis(diphenyl phosphate) (also known as RDP), ], and other chemicals as alternatives to decaBDE that are "most likely to be used."<ref name=Maine2007/>
* A March 2007 report from ] categorized decaBDE alternatives as "Potentially Unproblematic," "Potentially Problematic," "Insufficient Data," and "Not Recommended."<ref name=IL2007/> The "Potentially Unproblematic" alternatives were BAPP, RDP, aluminum trihydroxide, and magnesium hydroxide.<ref name=IL2007/> * A March 2007 report from ] categorized decaBDE alternatives as "Potentially Unproblematic," "Potentially Problematic," "Insufficient Data," and "Not Recommended."<ref name=IL2007/> The "Potentially Unproblematic" alternatives were BAPP, RDP, aluminum trihydroxide, and magnesium hydroxide.<ref name=IL2007/>


==References== ==References==
{{Reflist|2}} {{Reflist}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Decabromodiphenyl Ether}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Decabromodiphenyl Ether}}
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