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Revision as of 13:17, 15 February 2012 editBeetstra (talk | contribs)Edit filter managers, Administrators172,031 edits Saving copy of the {{chembox}} taken from revid 472537842 of page Diethyl_phthalate for the Chem/Drugbox validation project (updated: '').		Latest revision as of 17:32, 29 November 2023 edit OAbot (talk | contribs)Bots439,234 editsm Open access bot: doi updated in citation with #oabot.
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	{{ambox | text = This page contains a copy of the infobox ({{tl|chembox}}) taken from revid of page ] with values updated to verified values.}}
	{{chembox		{{chembox
	| Watchedfields = changed		| Watchedfields = changed
	| verifiedrevid = 443637111		| verifiedrevid = 476999754
	| ImageFile = Diethylphthalat.png		| ImageFile = Diethyl phthalate 200.svg
			| ImageAlt = Skeletal formula of diethyl phthalate
⚫	| Reference = <ref name="ILS">{{cite web|url=http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/Chem_Background/ExSumPdf/Diethyl_phthalate.pdf | work=Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc. | title=Chemical Information Profile for Diethyl Phthalate | accessdate=3 March 2009 }}</ref>
			| ImageFile1 = Diethyl phthalate 3D ball.png
⚫	| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
			| ImageSize1 = 175
			| ImageAlt1 = Ball-and-stick model of the diethyl phthalate molecule
		⚫	| Reference = <ref name="ILS">{{cite web|url=https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/chem_background/exsumpdf/diethyl_phthalate_508.pdf |work=Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc. |title=Chemical Information Profile for Diethyl Phthalate |access-date=3 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201134838/http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/Chem_Background/ExSumPdf/Diethyl_phthalate.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2009 }}</ref>
			| PIN = Diethyl benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate
			| OtherNames = Diethyl phthalate
		⚫	|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers
	| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}		| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
	| ChemSpiderID = 13837303		| ChemSpiderID = 13837303
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	| StdInChIKey = FLKPEMZONWLCSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N		| StdInChIKey = FLKPEMZONWLCSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N
	| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}		| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
	| CASNo = 84-66-2		| CASNo = 84-66-2
	| PubChem = 6781		| PubChem = 6781
	}}		}}
	| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties		|Section2={{Chembox Properties
	| Formula = C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>14</sub>O<sub>4</sub>		| Formula = C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>14</sub>O<sub>4</sub>
	| MolarMass = 222.24 g/mol		| MolarMass = 222.24&nbsp;g/mol
	| Appearance = colourless, oily liquid		| Appearance = Colourless, oily liquid
	| LogP = 2.42		| LogP = 2.42
	| Density = 1.12 g/cm<sup>3</sup> at 20&nbsp;°C		| Density = 1.12&nbsp;g/cm<sup>3</sup> at 20&nbsp;°C
	| MeltingPtC =		| MeltingPtC = −4
	| BoilingPtC = 295		| BoilingPtC = 295
	| Solubility = 1080 mg/L at 25&nbsp;°C		| Solubility = 1080&nbsp;mg/L at 25&nbsp;°C
			| VaporPressure = 0.002&nbsp;mmHg (25&nbsp;°C)<ref name=PGCH/>
			| MagSus = −127.5·10<sup>−6</sup>&nbsp;cm<sup>3</sup>/mol
	}}		}}
	| Section3 = {{Chembox Hazards		|Section3={{Chembox Hazards
	| NFPA-H = 1		| NFPA-H = 1
	| NFPA-F = 1		| NFPA-F = 1
	| NFPA-R = 0		| NFPA-R = 0
	| MainHazards = Toxic		| MainHazards =
	| FlashPt =		| FlashPtC = 161.1
			| FlashPt_ref =<ref name=PGCH/>
	| LD50 = 8600 mg/kg (Rat)		| LD50 = 8600&nbsp;mg/kg (rat)
	| Autoignition = }}
			| AutoignitionPt =
			| PEL = None<ref name=PGCH>{{PGCH|0213}}</ref>
			| ExploLimits = 0.7%, lower<ref name=PGCH/>
			| IDLH = N.D.<ref name=PGCH/>
			| REL = TWA 5&nbsp;mg/m<sup>3</sup><ref name=PGCH/>
			}}
	}}		}}
			'''Diethyl phthalate''' ('''DEP''') is a ] ]. It occurs as a colourless liquid without significant odour but has a bitter, disagreeable taste. It is more dense than water and insoluble in water; hence, it sinks in water.
			==Synthesis and applications==
			Diethyl phthalate is produced by the reaction of ] with ], in the presence of a strong acid ]:
			]
			It finds some use as a specialist ] in ], it has also been used as a blender and fixative in ].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Api |first1=A.M. |title=Toxicological profile of diethyl phthalate: a vehicle for fragrance and cosmetic ingredients |journal=Food and Chemical Toxicology |date=February 2001 |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=97–108 |doi=10.1016/s0278-6915(00)00124-1|pmid=11267702 }}</ref>
			==Biodegradation==
			===Biodegradation by microorganisms===
			] of DEP in soil occurs by sequential ] of the two diethyl chains of the phthalate to produce monoethyl phthalate, followed by phthalic acid. This reaction occurs very slowly in an abiotic environment. Thus there exists an alternative pathway of biodegradation which includes transesterification or demethylation by microorganisms, if the soil is also contaminated with ], that would produce another three intermediate compounds, ethyl methyl phthalate, dimethyl phthalate and monomethyl phthalate. This biodegradation has been observed in several soil ].<ref name="cartwright">{{cite journal|last=Cartwright|first=C.D.|date=March 2000|title=Biodegradation of diethyl phthalate in soil by a novel pathway|journal=FEMS Microbiology Letters|volume=186|issue=1|pages=27–34|doi=10.1016/S0378-1097(00)00111-7|pmid=10779708|doi-access=free}}</ref> Some bacteria with these abilities have specific enzymes involved in the degradation of phthalic acid esters such as phthalate oxygenase, phthalate dioxygenase, phthalate dehydrogenase and phthalate decarboxylase.<ref name=saito>{{cite journal|last=Saito|first=T.|author2=Peng, H.|author3=Tanabe, R.|author4=Nagai, K.|author5=Kato, K.|title=Enzymatic hydrolysis of structurally diverse phthalic acid esters by porcine and bovine pancreatic cholesterol esterases.|journal=Chemosphere|date=December 2010|volume=81|issue=1|doi=10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.08.020|pages=1544–1548|pmid=20822795|bibcode=2010Chmsp..81.1544S|s2cid=6958344 }}</ref>
			The developed intermediates of the transesterification or demethylation, ethyl methyl phthalate and dimethyl phthalate, enhance the toxic effect and are able to disrupt the membrane of microorganisms.
			===Biodegradation by mammals===
			Recent studies show that DEP, a phthalic acid ester (PAE), is enzymatically hydrolyzed to its monoesters by pancreatic cholesterol esterase (CEase) in pigs and cows. These ] ] CEases have been found to be nonspecific for degradation in relation to the diversity of the alkyl side chains of PAEs.<ref name=saito />
			==Toxicity==
			Little is known about the ] of diethyl phthalate, but existing information suggests only a low toxic potential.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Environmental Health Perspectives|year=1973|volume=4|pages=3–25|title=Toxicity and health threats of phthalate esters: review of the literature|author=J. Autian|pmc=1474854|pmid=4578674|doi=10.2307/3428178|jstor=3428178}}</ref> Studies suggest that some phthalates affect male reproductive development via inhibition of ] biosynthesis. In rats, for instance, repeated administration of DEP results in loss of ] populations in the ]. However, diethyl phthalate does not alter ] in male rats.<ref name="Calafat06">{{cite journal|author1=Antonia M. Calafat |author2=Richard H. McKee |year=2006|title=Integrating Biomonitoring Exposure Data into the Risk Assessment Process: Phthalates as a Case Study|journal=Environmental Health Perspectives|volume=114|issue=11|pages=1783–1789|doi=10.1289/ehp.9059|pmc=1665433|pmid=17107868}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=]|volume=54|issue=3|year=1980|pages=392–398|doi=10.1016/0041-008X(80)90165-9|title=Study of the testicular effects and changes in zinc excretion produced by some ''n''-alkyl phthalates in the rat|author=Paul M. D. Foster|pmid=7394794|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Chemico-Biological Interactions|volume=34|issue=2|year=1981|pages=233–238|doi=10.1016/0009-2797(81)90134-4|title=Studies on the testicular effects and zinc excretion produced by various isomers of monobutyl-''o''-phthalate in the rat|author=P. M. D. Foster |display-authors=etal |pmid=7460085}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=]|volume=58|issue=2|pages=350–365|title=Perinatal Exposure to the Phthalates DEHP, BBP, and DINP, but Not DEP, DMP, or DOTP, Alters Sexual Differentiation of the Male Rat|author=L. Earl Gray Jr |year=2000|doi=10.1093/toxsci/58.2.350|pmid=11099647|display-authors=etal|doi-access=}}</ref> Dose response experiments in fiddler crabs have shown that seven-day exposure to diethyl phthalate at 50&nbsp;mg/L significantly inhibited the activity of ] in the epidermis and ].<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C|volume=122|issue=1|year=1999|pages=115–120|doi=10.1016/S0742-8413(98)10093-2|title=Effects of exposure to diethyl phthalate, 4-(''tert'')-octylphenol, and 2,4,5-trichlorobiphenyl on activity of chitobiase in the epidermis and hepatopancreas of the fiddler crab, ''Uca pugilator''|last1=Zou|first1=Enmin|last2=Fingerman|first2=Milton|pmid=10190035}}</ref> Chitobiase plays an important role in degradation of the old ] ] during the pre-] phase.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.nioz.nl/public/annual_report/2006/baars.pdf |contribution=Free chitobiase, a marker enzyme for the growth of crustaceans |author=M. A. Baars & S.S. Oosterhuis |title=NIOZ Annual Report 2006 |publisher=], Texel |pages=62–64 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720210742/http://www.nioz.nl/public/annual_report/2006/baars.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-20 }}</ref>
			===Teratogenicity===
			When pregnant rats were treated with diethyl phthalate, it became evident that certain doses caused skeletal malformations, whereas the untreated control group showed no ]. The amount of skeletal malformations was highest at highest dose.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Teratogenicity of Phthalate Esters in Rats |author=A. R. Singh |author2=W. H. Lawrence |author3=J. Autian|journal=Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences|volume=61|issue=1|pages=51–55|year=1972|doi=10.1002/jps.2600610107|pmid=5058645}}</ref> In a following study it was found that both phthalate diesters and their metabolic products were present in each of these compartments, suggesting that the toxicity in embryos and fetuses could be the result of a direct effect.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Maternal-Fetal transfer of <sup>14</sup>C-Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate and <sup>14</sup>C-diethyl phthalate in rats |author=A. R. Singh |author2=W. H. Lawrence |author3=J. Autian|journal=Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences|volume=64|issue=8|pages=1347–1350|year=1975|doi=10.1002/jps.2600640819|pmid=1151708}}</ref>
			===Future investigation===
			Some data suggest that exposure to multiple phthalates at low doses significantly increases the risk in a dose additive manner.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=International Journal of Andrology|title=Adverse effects of environmental antiandrogens and androgens on reproductive development in mammals|author1=L. Earl Gray Jr |volume=29|issue=1|pages=96–104|year=2006|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2605.2005.00636.x|pmid=16466529|display-authors=etal|doi-access=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Toxicological Sciences|volume=105|issue=1|pages=153–165|title=A Mixture of Five Phthalate Esters Inhibits Fetal Testicular Testosterone Production in the Sprague-Dawley Rat in a Cumulative, Dose-Additive Manner|author=Kembra L. Howdeshell|year=2008|doi=10.1093/toxsci/kfn077|pmid=18411233|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Environmental Research|volume=108|issue=2|year=2008|pages=168–176|doi=10.1016/j.envres.2008.08.009|title=Mechanisms of action of phthalate esters, individually and in combination, to induce abnormal reproductive development in male laboratory rats|author=Kembra L. Howdeshell|pmid=18949836|bibcode = 2008ER....108..168H |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1258923|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free}}</ref> Therefore, the risk from a mixture of phthalates or phthalates and other anti-androgens, may not be accurately assessed studying one chemical at a time. The same may be said about risks from several exposure routes together. Humans are exposed to phthalates by multiple exposure routes (predominantly dermal), while toxicological testing is done via oral exposure.<ref name="Swan08">{{cite journal|author=Shanna H. Swan|author-link=Shanna Swan|year=2008|title=Environmental phthalate exposure in relation to reproductive outcomes and other health endpoints in humans|journal=Environmental Research|volume=108|issue=2|pages=177–184|bibcode=2008ER....108..177S|doi=10.1016/j.envres.2008.08.007|pmc=2775531|pmid=18949837}}</ref>
			== References ==
			{{Reflist}}
			{{Authority control}}
			{{DEFAULTSORT:Diethyl Phthalate}}
			]
			]
			]