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	{{chembox		{{chembox
			| Verifiedfields = changed
	| verifiedrevid = 448930808
			| Watchedfields = changed
	| ImageFile = Endosulfan.svg
			| verifiedrevid = 451887292
	| ImageSize =
			| ImageFile = Endosulfan Formula V.3a.svg
	| ImageFile1 =
			| ImageAlt = Skeletal formula with undefined stereochemistry at the sulfur atom<!--mixture of three stereoisomers-->
	| IUPACName = 6,7,8,9,10,10-Hexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepine-3-oxide
			| ImageFile1 = Endosulfan-endo-isomer-3D-balls.png
			| ImageSize1 =
			| ImageAlt1 = Ball-and-stick model
			| IUPACName = 6,7,8,9,10,10-Hexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro- 6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepine-3-oxide
	| OtherNames = Benzoepin, Endocel, Parrysulfan, Phaser, Thiodan, Thionex		| OtherNames = Benzoepin, Endocel, Parrysulfan, Phaser, Thiodan, Thionex
	| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers		|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers
	| Abbreviations =		| Abbreviations =
	| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}		| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
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	| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}		| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
	| CASNo = 115-29-7		| CASNo = 115-29-7
	| EINECS =		| EINECS = 204-079-4
	| PubChem =		| PubChem = 3224
	| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}		| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
	| UNII = QY5Y9R7G0E		| UNII = OKA6A6ZD4K
	| SMILES = Cl3(Cl)1(Cl)C(/Cl)=C(/Cl)3(Cl)2OS(=O)O12		| SMILES = Cl3(Cl)1(Cl)C(/Cl)=C(/Cl)3(Cl)2OS(=O)O12
	| InChI = 1/C9H6Cl6O3S/c10-5-6(11)8(13)4-2-18-19(16)17-1-3(4)7(5,12)9(8,14)15/h3-4H,1-2H2		| InChI = 1/C9H6Cl6O3S/c10-5-6(11)8(13)4-2-18-19(16)17-1-3(4)7(5,12)9(8,14)15/h3-4H,1-2H2
	| RTECS =		| RTECS = RB9275000
	| MeSHName =		| MeSHName =
	| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}		| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
	| ChEBI =		| ChEBI = 4791
	| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}		| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
	| KEGG = C11090		| KEGG = C11090
	| ATCCode = }}		| UNNumber = 2761
			| ChEMBL = 194399
	| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
			| Beilstein = 1262315
	| C=9|H=6|Cl=6|O=3|S=1
			}}
	| Appearance =
			|Section2={{Chembox Properties
	| Density = 1.745 g/cm³
			| C=9 | H=6 | Cl=6 | O=3 | S=1
	| MeltingPtCL = 70
			| Appearance = Brown crystals<ref name=PGCH/>
	| MeltingPtCH = 100
			| Odor = slight sulfur dioxide odor<ref name=PGCH/>
	| Melting_notes =
			| Density = 1.745 g/cm<sup>3</sup>
			| MeltingPtC = 70 to 100
			| MeltingPt_notes =
	| BoilingPt =		| BoilingPt =
			| BoilingPt_notes = decomposes<ref name=PGCH/>
	| Boiling_notes =
	| Solubility = 0.33 mg/L		| Solubility = 0.33 mg/L
	| SolubleOther =		| SolubleOther =
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	| RefractIndex =		| RefractIndex =
	| Viscosity =		| Viscosity =
	| Dipole = }}		| Dipole =
			| VaporPressure = 0.00001 mmHg (25&nbsp;°C)<ref name=PGCH/>}}
	| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure
			|Section3={{Chembox Structure
	| CrystalStruct =		| CrystalStruct =
	| Coordination =		| Coordination =
	| MolShape =		| MolShape =
	| Dipole = }}		| Dipole = }}
	| Section4 = {{Chembox Thermochemistry		|Section4={{Chembox Thermochemistry
	| DeltaHf =		| DeltaHf =
	| DeltaHc =		| DeltaHc =
	| Entropy =		| Entropy =
	| HeatCapacity = }}		| HeatCapacity = }}
	| Section5 = {{Chembox Pharmacology		|Section5={{Chembox Pharmacology
	| AdminRoutes =		| AdminRoutes =
	| Bioavail =		| Bioavail =
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	| Legal_AU =		| Legal_AU =
	| Legal_CA =		| Legal_CA =
			| Pregnancy_category =
	| PregCat =
	| PregCat_AU =		| Pregnancy_AU =
	| PregCat_US = }}		| Pregnancy_US = }}
	| Section6 = {{Chembox Explosive		|Section6={{Chembox Explosive
	| ShockSens =		| ShockSens =
	| FrictionSens =		| FrictionSens =
	| ExplosiveV =		| DetonationV =
	| REFactor = }}		| REFactor = }}
	| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards		|Section7={{Chembox Hazards
	| ExternalMSDS =		| ExternalSDS =
	| EUClass = Yes (T, Xi, N)
	| EUIndex =
	| MainHazards = T, Xi, N		| MainHazards = T, Xi, N
	| NFPA-H = 2		| NFPA-H = 2
	| NFPA-F = 1		| NFPA-F = 1
	| NFPA-R = 0		| NFPA-R = 0
	| NFPA-O =		| NFPA-S =
	| RPhrases = {{R24/25}} {{R36}} {{R50/53}}		| GHSPictograms = {{GHS06}}{{GHS07}}{{GHS09}}
			| GHSSignalWord = Danger
	| SPhrases =
			| HPhrases = {{H-phrases|301|302|410}}
	| RSPhrases =
			| PPhrases = {{P-phrases|264|270|273|301+310|301+312|321|330|391|405|501}}
	| FlashPt =
			| FlashPt = noncombustible
	| Autoignition =
			| FlashPt_ref = <ref name=PGCH/>
			| AutoignitionPt =
	| ExploLimits =		| ExploLimits =
	| PEL = }}		| PEL = none<ref name=PGCH>{{PGCH|0251}}</ref>
			| IDLH = N.D.<ref name=PGCH/>
	| Section8 = {{Chembox Related
			| REL = TWA 0.1 mg/m<sup>3</sup> <ref name=PGCH/>
			}}
			|Section8={{Chembox Related
	| OtherAnions =		| OtherAnions =
	| OtherCations =		| OtherCations =
	| OtherFunctn =		| OtherFunction =
			| OtherFunction_label =
	| Function =
	| OtherCpds = }}		| OtherCompounds = }}
	}}		}}
	'''Endosulfan''' is an off-patent ] ] and ] that is being phased out globally. Endosulfan became a highly controversial agrichemical<ref name="AuBC">{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/rural/news/content/200907/s2628915.htm | title=Bayer to stop selling endosulfan|date=July 17, 2009 | publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|accessdate=2009-07-17}}</ref> due to its acute ]ity, potential for ], and role as an ]. Because of its threats to human health and the environment, a global ban on the manufacture and use of endosulfan was negotiated under the ] in April 2011. The ban will take effect in mid 2012, with certain uses exempted for 5 additional years.<ref>.thehindu.com/news/national/article1968299.ece</ref> More than 80 countries,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article1983284.ece|title=Endosulfan: Supreme Court to hear seeking ban on Monday|date=1 May 2011|work=]|accessdate=2 May 2011|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> including the ], Australia and New Zealand, several West African nations,<ref name=aus-weeklytimes /> the United States,<ref name="endosulfan">Cone, Marla. ''The Daily Green.'' June 10, 2010.</ref><ref name=EPA2010/> Brazil<ref>http://www.agrow.com/markets/southamerica/Endosulfan-ban-in-Brazil-from-2013-299753?autnRef=/contentstore/agrow/codex/0bef898a-90fc-11df-870a-bbcce1c03e31.xml</ref> and Canada<ref>PMRA: Re-evaluation Note REV2011-01, Discontinuation of Endosulfan http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/cps-spc/pubs/pest/_decisions/rev2011-01/index-eng.php</ref> had already banned it or announced phase outs by the time the Stockholm Convention ban was agreed upon. It is still used extensively in India, China, and few other countries. It is produced by ] and several manufacturers in India and China.		'''Endosulfan''' is an ] ] and ], which acts by blocking the GABA-gated chloride channel of the insect (] group 2A).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Sparks |first=Thomas C |last2=Storer |first2=Nicholas |last3=Porter |first3=Alan |last4=Slater |first4=Russell |last5=Nauen |first5=Ralf |date=2021 |title=Insecticide resistance management and industry: the origins and evolution of the I nsecticide R esistance A ction C ommittee (IRAC) and the mode of action classification scheme |journal=Pest Management Science |volume=77 |issue=6 |pages=2609–2619 |doi=10.1002/ps.6254 |issn=1526-498X |pmc=8248193 |pmid=33421293 |doi-access=free}}</ref> It became highly controversial<ref name="AuBC">{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/rural/news/content/200907/s2628915.htm | title=Bayer to stop selling endosulfan|date=July 17, 2009 | publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|access-date=2009-07-17}}</ref> due to its acute ], potential for ], and role as an ]. Because of its threats to human health and the environment, a global ban on the manufacture and use of endosulfan was negotiated under the ] in April 2011. The ban took effect in mid-2012, with certain uses exempted for five additional years.<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article1968299.ece | title=Stockholm Convention approves recommendation for ban on endosulfan| newspaper=The Hindu| date=2011-04-29| last1=Mathew| first1=Roy}}</ref> More than 80 countries,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article1983284.ece|title=Endosulfan: Supreme Court to hear seeking ban on Monday|date=1 May 2011|work=]|access-date=2 May 2011|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> including the ], Australia, New Zealand, several West African nations,<ref name=aus-weeklytimes /> the United States,<ref name="endosulfan">Cone, Marla. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613122634/http://www.thedailygreen.com/environmental-news/latest/endosulfan-pesticide-ban-0610?src=rss |date=2010-06-13 }} ''The Daily Green.'' June 10, 2010.</ref><ref name=EPA2010/> Brazil,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.agrow.com/markets/southamerica/Endosulfan-ban-in-Brazil-from-2013-299753?autnRef=%2Fcontentstore%2Fagrow%2Fcodex%2F0bef898a-90fc-11df-870a-bbcce1c03e31.xml |title=Agrow - Endosulfan ban in Brazil from 2013 |access-date=2019-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314093715/http://www.agrow.com/markets/southamerica/Endosulfan-ban-in-Brazil-from-2013-299753?autnRef=%2Fcontentstore%2Fagrow%2Fcodex%2F0bef898a-90fc-11df-870a-bbcce1c03e31.xml |archive-date=2012-03-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and Canada<ref>PMRA: Re-evaluation Note REV2011-01, Discontinuation of Endosulfan http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/cps-spc/pubs/pest/_decisions/rev2011-01/index-eng.php</ref> had already banned it or announced phase-outs by the time the Stockholm Convention ban was agreed upon. It is still used extensively in India and China despite laws against its use. It is also used in a few other countries. It is produced by the Israeli firm ] and several manufacturers in India and China. On May 13, 2011, the India Supreme Court ordered a ban on the production and sale of endosulfan in India, pending further notice.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=107462 | title=Ban of Endosulfan}}</ref>
	==Uses==		==Uses==
	Endosulfan has been used in agriculture around the world to control insect pests including ]s, ], ]s, ]s and ]s.<ref name=Canada/> Due to its unique mode of action, it is useful in resistance management; however, as it is non-specific, it can negatively impact populations of beneficial insects.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/PI/PI03900.pdf|title=Florida Crop/Pest Management Profiles: Tomatoes. CIR 1238.|last=Mossler|first=Mark|coauthors=Michael J. Aerts and O. Norman Nesheim|date=March 2006|publisher=University of Florida, IFAS Extension|accessdate=2009-01-27}}</ref> It is, however, considered to be moderately toxic to honey bees,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Extension Toxicology Network |date=June 1996|title=Pesticide Information Profile: Endosulfan|publisher=Oregon State University}}</ref> and it is less toxic to bees than ] insecticides.<ref name="RED"/>		Endosulfan has been used in agriculture around the world to control insect pests including ], ], ]s, ]s and ]s.<ref name=Canada/> Due to its unique mode of action, it is useful in resistance management; however, as it is not specific, it can negatively impact populations of beneficial insects.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/PI/PI03900.pdf|title=Florida Crop/Pest Management Profiles: Tomatoes. CIR 1238|last=Mossler|first=Mark|author2=Michael J. Aerts|author3=O. Norman Nesheim|date=March 2006|publisher=University of Florida, IFAS Extension|access-date=2009-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327094254/http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/PI/PI03900.pdf|archive-date=2009-03-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is, however, considered to be moderately toxic to honey bees,<ref>{{cite report|last=Extension Toxicology Network |date=June 1996|title=Pesticide Information Profile: Endosulfan|publisher=Oregon State University}}</ref> and it is less toxic to bees than ] insecticides.<ref name="RED"/>
	==Production==		==Production==
	The ] estimated world wide annual production to be about 9,000 ]s (t) in the early 1980s.<ref name="EHC">World Health Organization, , 1984.</ref> From 1980–89, worldwide consumption averaged 10,500 t per year, and for the 1990s use increased to 12,800 t per year.		The ] estimated worldwide annual production to be about 9,000 ]s (t) in the early 1980s.<ref name="EHC">World Health Organization, , 1984.</ref> From 1980 to 1989, worldwide consumption averaged 10,500 tonnes per year, and for the 1990s use increased to 12,800 tonnes per year.
	'''''Endosulfan'''''' is a derivative of ] and is chemically similar to ], ], and ]. Specifically, it is produced by the ] reaction of hexachlorocyclopentadiene with ''cis''-butene-1,4-diol and subsequent reaction of the adduct with ]. Technical endosulfan is a 7:3 mixture o'''f ], designated α and β. α- and β-endosulfan are conformational ] arising from the pyramidal stereochemistry of sulfur. α-Endosulfan is the more thermodynamically stable of the two, thus β-endosulfan irreversibly converts to the α form, although the conversion is slow.<ref>(a) Schmidt WF, Hapeman CJ, Fettinger JC, Rice CP, and Bilboulian S, '' J. Ag. Food Chem.'', 1997, 45(4): 1023–1026.<br>(b) Schmidt WF, Bilboulian S, Rice CP, Fettinger JC, McConnell LL, and Hapeman CJ, '' J. Ag. Food Chem.'', 2001, 49(11): 5372–5376.</ref><ref name=Ullmann>Robert L. Metcalf “Insect Control” in Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry” Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2002. {{DOI|10.1002/14356007.a14_263}}</ref>		Endosulfan is a derivative of ], and is chemically similar to ], ], and ]. Specifically, it is produced by the ] reaction of hexachlorocyclopentadiene with ] and subsequent reaction of the adduct with ]. Technical endosulfan is a 7:3 mixture of ], designated α and β. α- and β-Endosulfan are configurational ] arising from the pyramidal stereochemistry of the tetravalent sulfur. α-Endosulfan is the more thermodynamically stable of the two, thus β-endosulfan irreversibly converts to the α form, although the conversion is slow.<ref>(a) Schmidt WF, Hapeman CJ, Fettinger JC, Rice CP, and Bilboulian S, '' J. Ag. Food Chem.'', 1997, 45(4): 1023–1026.<br>(b) Schmidt WF, Bilboulian S, Rice CP, Fettinger JC, McConnell LL, and Hapeman CJ, '' J. Ag. Food Chem.'', 2001, 49(11): 5372–5376.</ref><ref name=Ullmann>Robert L. Metcalf "Insect Control" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry" Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2002. {{doi|10.1002/14356007.a14_263}}</ref>
	==History of commercialization and regulation==		==History of commercialization and regulation==
	*Early 1950s: Endosulfan was developed.		*Early 1950s: Endosulfan was developed.
	*1954: ] (now ]) won ] approval for the use of endosulfan in the United States.<ref name="ATSDR">Agency of Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, , 2000.</ref>		*1954: ] (now ]) won ] approval for the use of endosulfan in the United States.<ref name="ATSDR">Agency of Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, , 2000.</ref>
	*2000: Home and garden use in the United States was terminated by agreement with the ].<ref name="RED"/>		*2000: Home and garden use in the United States was terminated by agreement with the ].<ref name="RED"/>
	*2002: The ] recommended that endosulfan registration should be cancelled,<ref>{{Cite news | last = Kay | first = Jane | title = A move to ease pesticide laws | newspaper = San Francisco Chronicle | pages = A1 | date = March 2, 2006 | url = http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2006/03/02/MNG0JHH6NH1.DTL}}.</ref> and the EPA determined that endosulfan residues on food and in water pose unacceptable risks. The agency allowed endosulfan to stay on the US market, but imposed restrictions on its agricultural uses.<ref name="RED"/>		*2002: The ] recommended that endosulfan registration should be cancelled,<ref>{{Cite news | last = Kay | first = Jane | title = A move to ease pesticide laws | newspaper = San Francisco Chronicle | pages = A1 | date = March 2, 2006 | url = http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2006/03/02/MNG0JHH6NH1.DTL}}.</ref> and the EPA determined that endosulfan residues on food and in water pose unacceptable risks. The agency allowed endosulfan to stay on the US market, but imposed restrictions on its agricultural uses.<ref name="RED"/>
	*2007: International steps were taken to restrict the use and trade of endosulfan. It is recommended for inclusion in the ] on ],<ref name=DGD/> and the ] proposed inclusion in the list of chemicals banned under the ]. Such inclusion would ban all use and manufacture of endosulfan globally.<ref name=Stockholm/> Meanwhile, the Canadian government announced that endosulfan was under consideration for phase-out,<ref>''Canada to end endosulfan use?'' , Oct 22, 2007.</ref> and Bayer CropScience voluntarily pulled its endosulfan products from the U.S. market<ref>, U.S. EPA, Nov. 16, 2007.</ref> but continues to sell the products elsewhere.<ref>, BayerCropScience.com, Accessed 03/03/08.</ref>		*2007: International steps were taken to restrict the use and trade of endosulfan. It is recommended for inclusion in the ] on ],<ref name=DGD/> and the ] proposed inclusion in the list of chemicals banned under the ]. Such inclusion would ban all use and manufacture of endosulfan globally.<ref name=Stockholm/> Meanwhile, the Canadian government announced that endosulfan was under consideration for phase-out,<ref>''Canada to end endosulfan use?'' , Oct 22, 2007.</ref> and Bayer CropScience voluntarily pulled its endosulfan products from the U.S. market<ref> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327094315/http://www.panna.org/files/EPA-HQ-OPP-2002-0262-0057.pdf |date=March 27, 2009 }}, U.S. EPA, Nov. 16, 2007.</ref> but continues to sell the products elsewhere.<ref>, BayerCropScience.com, Accessed 03/03/08.</ref>
	*2008: In February, environmental, consumer, and farm labor groups including the ],<ref>, National Resources Defense Council, Feb. 2008.</ref> ], and the ]<ref>, Pesticide Action Network, Feb. 18, 2008</ref> called on the U.S. EPA to ban endosulfan. In May, coalitions of scientists,<ref name="pmid18686727">{{cite journal |author=Sass J, Janssen S |title=Open letter to Stephen Johnson, Administrator, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: ban endosulfan |journal=Int J Occup Environ Health |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=236–9 |year=2008 |pmid=18686727 |doi= |url=}}</ref> environmental groups, and arctic tribes asked the EPA to cancel endosulfan,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Erickson|first=Britt|date=MAY 21, 2008|title=Groups Petition EPA To Ban Endosulfan|journal=Chemical and Engineering News|url=http://pubs.acs.org/cen/news/86/i21/8621news5.html}}</ref> and in July a coalition of environmental and workers groups filed a lawsuit against the EPA challenging its 2002 decision to not ban it.<ref name=suit>{{cite news|url=http://www.mercurynews.com/breakingnews/ci_9985449|title=Group sues to ban DDT-related pesticide|first=The Associated Press|publisher=The Mercury News|accessdate=2008-08-11}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> In October, the Review Committee of the ] moved endosulfan along in the procedure for listing under the treaty,<ref>, The International Institute for Sustainable Development – Reporting Services Division.</ref> while India blocked its addition to the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.downtoearth.org.in/full6.asp?foldername=20081130&filename=news&sec_id=4&sid=8|title=To Industry's Tune|last=Dutta|first=Mahdumita|date=November 21, 2008|publisher=Down to Earth|accessdate=2008-11-22}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>		*2008: In February, environmental, consumer, and farm labor groups including the ],<ref>, National Resources Defense Council, Feb. 2008.</ref> ], and the ]<ref> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517160356/http://www.panna.org/newsroom/20080218 |date=May 17, 2008 }}, Pesticide Action Network, Feb. 18, 2008</ref> called on the U.S. EPA to ban endosulfan. In May, coalitions of scientists,<ref name="pmid18686727">{{cite journal |author1=Sass, J. |author2=Janssen, S. |title=Open letter to Stephen Johnson, Administrator, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: ban endosulfan |journal=Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=236–9 |date=2008 |pmid=18686727 |doi= 10.1179/oeh.2008.14.3.236 |doi-access=free }}</ref> environmental groups, and arctic tribes asked the EPA to cancel endosulfan,<ref>{{cite news|last=Erickson|first=Britt|date=May 21, 2008|title=Groups Petition EPA To Ban Endosulfan|work=Chemical and Engineering News|url=http://pubs.acs.org/cen/news/86/i21/8621news5.html}}</ref> and in July a coalition of environmental and workers groups filed a lawsuit against the EPA challenging its 2002 decision to not ban it.<ref name="suit">{{cite news |date=24 July 2008 |title=Group sues to ban DDT-related pesticide |url= |access-date= |newspaper=Associated Press Newswires |location=FRESNO, Calif. |id=] |agency=AP}} (Was available via {{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, accessed 2008-08-11.)</ref> In October, the Review Committee of the ] moved endosulfan along in the procedure for listing under the treaty,<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304004317/http://www.iisd.ca/vol15/enb15161e.html |date=4 March 2009 }}, The International Institute for Sustainable Development – Reporting Services Division.</ref> while India blocked its addition to the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.downtoearth.org.in/full6.asp?foldername=20081130&filename=news&sec_id=4&sid=8|title=To Industry's Tune|last=Dutta|first=Mahdumita|date=November 21, 2008|publisher=Down to Earth|access-date=2008-11-22}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pearl |first=Larry |date=November 10, 2008 |title=Tributyltin added to international trade 'watch list,' endosulfan not. |journal=Pesticide & Toxic Chemical News |volume=37 |issue=2 |page=22 |id={{Gale|A196826289}}}}</ref>
	*2009: The Stockholm Convention's Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee (POPRC) agreed that endosulfan is a persistent organic pollutant and that "global action is warranted", setting the stage of a global ban.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chm.pops.int/Convention/Media/Pressreleases/POPRC5Geneva16October2009/tabid/640/language/en-US/Default.aspx|title=Endosulfan and other chemicals being assessed for listing under the Stockholm Convention|last=Secretariat of the Stockholm Convention|date=16 October 2009|publisher=Secretariat of the Stockholm Convention|accessdate=2009-10-20}}</ref> New Zealand banned endosulfan.<ref name=ERMA>{{cite news|url=http://www.ermanz.govt.nz/news-events/focus/endosulfan/index.html|title=ERMA: Endosulfan Use Prohibited|date=December 2008|publisher=ENVIRONMENTAL RISK MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY|accessdate=2009-01-28}}</ref>		*2009: The Stockholm Convention's Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee (POPRC) agreed that endosulfan is a persistent organic pollutant and that "global action is warranted", setting the stage of a global ban.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chm.pops.int/Convention/Media/Pressreleases/POPRC5Geneva16October2009/tabid/640/language/en-US/Default.aspx|title=Endosulfan and other chemicals being assessed for listing under the Stockholm Convention|last=Secretariat of the Stockholm Convention|date=16 October 2009|publisher=Secretariat of the Stockholm Convention|access-date=2009-10-20}}</ref> New Zealand banned endosulfan.<ref name=ERMA>{{cite news|url=http://www.ermanz.govt.nz/news-events/focus/endosulfan/index.html|title=ERMA: Endosulfan Use Prohibited|date=December 2008|publisher=ENVIRONMENTAL RISK MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY|access-date=2009-01-28|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090321121016/http://www.ermanz.govt.nz/news-events/focus/endosulfan/index.html|archive-date=2009-03-21}}</ref>
	*2010: The POPRC nominated endosulfan to be added to the Stockholm Convention at the Conference of Parties (COP) in April 2011, which would result in a global ban.<ref>{{cite web|title=UN chemical body recommends elimination of the toxic pesticide endosulfan|url=http://chm.pops.int/tabid/1042/language/en-US/Default.aspx|publisher=Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants|accessdate=13 December 2010}}</ref> The EPA announced that the registration of endosulfan in the U.S. will be cancelled<ref name=EPA2010>{{cite web|url=http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/endosulfan/endosulfan-cancl-fs.html|title=EPA Action to Terminate Endosulfan |work=]|accessdate=10 June 2010}}</ref><ref>Martin, David S. ''CNN.'' June 10, 2010.</ref> Australia banned the use of the chemical.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/rural/news/content/201010/s3037092.htm |title=Australia finally bans endosulfan. 13 Oct 2010. National Rural News. (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) |publisher=www.abc.net.au |accessdate=2010-10-13 }}</ref>		*2010: The POPRC nominated endosulfan to be added to the Stockholm Convention at the Conference of Parties (COP) in April 2011, which would result in a global ban.<ref>{{cite web|title=UN chemical body recommends elimination of the toxic pesticide endosulfan|url=http://chm.pops.int/tabid/1042/language/en-US/Default.aspx|publisher=Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants|access-date=13 December 2010}}</ref> The EPA announced that the registration of endosulfan in the U.S. will be cancelled<ref name=EPA2010>{{cite web|url=http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/endosulfan/endosulfan-cancl-fs.html|title=EPA Action to Terminate Endosulfan |website=]|access-date=10 June 2010}}</ref><ref>Martin, David S. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100909083929/http://pagingdrgupta.blogs.cnn.com/2010/06/10/epa-moves-to-ban-ddt-cousin/ |date=2010-09-09 }} ''CNN.'' June 10, 2010.</ref> Australia banned the use of the chemical.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/rural/news/content/201010/s3037092.htm |title=Australia finally bans endosulfan. 13 Oct 2010. National Rural News. (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) |publisher=www.abc.net.au |access-date=2010-10-13 }}</ref>
	*2011: The Supreme Court on Friday banned manufacture, sale and use of toxic pesticide endosulfan in India. The apex court said the ban would remain effective for 8 weeks during which an expert committee headed by DG, ICMR, will give an interim report to the court about the harmful effect of the widely used pesticide.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/SC-bans-sale-and-use-of-toxic-pesticide-endosulfan/articleshow/8291949.cms |title=SC bans sale and use of toxic pesticide endosulfan. 13 May 2011. The Times of India |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |accessdate=2011-08-29}}</ref>		*2011: The Supreme Court of India banned manufacture, sale, and use of toxic pesticide endosulfan in India. The apex court said the ban would remain effective for eight weeks during which an expert committee headed by DG, ICMR, will give an interim report to the court about the harmful effect of the widely used pesticide.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/SC-bans-sale-and-use-of-toxic-pesticide-endosulfan-/articleshow/8291949.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105125724/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-13/india/29539594_1_sc-bans-sale-pesticide-endosulfan |url-status=live |archive-date=November 5, 2012 |title=SC bans sale and use of toxic pesticide endosulfan. 13 May 2011. |access-date=2011-08-29 |newspaper=] |date=May 13, 2011}}</ref>
	*2011: the Argentinian Service for Sanity and Agroalimentary Quality (SENASA) decided on August 8 that the import of Endosulfan into the South American country will be banned from July 1st, 2012 and its commercialization and use from July 1st, 2013. In the meantime, a reduced quantity can be imported and sold.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.senasa.gov.ar/contenido.php?to=n&in=1518&ino=1518&io=17742 |title=Endosulfan: nuevas medidas para la importación, elaboración y uso en Argentina. 8 Aug 2011 SENASA |publisher=www.senasa.gov.ar |accessdate=2011-08-29}}</ref>		*2011: the Argentinian Service for Sanity and Agroalimentary Quality (SENASA) decided on August 8 that the import of endosulfan into the South American country will be banned from July 1, 2012, and its commercialization and use from July 1, 2013. In the meantime, a reduced quantity can be imported and sold.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.senasa.gov.ar/contenido.php?to=n&in=1518&ino=1518&io=17742 |title=Endosulfan: nuevas medidas para la importación, elaboración y uso en Argentina. 8 Aug 2011 SENASA |publisher=www.senasa.gov.ar |access-date=2011-08-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915210428/http://www.senasa.gov.ar/contenido.php?to=n&in=1518&ino=1518&io=17742 |archive-date=15 September 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
	==Health effects==		==Health effects==
	Endosulfan is one of the most toxic pesticides on the market today, responsible for many fatal pesticide poisoning incidents around the world.<ref>Pesticide Action Network North America, , ''PAN Magazine'', Fall 2006.</ref> Endosulfan is also a ]—a synthetic substance that imitates or enhances the effect of ]s—and it can act as an ], causing reproductive and developmental damage in both animals and humans. Whether endosulfan can ] is debated. With regard to consumers intake of endosulfan from residues on food, the ] has concluded that long-term exposure from food is unlikely to present a public health concern, but short term exposure can exceed acute ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPP/Pesticid/JMPR/DOWNLOAD/2006_rep/report2006jmpr.pdf|title= Pesticide residues in food 2006 - Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)|year=2006}}</ref>
			Endosulfan is alleged to be responsible for many fatal ] incidents around the world by NGOs opposing pesticide usage.<ref>Pesticide Action Network North America, {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704083421/http://www.panna.org/magazine/fall2006/featureSpeakingTruth.html |date=July 4, 2007 }}, ''PAN Magazine'', Fall 2006.</ref> Endosulfan is also a ]—a synthetic substance that imitates or enhances the effect of ]s—and it can act as an ], causing reproductive and developmental damage in both animals and humans.<ref name="Raun AndersenVinggaard2002">{{cite journal|last1=Raun Andersen|first1=Helle|last2=Vinggaard|first2=Anne Marie|last3=Høj Rasmussen|first3=Thomas|last4=Gjermandsen|first4=Irene Marianne|last5=Cecilie Bonefeld-Jørgensen|first5=Eva|title=Effects of Currently Used Pesticides in Assays for Estrogenicity, Androgenicity, and Aromatase Activity in Vitro|journal=Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology|volume=179|issue=1|year=2002|pages=1–12|issn=0041-008X|doi=10.1006/taap.2001.9347|pmid=11884232|bibcode=2002ToxAP.179....1R }}</ref> It has also been found to act as an ].<ref name="Raun AndersenVinggaard2002" /> Whether endosulfan can ] is debated. With regard to consumers' intake of endosulfan from residues on food, the ] has concluded that long-term exposure from food is unlikely to present a public health concern, but short-term exposure can exceed acute ]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPP/Pesticid/JMPR/DOWNLOAD/2006_rep/report2006jmpr.pdf|title=Pesticide residues in food 2006 - Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)|year=2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226062242/http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPP/Pesticid/JMPR/DOWNLOAD/2006_rep/report2006jmpr.pdf|archive-date=2011-12-26}}</ref>
	===Toxicity===		===Toxicity===
	Endosulfan is acutely ] to both ] and ], including humans. The US EPA classifies it as Category I: "Highly Acutely Toxic" based on a ] value of 30&nbsp;mg/kg for female ],<ref name="RED"/> while the World Health Organization classifies it as Class II "Moderately Hazardous" based on a rat LD<sub>50</sub> of 80&nbsp;mg/kg.<ref>World Health Organization, , 2005.</ref> It is a ] ], and a Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup> ] ]. Both of these ] are involved in the transfer of nerve impulses. Symptoms of acute poisoning include hyperactivity, tremors, convulsions, lack of coordination, staggering, difficulty breathing, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, and in severe cases, unconsciousness.<ref name="ATSDR"/> Doses as low as 35&nbsp;mg/kg have been documented to cause death in humans,<ref name="PIM">International Programme on Chemical Safety, World Health Organization, , July 2000.</ref> and many cases of sub-lethal poisoning have resulted in permanent brain damage.<ref name="ATSDR"/> Farm workers with ] endosulfan exposure are at risk of rashes and skin irritation.<ref name="RED"/>		Endosulfan is acutely ] to both ] and ], including humans. The US EPA classifies it as Category I: "Highly Acutely Toxic" based on a ] value of 30&nbsp;mg/kg for female ]s,<ref name="RED"/> while the World Health Organization classifies it as Class II "Moderately Hazardous" based on a rat LD<sub>50</sub> of 80&nbsp;mg/kg.<ref>World Health Organization, , 2005.</ref> It is a ] ], and a Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup> ] ]. Both of these ] are involved in the transfer of nerve impulses. Symptoms of acute poisoning include hyperactivity, tremors, convulsions, lack of coordination, staggering, difficulty breathing, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, and in severe cases, unconsciousness.<ref name="ATSDR"/> Doses as low as 35&nbsp;mg/kg have been documented to cause death in humans,<ref name="PIM">International Programme on Chemical Safety, World Health Organization, , July 2000.</ref> and many cases of sublethal poisoning have resulted in permanent brain damage.<ref name="ATSDR"/> Farm workers with ] endosulfan exposure are at risk of rashes and skin irritation.<ref name="RED"/>
	EPA's acute ] for dietary exposure to endosulfan is 0.015&nbsp;mg/kg for adults and 0.0015&nbsp;mg/kg for children. For chronic dietary expsoure, the EPA references doses are 0.006&nbsp;mg/(kg·day) and 0.0006&nbsp;mg/(kg·day) for adults and children, respectively.<ref name="RED"/>		EPA's acute reference dose for dietary exposure to endosulfan is 0.015&nbsp;mg/kg for adults and 0.0015&nbsp;mg/kg for children. For chronic dietary expsoure, the EPA references doses are 0.006&nbsp;mg/(kg·day) and 0.0006&nbsp;mg/(kg·day) for adults and children, respectively.<ref name="RED"/>
	===Endocrine disruption===		===Endocrine disruption===
	], an expert on endocrine disruption, lists endosulfan as a known endocrine disruptor,<ref>Colborn T, Dumanoski D, Meyers JP, Our Stolen Future : How We Are Threatening Our Fertility, Intelligence and Survival, 1997, Plume.</ref> and both the EPA and the ] consider endosulfan to be a potential endocrine disruptor. Numerous '']'' studies have documented its potential to disrupt hormones and animal studies have demonstrated its reproductive and developmental toxicity, especially among males.<ref name="RED"/><ref name="ATSDR"/> A number of studies have documented that it acts as an ] in animals.<ref name="pmid9465275">{{cite journal |author=Wilson VS, LeBlanc GA |title=Endosulfan elevates testosterone biotransformation and clearance in CD-1 mice |journal=Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. |volume=148 |issue=1 |pages=158–68 |year=1998 |month=January |pmid=9465275 |doi=10.1006/taap.1997.8319 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0041-008X(97)98319-8}}</ref> Environmentally relevant doses of endosulfan equal to the EPA's safe dose of 0.006&nbsp;mg/kg/day have been found to affect ] in female rats similarly to the effects of estrogen.<ref name="pmid18790044">{{cite journal |author=Varayoud J, Monje L, Bernhardt T, Muñoz-de-Toro M, Luque EH, Ramos JG |title=Endosulfan modulates estrogen-dependent genes like a non-uterotrophic dose of 17beta-estradiol |journal=Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.) |volume= 26|issue= 2|pages= 138|year=2008 |month=August |pmid=18790044 |doi=10.1016/j.reprotox.2008.08.004 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0890-6238(08)00209-8}}</ref> It is not known whether endosulfan is a human ] (an agent that causes birth defects), though it has significant teratogenic effects in ]s.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=J Appl Toxicol|year=2007|volume=27|issue=2|pages=143–51|title=Citrinin and endosulfan induced teratogenic effects in Wistar rats|author=Singh ND, Sharma AK, Dwivedi P, Patil RD, Kumar M|doi=10.1002/jat.1185|pmid=17186572}}</ref> A 2009 assessment concluded that endocrine disruption occurs only at endosulfan doses that cause neurotoxicity.<ref name=Silva>{{cite journal |author= Silva MH, Gammon D |title= An assessment of the developmental, reproductive, and neurotoxicity of endosulfan |journal= Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol |volume=86 |issue=1 |pages=1–28 |year=2009 |pmid=19243027 |doi=10.1002/bdrb.20183}}</ref>		], an expert on endocrine disruption, lists endosulfan as a known endocrine disruptor,<ref>Colborn T, Dumanoski D, Meyers JP, Our Stolen Future : How We Are Threatening Our Fertility, Intelligence and Survival, 1997, Plume.</ref> and both the EPA and the ] consider endosulfan to be a potential endocrine disruptor. Numerous '']'' studies have documented its potential to disrupt hormones and animal studies have demonstrated its reproductive and developmental toxicity, especially among males.<ref name="RED"/><ref name="ATSDR"/> A number of studies have documented that it acts as an ] in animals.<ref name="Raun AndersenVinggaard2002" /><ref name="pmid9465275">{{cite journal | author = Wilson VS, LeBlanc GA | title = Endosulfan elevates testosterone biotransformation and clearance in CD-1 mice | journal = Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. | volume = 148 | issue = 1 | pages = 158–68 |date=January 1998 | pmid = 9465275 | doi = 10.1006/taap.1997.8319 | last2 = Leblanc | bibcode = 1998ToxAP.148..158W }}</ref> Endosulfan has shown to affect crustacean molt cycles, which are important biological and endocrine-controlled physiological processes essential for the crustacean growth and reproduction.<ref name="pmid22119282">{{cite journal | author1 = Tumburu L. | author2= Shepard EF | author3= Strand AE | author4= Browdy CL | title = Effects of endosulfan exposure and Taura Syndrome Virus infection on the survival and molting of the marine penaeid shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei | journal = Chemosphere | volume = 86| issue = 9| pages = 912–8|date=November 2011 | pmid = 22119282 | doi = 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.10.057 }}</ref> Environmentally relevant doses of endosulfan equal to the EPA's safe dose of 0.006&nbsp;mg/kg/day have been found to affect ] in female rats similarly to the effects of estrogen.<ref name="pmid18790044">{{cite journal | author1 = Varayoud J | author2= Monje L | author3 = Bernhardt T | author4 = Muñoz-de-Toro M | author5 = Luque EH | author6 = Ramos JG | title = Endosulfan modulates estrogen-dependent genes like a non-uterotrophic dose of 17beta-estradiol | journal = Reprod. Toxicol. | volume = 26 | issue = 2 | pages = 138–45 |date=October 2008 | pmid = 18790044 | doi = 10.1016/j.reprotox.2008.08.004 | bibcode= 2008RepTx..26..138V }}</ref> It is not known whether endosulfan is a human ] (an agent that causes birth defects), though it has significant teratogenic effects in ]s.<ref name="pmid17186572">{{cite journal | author1 = Singh ND | author2 = Sharma AK | author3 = Dwivedi P | author4 = Patil RD | author5 = Kumar M | title = Citrinin and endosulfan induced teratogenic effects in Wistar rats | journal = J. Appl. Toxicol. | volume = 27 | issue = 2 | pages = 143–51 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17186572 | doi = 10.1002/jat.1185 | s2cid = 37055874 }}</ref> A 2009 assessment concluded the endocrine disruption in rats occurs only at endosulfan doses that cause neurotoxicity.<ref name=Silva>{{cite journal | author = Silva MH, Gammon D | title = An assessment of the developmental, reproductive, and neurotoxicity of endosulfan | journal = Birth Defects Research Part B: Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology | volume = 86 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–28 |date=February 2009 | pmid = 19243027 | doi = 10.1002/bdrb.20183 | last2 = Gammon | doi-access = free }}</ref>
	===Reproductive and developmental effects===		===Reproductive and developmental effects===
	Several studies have documented that endosulfan can also affect human development. Researchers studying children from many villages in ] District, ], India have linked endosulfan exposure to delays in ] among boys. Endosulfan was the only pesticide applied to ] plantations in the villages for 20 years and had contaminated the village environment. The researchers compared the villagers to a control group of boys from a demographically similar village that lacked a history of endosulfan pollution. Relative to the control group, the exposed boys had high levels of endosulfan in their bodies, lower levels of ], and delays in reaching sexual maturity. ] of the male reproductive system including ] were also more prevalent in the study group. The researchers concluded that "our study results suggest that endosulfan exposure in male children may delay sexual maturity and interfere with sex hormone synthesis."<ref name="Saiyed">Saiyed H, Dewan A, Bhatnagar V, ''et al.'', , ''Environ. Health Perspect.'', 2003, 111:1958–1962.</ref> Increased incidences of cryptorchidism have been observed in other studies of endosulfan exposed populations.<ref>(a) Damgaard IN, Skakkebæk NE, Toppari J, ''et al.'', , ''Environ. Health Perspect.'', 2006, 114:1133–1138.<br>(b) Olea N, Olea-Serrano F, Lardelli-Claret P, ''et al.'', Inadvertent Exposure to Xenoestrogens in Children, ''Toxicol. Ind. Health'', 15:151–158.</ref>		Some studies have documented that endosulfan can also affect human development. Researchers studying children from many villages in ] District, ], India, have linked endosulfan exposure to delays in ] among boys. Endosulfan was the only pesticide applied to ] plantations in the villages for 20 years, and had contaminated the village environment. The researchers compared the villagers to a control group of boys from a demographically similar village that lacked a history of endosulfan pollution. Relative to the control group, the exposed boys had high levels of endosulfan in their bodies, lower levels of ], and delays in reaching sexual maturity. ] of the male reproductive system, including ], were also more prevalent in the study group. The researchers concluded, "our study results suggest that endosulfan exposure in male children may delay sexual maturity and interfere with sex hormone synthesis."<ref name="Saiyed">{{cite journal | author1 = Saiyed, H. | author2 = Dewan, A. | author3 = Bhatnagar, V. |display-authors=etal | date = 2003 | title = Effect of Endosulfan on Male Reproductive Development | url = http://www.ehponline.org/members/2003/6271/6271.pdf | journal = Environ. Health Perspect. | volume = 111 | issue = 16| pages = 1958–1962 | doi = 10.1289/ehp.6271 | pmid = 14644673 | pmc = 1241773 | bibcode = 2003EnvHP.111.1958S | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002909/http://www.ehponline.org/members/2003/6271/6271.pdf | archive-date = 2007-09-27 }}</ref> Increased incidences of cryptorchidism have been observed in other studies of endosulfan exposed populations.<ref>{{cite journal | author1 = Damgaard, I. N. | author2 = Skakkebæk, N. E. | author3 = Toppari, J. |display-authors=etal | date = 2006 | title = Persistent Pesticides in Human Breast Milk and Cryptorchidism | url = http://www.ehponline.org/members/2006/8741/8741.pdf | journal = Environ. Health Perspect. | volume = 114 | issue = 7| pages = 1133–1138 | doi = 10.1289/ehp.8741 | pmid = 16835070 | pmc = 1513324 | bibcode = 2006EnvHP.114.1133D | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071010072326/http://www.ehponline.org/members/2006/8741/8741.pdf | archive-date = 2007-10-10 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author1 = Olea, N. | author2 = Olea-Serrano, F. | author3 = Lardelli-Claret, P. |display-authors=etal | date = 1999| title = Inadvertent Exposure to Xenoestrogens in Children | journal = Toxicol. Ind. Health | volume = 15 | issue = 1–2| pages = 151–158 | doi=10.1177/074823379901500112| pmid = 10188197 | bibcode = 1999ToxIH..15..152O | s2cid = 25327579 }}</ref>
	A 2007 study by the California Department of Public Health found that women who lived near farm fields sprayed with endosulfan and the related organochloride pesticide ] during the first eight weeks of pregnancy are several times more likely to give birth to children with ]. This is the first study to look for an association between endosulfan and autism, and additional study is needed to confirm the connection.<ref>(a) {{cite journal |journal=Environ. Health Perspect. |year=2007 |volume=115 |issue=10 |pages=1482–9 |author= Roberts EM, English PB, Grether JK, Windham GC, Somberg L, Wolff C |title= Maternal residence near agricultural pesticide applications and autism spectrum disorders among children in the California Central Valley |doi=10.1289/ehp.10168 |pmid=17938740 |url=http://www.ehponline.org/members/2007/10168/10168.html |pmc=2022638}}<br>(b) Lay Summary: , Victoria McGovern, ''Environ. Health Perspect.'' 2007, 115(10):A505</ref> A 2009 assessment concluded that epidemiology and rodent studies that suggest male reproductive and autism effects are open to other interpretations, and that developmental or reproductive toxicity occurs only at endosulfan doses that cause neurotoxicity.<ref name=Silva/>		A 2007 study by the California Department of Public Health found that women who lived near farm fields sprayed with endosulfan and the related organochloride pesticide ] during the first eight weeks of pregnancy are several times more likely to give birth to children with ].<ref>(a) {{cite journal |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |date=2007 |volume=115 |issue=10 |pages=1482–9 |author1=Roberts, E. M.|author2=English, P. B. |author3=Grether, J. K. |author4=Windham, G..C. |author5=Somberg, L. |author6=Wolff, C. |title=Maternal Residence Near Agricultural Pesticide Applications and Autism Spectrum Disorders among Children in the California Central Valley |doi=10.1289/ehp.10168 |pmid=17938740 |url=http://www.ehponline.org/members/2007/10168/10168.html |pmc=2022638 |bibcode=2007EnvHP.115.1482R |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725053739/http://www.ehponline.org/members/2007/10168/10168.html |archive-date=2008-07-25 }}<br />(b) Lay Summary: {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020124810/http://www.ehponline.org/docs/2007/115-10/ss.html#auti |date=October 20, 2007 }}, Victoria McGovern, ''Environ. Health Perspect.'' 2007, 115(10):A505</ref> However a 2009 assessment concluded that epidemiology and ] that suggest male reproductive and autism effects are open to other interpretations, and that developmental or reproductive toxicity in rats occurs only at endosulfan doses that cause neurotoxicity.<ref name=Silva/>
	===Endosulfan and cancer===		===Cancer===
	Endosulfan is not listed as known, probable, or possible carcinogen by the EPA, ], or other agencies. There are no epidemiological studies linking exposure to endosulfan specifically to cancer in humans, but ''in vitro'' assays have shown that endosulfan can promote proliferation of human ] cells.<ref>(a) Grunfeld HT, Bonefeld-Jorgensen EC, Effect of ''in vitro'' estrogenic pesticides on human oestrogen receptor alpha and beta mRNA levels, ''Toxicol. Lett.'', 2004, 151(3):467–80.<br>(b) Ibarluzea JmJ, Fernandez MF, Santa-Marina L, ''et al.'', Breast cancer risk and the combined effect of environmental estrogens, ''Cancer Causes Control'', 2004, 15(6):591–600.<br>(c) Soto AM, Chung KL, Sonnenschein C, , ''Environ. Health Perspect.'', 1994, 102(4):380–383.</ref> Evidence of carcinogenicity in animals is mixed.<ref name="ATSDR"/>		Endosulfan is not listed as known, probable, or possible ] by the EPA, ], or other agencies. No epidemiological studies link exposure to endosulfan specifically to cancer in humans, but ''in vitro'' assays have shown that endosulfan can promote proliferation of human ] cells.<ref>(a) Grunfeld HT, Bonefeld-Jorgensen EC, Effect of ''in vitro'' estrogenic pesticides on human oestrogen receptor alpha and beta mRNA levels, ''Toxicol. Lett.'', 2004, 151(3):467–80.<br>(b) Ibarluzea JmJ, Fernandez MF, Santa-Marina L, ''et al.'', Breast cancer risk and the combined effect of environmental estrogens, ''Cancer Causes Control'', 2004, 15(6):591–600.<br>(c) Soto AM, Chung KL, Sonnenschein C, {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002814/http://www.ehponline.org/docs/1994/102-4/soto.html |date=September 27, 2007 }}, ''Environ. Health Perspect.'', 1994, 102(4):380–383.</ref> Evidence of carcinogenicity in animals is mixed.<ref name="ATSDR"/>
			In a 2016 study<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sebastian|first1=Robin|last2=Raghavan|first2=Sathees C.|title=Induction of DNA damage and erroneous repair can explain genomic instability caused by endosulfan|journal=Carcinogenesis|date=August 4, 2016|volume=37|issue=10|pages=929–940|doi=10.1093/carcin/bgw081|pmid=27492056|doi-access=free}}</ref> by the Department of ], ], ] published in '']'', endosulfan was found to induce ] (ROS) in a concentration and time-dependent manner leading to double-stranded breaks in the ] and also found to favour subsequent erroneous ].
	==Environmental fate==
	Endosulfan is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant. The chemcial is ] and persistent to degradation processes in the environment. Endosulfan is subject to ], ''i.e.'' it can travel long distances from where it is used. Thus, it occurrs in many environmental compartments. For example, a 2008 report by the ] found that endosulfan commonly contaminates air, water, plants and fish of ]s in the U.S. Most of these parks are far from areas where endosulfan is used.<ref>, National Park Service.</ref> Endosulfan has been found in remote locations such as the Arctic Ocean as well as in the antarctic atmosphere.<ref>, Science of The Total Environment, Volume 408, Issue 15.</ref> The pesticide has also been detected in dust from the ] collected in the ] after being blown across the Atlantic Ocean.<ref>{{cite news | last = Ramnarine | first = Kristy| title = Harmful elements in Sahara dust | publisher = Trinidad & Tobago Express | date = May 12, 2008 | url = http://www.trinidadexpress.com/index.pl/article_news?id=161321883| accessdate = 2008-05-14}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> It has been shown that the compound is one of the most abundant organochlorine pesticides in the global atmosphere.<ref>, Science of The Total Environment, Volume 408, Issue 15.</ref>
			==Environmental fate==
			Endosulfan is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant. The chemical is ] and persistent to degradation processes in the environment. Endosulfan is subject to ], ''i.e.'' it can travel long distances from where it is used. Thus, it occurs in many environmental compartments. For example, a 2008 report by the ] found that endosulfan commonly contaminates air, water, plants, and fish of ]s in the US. Most of these parks are far from areas where endosulfan is used.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215121455/http://www2.nature.nps.gov/air/Studies/air_toxics/wacap.cfm |date=2013-02-15 }}, National Park Service.</ref> Endosulfan has been found in remote locations such as the Arctic Ocean, as well as in the Antarctic atmosphere.<ref name="sciencedirect">{{cite journal| doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.10.077 | pmid=19939436 | volume=408 | issue=15 | title=Endosulfan, a global pesticide: A review of its fate in the environment and occurrence in the Arctic | date=2010 | journal=Science of the Total Environment | pages=2966–2984 | author1=Weber Jan | author2=Halsall Crispin J. | author3=Muir Derek | author4=Teixeira Camilla | author5=Small Jeff | author6=Solomon Keith | author7= Hermanson Mark | author8=Hung Hayley | author9=Bidleman Terry| bibcode=2010ScTEn.408.2966W }}</ref> The pesticide has also been detected in dust from the ] collected in the ] after being blown across the Atlantic Ocean.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ramnarine |first=Kristy |title=Harmful elements in Sahara dust |publisher=Trinidad & Tobago Express |date=May 12, 2008 |url=http://www.trinidadexpress.com/index.pl/article_news?id=161321883 |access-date=2008-05-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304014816/http://www.trinidadexpress.com/index.pl/article_news?id=161321883 |archive-date=March 4, 2009 }}</ref> The compound has been shown to be one of the most abundant organochlorine pesticides in the global atmosphere.<ref name="sciencedirect" />
	The compound breaks down into endosulfan sulfate and endosulfan diol, both of which have structures similar to the parent compound and, according to the EPA, "are also of toxicological concern…The estimated half-lives for the combined toxic residues (endosulfan plus endosulfan sulfate) from roughly 9 months to 6 years." The EPA concluded that, "ased on environmental fate laboratory studies, terrestrial field dissipation studies, available models, monitoring studies, and published literature, it can be concluded that endosulfan is a very persistent chemical which may stay in the environment for lengthy periods of time, particularly in acid media." The EPA also concluded that "ndosulfan has relatively high potential to ] in fish."<ref name="RED"/> It is also toxic to ]: low levels have been found to kill tadpoles.<ref>Relyea RA (2008) A cocktail of contaminants: how mixtures of pesticides at low concentrations affect aquatic communities. Oecologia (accepted: 13 October 2008) {{cite journal|pmid=19002502 | doi=10.1007/s00442-008-1213-9|year=2009|month=Mar|author=Relyea, Ra|title=A cocktail of contaminants: how mixtures of pesticides at low concentrations affect aquatic communities.|volume=159|issue=2|pages=363–76|journal=Oecologia}}</ref>		The compound breaks down into endosulfan sulfate, endosulfan diol, and endosulfan furan, all of which have structures similar to the parent compound and, according to the EPA, "are also of toxicological concern…The estimated half-lives for the combined toxic residues (endosulfan plus endosulfan sulfate) from roughly 9 months to 6 years." In soils, endosulfan sulfate is often the dominating compound.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Halse |first1=Anne Karine |last2=Schlabach |first2=Martin |last3=Schuster |first3=Jasmin K. |last4=Jones |first4=Kevin C. |last5=Steinnes |first5=Eiliv |last6=Breivik |first6=Knut |date=2015 |title=Endosulfan, pentachlorobenzene and short-chain chlorinated paraffins in background soils from Western Europe |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0269749114003893 |journal=Environmental Pollution |language=en |volume=196 |pages=21–28 |doi=10.1016/j.envpol.2014.09.009|pmid=25285612 |bibcode=2015EPoll.196...21H |hdl=11250/2469037 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bussian |first1=Bernd M. |last2=Pandelova |first2=Marchela |last3=Lehnik-Habrink |first3=Petra |last4=Aichner |first4=Bernhard |last5=Henkelmann |first5=Bernhard |last6=Schramm |first6=Karl-Werner |date=2015 |title=Persistent endosulfan sulfate is found with highest abundance among endosulfan I, II, and sulfate in German forest soils |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S026974911530018X |journal=Environmental Pollution |language=en |volume=206 |pages=661–666 |doi=10.1016/j.envpol.2015.08.023|pmid=26319511 |bibcode=2015EPoll.206..661B }}</ref>
			The EPA concluded, "ased on environmental fate laboratory studies, terrestrial field dissipation studies, available models, monitoring studies, and published literature, it can be concluded that endosulfan is a very persistent chemical which may stay in the environment for lengthy periods of time, particularly in acid media." The EPA also concluded, "ndosulfan has relatively high potential to ] in fish."<ref name="RED" /> It is also toxic to ]; low levels have been found to kill ]s.<ref>Relyea RA (2008) A cocktail of contaminants: how mixtures of pesticides at low concentrations affect aquatic communities. Oecologia (accepted: 13 October 2008) {{cite journal|pmid=19002502 | doi=10.1007/s00442-008-1213-9|date=Mar 2009|author=Relyea, Ra|title=A cocktail of contaminants: how mixtures of pesticides at low concentrations affect aquatic communities|volume=159|issue=2|pages=363–76|journal=Oecologia| bibcode=2009Oecol.159..363R| s2cid=16037937}}</ref>
	In 2009, the committee of scientific experts of the Stockholm Convention concluded that "endosulfan is likely, as a result of long range environmental transport, to lead to significant adverse human health and environmental effects such that global action is warranted."<ref>{{cite journal|last=Earth Negotiations Bulletin|date=Monday, 19 October 2009|title=Briefing Note on the 5th Meeting of the POPRC|publisher=International Institute for Sustainable Development |url=http://www.iisd.ca/chemical/pops/poprc5/brief/brief_POPRC5e.pdf}}</ref> In May 2011, the Stockholm Convention committee approved the recommendation for elimination of production and use of Endosulfan and its isomers worldwide. This is, however, subject to certain exemptions. Overall, this will lead to Endosulfan's elimination from the global markets.<ref name=UNEP>{{cite press release | date = May 03, 2011 | url = http://hqweb.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=2637&ArticleID=8719&l=en&t=long | work = United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) | publisher = UNEP | accessdate = 2011-06-13}}</ref>		In 2009, the committee of scientific experts of the Stockholm Convention concluded, "endosulfan is likely, as a result of long range environmental transport, to lead to significant adverse human health and environmental effects such that global action is warranted."<ref>{{cite conference|last=Earth Negotiations Bulletin|date=19 October 2009|title=Briefing Note on the 5th Meeting of the POPRC|publisher=International Institute for Sustainable Development|url=http://www.iisd.ca/chemical/pops/poprc5/brief/brief_POPRC5e.pdf|conference=Fifth meeting of the Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee|access-date=5 November 2009|archive-date=14 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914103251/http://www.iisd.ca/chemical/pops/poprc5/brief/brief_POPRC5e.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> In May 2011, the Stockholm Convention committee approved the recommendation for elimination of production and use of endosulfan and its isomers worldwide. This is, however, subject to certain exemptions. Overall, this will lead to its elimination from the global markets.<ref name=UNEP>{{cite press release | date = May 3, 2011 | url = http://hqweb.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=2637&ArticleID=8719&l=en&t=long | work = United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) | publisher = UNEP | access-date = 2011-06-13 | title = UN targets widely-used pesticide endosulfan for phase out | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110618043822/http://hqweb.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=2637&ArticleID=8719&l=en&t=long | archive-date = 2011-06-18 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
	==Status by region==		==Status by region==
	===India===		===India===
			] for endosulfan in India]]
	India the world's largest user of endosulfan,<ref name=Canada>{{cite web|url=http://chm.pops.int/Portals/0/docs/Responses_on_Annex_E_information_for_endosulfan/Canada_090110_SubmissionEndosulfanInformation.doc|title=Endosulfan: Canada’s submission of information specified in Annex E of|last=Government of Canada|date=January 10, 2009|accessdate=2009-01-29}}</ref> and a major producer with three companies—Excel Crop Care, Hindustan Insecticides Ltd, and Coromandal Fertilizers—producing 4,500 ] annually for domestic use and another 4,000 tonnes for export.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chm.pops.int/Portals/0/docs/Responses_on_Annex_E_information_for_endosulfan/ICC_090108.doc|title=Form for submission of information specified in Annex E|last=Indian Chemical Council|date=January 9, 2009|accessdate=2009-01-29}}</ref>
			Although classified as a ] (highly toxic) pesticide by the Central Insecticides Board, India is one of the largest producers<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chm.pops.int/Portals/0/docs/Responses_on_Annex_E_information_for_endosulfan/ICC_090108.doc|title=Form for submission of information specified in Annex E|last=Indian Chemical Council|date=January 9, 2009|access-date=2009-01-29}}</ref> and the largest consumer of endosulfan in the world.<ref name=Canada>{{cite web|url=http://chm.pops.int/Portals/0/docs/Responses_on_Annex_E_information_for_endosulfan/Canada_090110_SubmissionEndosulfanInformation.doc|title=Endosulfan: Canada's submission of information specified in Annex E of|last=Government of Canada|date=January 10, 2009|access-date=2009-01-29}}</ref> Of the total volume manufactured in India, three companies—Excel Crop Care, Hindustan Insecticides Ltd, and Coromandal Fertilizers—produce 4,500 ] annually for domestic use and another 4,000 tonnes for export. Endosulfan is widely used in most of the plantation crops in India. The toxicity of endosulfan and health issues due to its ] came under media attention when health issues precipitated in the ] District (]) were publicised.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=62583|title=Beltangady: Endosulfan Affected Leading Hellish Life — Seek Succour|last=Uppinangady|first=Arun|date=July 14, 2009|publisher=Daijiworld Media Network|access-date=2009-07-14|archive-date=2009-07-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090717135445/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=62583|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>, Frederick Noronha, IndiaENews.com, July 5th, 2007, accessed July 5th, 2007.</ref> This inspired protests, and the pesticide was banned in Kerala as early as 2001, following a report by the National Institute of Occupational Health. In the ] of 2011, when an international consensus arose for the global ban of the pesticide, India opposed this move due to pressure from the endosulfan manufacturing companies.<ref name=Stockholm>{{cite journal|date=October 20, 2008|title=SUMMARY OF THE FOURTH MEETING OF THE PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS REVIEW COMMITTEE OF THE STOCKHOLM CONVENTION|journal=Earth Negotiations Bulletin|volume=15|issue=161|url=http://www.iisd.ca/vol15/enb15161e.html|access-date=December 5, 2008|archive-date=March 4, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304004317/http://www.iisd.ca/vol15/enb15161e.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|date=November 3, 2008|title=SUMMARY OF THE FOURTH MEETING OF THE CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES TO THE ROTTERDAM CONVENTION|journal=Earth Negotiations Bulletin|volume=15|issue=168|url=http://www.iisd.ca/vol15/enb15168e.html|access-date=January 8, 2009|archive-date=March 4, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304005001/http://www.iisd.ca/vol15/enb15168e.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> This flared up the protest,<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.indiatogether.org/2006/sep/env-endosulf.htm | title=India Together: Endosulfan victims: Kerala owns up - 12 September 2006| date=12 September 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/04/24/stories/2011042461810600.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429234336/http://www.hindu.com/2011/04/24/stories/2011042461810600.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=April 29, 2011 | location=Chennai, India | work=] | title=V.S. Achuthanandan to lead 'satyagraha' | date=April 24, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/MP-govt-backs-VS-ban-demand/783265/ | title=MP govt backs VS ban demand - Indian Express| date=29 April 2011}}</ref> and while India still maintained its stance, the global conference decided on a global ban, for which India asked a remission for 10 years. Later, on a petition filed in the ], the production, storage, sale and use of the pesticide was temporarily banned on 13 May 2011, and later permanently by the end of 2011.<ref name=sci>{{cite journal|date=May 13, 2011|title=WRIT PETITION (CIVIL) NO.213 OF 2011|journal=Supreme Court of India - RECORD OF PROCEEDINGS|volume=2011|issue=5|url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/outtoday/wc21311p.pdf|access-date=2017-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511151553/http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/outtoday/wc21311p.pdf|archive-date=2012-05-11|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=sci2>{{cite journal|date=September 30, 2011|title=WRIT PETITION (CIVIL) NO.213 OF 2011|journal=Supreme Court of India - RECORD OF PROCEEDINGS|volume=2011|issue=9|url=http://www.sci.nic.in/outtoday/wc21311_30sep.pdf|access-date=2017-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531161611/http://www.sci.nic.in/outtoday/wc21311_30sep.pdf|archive-date=2013-05-31|url-status=dead}}</ref>
			The ] government also banned the use of endosulfan with immediate effect. Briefing presspersons after the State Cabinet meeting, Minister for Higher Education V.S. Acharya said the Cabinet discussed the harmful effects of endosulfan on the health of farmers and people living in rural areas. The government will now invoke the provisions of the Insecticides Act, 1968 (a Central act) and write a letter to the Union Government about the ban. Minister for Energy, and Food and Civil Supplies Shobha Karandlaje, who has been spearheading a movement seeking a ban on endosulfan, said, "I am grateful to Chief Minister ] and members of the Cabinet for approving the ban.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/02/18/stories/2011021864221200.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221110321/http://www.hindu.com/2011/02/18/stories/2011021864221200.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=February 21, 2011 | location=Chennai, India | work=] | title=Karnataka bans use of endosulfan | date=February 18, 2011}}</ref>
	In 2001, in ], India, endosulfan spraying became suspect when linked to a series of abnormalities noted in local children.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=62583|title=Beltangady: Endosulfan Affected Leading Hellish Life — Seek Succour|last=Uppinangady|first=Arun |date=July 14, 2009|publisher=Daijiworld Media Network|accessdate=2009-07-14}}</ref> Initially endosulfan was banned, yet under pressure from the pesticide industry this ban was largely revoked. The situation there has been called "next in magnitude only to the ]." <ref>, Frederick Noronha, IndiaENews.com, July 5th, 2007, accessed July 5th, 2007.</ref>
			Rajendra Singh Rana has written a letter to ] ] demanding the withdrawal of the ] (NIOH) study on Endosulfan titled "Report Of The Investigation Of Unusual Illness" allegedly produced by the Endosulfan exposure in Padre village of ] district in north ]. In his statement Mr. Rana said "The NIOH report is flawed. I'm in complete agreement with what the workers have to say on this. In fact, I have already made representation to the Prime Minister and concerned Union Ministers of health and environment demanding immediate withdrawal of the report," as reported by ] and ]<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?701377|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120712184611/http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?701377|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 12, 2012|title=Rana Wants Withdrawal of NIOH Study on Endosulfan|magazine=Outlook India|date=November 16, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://wn.com/Rajendra_Singh_Rana,_MP,_Bhavnagar_calls_for_withdrawal_of_NIOH_report_on_Endosulfanavi|title= Rajendra Singh Rana, MP, Bhavnagar calls for withdrawal of NIOH report on Endosulfan |publisher=World News|date=December 17, 2010}}</ref>
	The pesticide as banned in the State when A.K. Antony was Chief Minister following a report by the National Institute of Occupational Health. The report had then stated that Endosulfan was behind the dreadful state of farmers and children in Kasaragod.
			Mrs. Vibhavari Dave, local leader and ] (MLA), from Bhavnagar, ], voiced her concerns on the impact of ban of endosulfan on families and workers of Bhavnagar. She was a part of the delegation with Bhavnagar MP, Rajendra Singh Rana, which submitted a memorandum to the district collector's office to withdraw the NIOH report calling for ban of endosulfan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xg6ed0_local-mla-speaks-in-support-of-bhavnagar-endosulfan-workers_tech|title= Local MLA speaks in support of Bhavnagar Endosulfan Workers |publisher=Daily Motion|date=December 18, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20101117/1631951.html|title=Workers demand withdrawal of study on Endosulfan|publisher=WebIndia 123|date=November 16, 2010|access-date=December 21, 2010|archive-date=March 22, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322003052/http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20101117/1631951.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
	In 2006, in Kerala, compensation of Rs 50,000 was paid to the next kin of each of 135 people who were identified as having died as a result of endosulfan use. Chief Minister ] also gave an assurance to people affected by poisoning, "that the government would chalk out a plan to take care of treatment, food and other needs of the affected persons and that its promise of rehabilitation of victims would be honoured." <ref>http://www.indiatogether.org/2006/sep/env-endosulf.htm</ref> He had repeatedly persuaded the prime minister ] and the central government to bring nationwide ban on Endosulfan. <ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/04/24/stories/2011042461810600.htm | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=V.S. Achuthanandan to lead ‘satyagraha' | date=April 24, 2011}}</ref>
			The Pollution Control Board of the Government of Kerala, prohibited the use of endosulfan in the state of Kerala on 10 November 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralapcb.org/writereaddata/pdf/Notification_Endosulphan.pdf |title=Notification Endosulphan, accessed Nov 19th, 2010 |access-date=2011-01-02 |archive-date=2011-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726215913/http://www.keralapcb.org/writereaddata/pdf/Notification_Endosulphan.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> On February 18, 2011, the ] government followed suit and suspended the use of endosulfan for a period of 60 days in the state.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/02/18/stories/2011021864221200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221110321/http://www.hindu.com/2011/02/18/stories/2011021864221200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 21, 2011|title= Karnataka bans use of endosulfan |date=February 18, 2011|newspaper=]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> Indian Union Minister of Agriculture ] has ruled out implementing a similar ban at the national level despite the fact that endosulfan has banned in 63 countries, including the European Union, Australia, and New Zealand.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main48.asp?filename=Ws220211AGRICULTURE.asp|title=India will not ban Endosulfan pesticide, says Sharad Pawar|magazine=Tehelka|date=February 22, 2011|access-date=March 3, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716203352/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main48.asp?filename=Ws220211AGRICULTURE.asp|archive-date=July 16, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
			The ] had initiated a study in response to the workers' rally in ] and representations made by Sishuvihar, an ] based in ]. The committee constituted for the study also included former Deputy Director of NIOH, Ahmadabad. The committee noted that the ], ], ] and ] have indicated that endosulfan is not ], not ], not ] and not ]. The highlight of this report is the farmer exposure study based on analysis of their blood reports for residues of endosulfan and the absence of any residues. This corroborates the lack of residues in worker-exposure studies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gujhealth.gov.in/Portal/News/59_1_endosulfan-report.pdf |title=REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE TO EVALUATE THE SAFETY ASPECTS OF ENDOSULFAN Department |publisher=Health and Family Welfare Department - Government of Gujarat |date=March 15, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004155508/http://www.gujhealth.gov.in/Portal/News/59_1_endosulfan-report.pdf |archive-date=October 4, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/endosulfan-gujarat_0.pdf|title= REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE TO EVALUATE THE SAFETY ASPECTS OF ENDOSULFAN|publisher=Department of Health and Family Welfare - Government of Gujarat|date=March 15, 2011 |access-date=1 March 2015}}</ref>
			The Supreme Court passed interim order on May 13, 2011, in a Writ Petition filed by Democratic Youth Federation of India, (DYFI), a youth wing of Communist Party of India (Marxist) in the backdrop of the incidents reported in Kasargode, Kerala, and banned the production, distribution and use of endosulfan in India because the pesticide has debilitating effects on humans and the environment.<ref name=sci/><ref name=sci2/> The welcomed this order, and called it a "resounding defeat" for the pesticide industry which has been promoting this deadly toxin. A 2001 study by CSE had linked the aerial spraying of the pesticide with the growing health disorders in Kasaragode.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cseindia.org/userfiles/CSE_report-1.pdf |title=A Centre for Science and Environment report on the contamination of endosulfan in the villagers|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110601035556/http://www.cseindia.org/userfiles/CSE_report-1.pdf |archive-date=2011-06-01 }}</ref>{{better source needed|date=June 2023}} However some scientists have called this study flawed.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Pulla |first=Priyanka |date=1 June 2013 <!-- online date --> |orig-date= |title=Blight : Kerala's Endosulfan Tragedy : Did it really happen? A lesson in how India handles scientific debate |url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/india/kerala-s-endosulfan-tragedy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004144817/http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/india/kerala-s-endosulfan-tragedy |archive-date=2018-10-04 |magazine=OPEN |publisher=R Rajmohan / Open Media Network Pvt Ltd |pages= |publication-place=India |publication-date=3 June 2013 <!-- date of print issue (for the week starting on 28 May, but this is the primary date used) --> |volume=5 |issue=21}} (The relevant section is 'BAD SCIENCE' on .)</ref> KM Sreekumar of the Padannakkad College of Agriculture in Kasargod and Prathapan KD of the ] in a paper claim that the extensive spread of diseases in the area cannot be solely attributed to the use of Endosulfan and criticised the CSE for inflating the level of endosulfan reported in the blood.<ref>{{cite news| url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234090892|title= A critique of the epidemiological studies on health in allegedly endosulfan}}</ref> In July 2012, the Government asked the Supreme Court to allow use of the pesticide in all states except Kerala and Karnataka, as these states are ready to use it for pest control.<ref>{{cite news| url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3688642.ece|title= Allow use of endosulfan except in Kerala and Karnataka| date= 27 July 2012 | location=Chennai, India| work=The Hindu| first=J.| last=Venkatesan}}</ref> But the court did not consider this request. India will phase out all endosulfan use by 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-to-phase-out-use-of-endosulfan-by-2017-government-647081 |title= India to Phase Out Use of Endosulfan by 2017: Government |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=8 August 2014 |website=NDTV |publisher=NDTV Convergence Limited |access-date=14 February 2016 |quote=India has agreed to phase out use of Endosulfan by 2017 and all existing stock of the pesticide in the country that is past its expiry date, government said today.}}</ref> On January 10, 2017, The Supreme Court ordered the State Governments to release the remaining undisbursed payment of compensation quantified (Rupees Five lakhs each) to all the affected persons within three months.<ref name=sci3>{{cite journal|date=January 10, 2017|title=WRIT PETITION (CIVIL) NO.213 OF 2011|journal=Supreme Court of India - RECORD OF PROCEEDINGS|volume=2017|issue=1|url=http://courtnic.nic.in/supremecourt/temp/wc%2021311p.txt|access-date=March 24, 2017|archive-date=March 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324174555/http://courtnic.nic.in/supremecourt/temp/wc%2021311p.txt|url-status=dead}}</ref>
			KM Sreekumar and Prathapan KD (2013) of Kerala Agricultural University critically examined the epidemiological studies on health conducted by the Calicut Medical College. Research design, health parameters, pesticide residue analysis, inconsistencies in the results, and conclusions of the study were questioned with data. A study by Embrandiri ''et al'' was also examined. The action of the CMC researchers in bringing out two different reports -one 15 paged and the other 55 paged on the same subject and opportunistic use of scientific claims against research ethics were exposed. The adverse impact of the baseless propaganda of health effects caused by endosulfan on the life of the people of Kasaragod was narrated.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=A critique of the epidemiological studies on health in allegedly endosulfan-affected areas in Kasaragod, Kerala |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234090892 |journal=Sreekumar, K.M. And Prathapan, K.D., 2013. A Critique of the Epidemiological Studies on Health in Allegedly Endosulfan-affected Areas in Kasaragod, Kerala. Current Science, 104(1), Pp.16-21.}}</ref>
	India's Second largest political party ] Vice President Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi also demanded the banning of Endosulphan .India is strongly opposed to adding endosulfan to the ]<ref>{{cite journal|date=November 3, 2008|title=SUMMARY OF THE FOURTH MEETING OF THE CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES TO THE ROTTERDAM CONVENTION|journal=Earth Negotiations Bulletin|volume=15|issue=168|url=http://www.iisd.ca/vol15/enb15168e.html}}</ref> and ]s.<ref name=Stockholm>{{cite journal|date=October 20, 2008|title=SUMMARY OF THE FOURTH MEETING OF THE PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS REVIEW COMMITTEE OF THE STOCKHOLM CONVENTION|journal=Earth Negotiations Bulletin|volume=15|issue=161|url=http://www.iisd.ca/vol15/enb15161e.html}}</ref> BJP demands ban on endosulfan " BJP is with the people who are suffering due to the ill-effects of the pesticide in Kasaragod district," senior BJP leader and Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha Sushma Swaraj said<ref>http://www.indianexpress.com/news/bjp-demands-ban-on-endosulfan/782411/</ref>
			Sreekumar and Prathapan (2021) reviewed the literature on the toxicology of endosulfan including assessment of the various pesticide-regulating agencies worldwide, and found that doses of endosulfan recommended for agricultural purposes did not cause any public health issue anywhere in the world. The statistical analysis of the medical camp data and primary data of the 2015 Kerala Disability Census,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala Social Security Mission, Disability Census 2014-2015 |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Iy-59Xe9xiX0QGZM2uVFxnVbnwnlF0Cm/view?usp=embed_facebook |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=Google Docs}}</ref> does not indicate a higher prevalence any of the health problems in the endosulfan-sprayed areas adjoining Plantation Corporation of Kerala owned cashew estates, compared to the unsprayed areas in the same Grama Panchayath in Kasaragod and elsewhere in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=An Evidence-based Inquiry into the Endosulfan Tragedy in Kasaragod, Kerala |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355163854 |publisher=Sreekumar, K.M. and Prathapan, K.D., 2021. An Evidence-based Inquiry into the Endosulfan Tragedy in Kasaragod, Kerala. Economic & Political Weekly, 56(41), p.45.}}</ref>
	], whose capital saw the world’s worst industrial disaster in 1984, made a common cause with Kerala Chief Minister on seeking a ban on endosulfan.Writing separate letters to the Kerala CM and Union Agriculture Minister Sharad Pawar, MP’s Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare Minister Ramkrishna Kusmaria said he fully supports the crusade against toxic chemicals. “MP understands the dire consequences of manmade disaster,” Kusmaria said in his letter to Achuthanandan, while referring to the Bhopal gas tragedy that took thousands of lives. <ref>http://www.indianexpress.com/news/MP-govt-backs-VS-ban-demand/783265/</ref>
	] Government also banned the use of endosulfan, an insecticide, with immediate effect. Briefing presspersons after the State Cabinet meeting, Minister for Higher Education V.S. Acharya said the Cabinet discussed the harmful effects of endosulfan on the health of farmers and people living in rural areas. The government will now invoke the provisions of the Insecticides Act, 1968 (a Central act) and write a letter to the Union Government about the ban. Minister for Energy, and Food and Civil Supplies Shobha Karandlaje, who has been spearheading a movement seeking a ban on endosulfan, said, “I am grateful to Chief Minister ] and members of the Cabinet for approving the ban.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/02/18/stories/2011021864221200.htm | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Karnataka bans use of endosulfan | date=February 18, 2011}}</ref>
	Rajendra Singh Rana has written a letter to ] ] demanding the withdrawal of the ] (NIOH) study on Endosulfan titled “Report Of The Investigation Of Unusual Illness” allegedly produced by the Endosulfan exposure in Padre village of ] district in north ]. In his statement Mr. Rana said "The NIOH report is flawed. I'm in complete agreement with what the workers have to say on this. In fact, I have already made representation to the Prime Minister and concerned Union Ministers of health and environment demanding immediate withdrawal of the report," as reported by ] and ] <ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?701377|title= Rana Wants Withdrawal of NIOH Study on Endosulfan |publisher=Outlook India|date=November 16, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://wn.com/Rajendra_Singh_Rana,_MP,_Bhavnagar_calls_for_withdrawal_of_NIOH_report_on_Endosulfanavi|title= Rajendra Singh Rana, MP, Bhavnagar calls for withdrawal of NIOH report on Endosulfan |publisher=World News|date=December 17, 2010}}</ref>
	Mrs. Vibhavari Dave, local leader and ] (MLA), from Bhavnagar, ] voiced her concerns on the impact of ban of Endosulfan on families and workers of Bhavnagar. She was a part of the delegation with Bhavnagar MP, Rajendra Singh Rana, which submitted a memorandum to the district collector’s office to withdraw the NIOH report calling for ban of Endosulfan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xg6ed0_local-mla-speaks-in-support-of-bhavnagar-endosulfan-workers_tech|title= Local MLA speaks in support of Bhavnagar Endosulfan Workers |publisher=Daily Motion|date=December 18, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20101117/1631951.html|title= Workers demand withdrawal of study on Endosulfan |publisher=WebIndia 123|date=November 16, 2010}}</ref>
	The Pollution Control Board of the Government of Kerala, prohibited the use of Endosulfan in the state of Kerala on 10 November 2010.<ref></ref> On February 18, 2011, the ] Government followed suit and suspended the use of Endosulfan for a period of 60 days in the state.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/02/18/stories/2011021864221200.htm|title= Karnataka bans use of endosulfan |publisher=The Hindu|date=February 18, 2011|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> Indian Union Minister of Agriculture ] has ruled out implementing a similar ban at the national level despite the fact that endosulfan has banned in 63 countries including European Union, Australia and New Zealand.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main48.asp?filename=Ws220211AGRICULTURE.asp|title= India will not ban Endosulfan pesticide, says Sharad Pawar |publisher=Tehelka|date=February 22, 2011}}</ref>
	The ] had initiated a study in response to the workers rally in ] and representations made by Sishuvihar, an ] based in ]. The committee constituted for the study also included former Dy.Director of NIOH, Ahmadabad. The committee noted that the ], ], ] and ] have indicated that endosulfan is not ], not ], not ] and not ]. The highlight of this report is the farmer exposure study based on analysis of their blood reports for residues of endosulfan and the absence of any residues. This corroborates the lack of residues in worker exposure studies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gujhealth.gov.in/Portal/News/59_1_endosulfan-report.pdf|title= REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE TO EVALUATE THE SAFETY ASPECTS OF ENDOSULFAN Department |publisher=Health and Family Welfare Department - Government of Gujarat|date=March 15, 2011}}</ref>
	The Supreme Court passed interim order on May 13, 2011 and banned the production, distribution and use of endosulfan in India because the pesticide has debilitating effects on humans and the environment. and called it a ‘resounding defeat’ for the pesticide industry which has been promoting this deadly toxin. had established the linkages between the aerial spraying of the pesticide and the growing health disorders in Kasaragod. Over the years, other studies have confirmed these findings, and the health hazards associated with endosulfan are now widely known and accepted.
	===New Zealand===		===New Zealand===
	Endosulfan was banned in New Zealand by the ] effective January 2009<ref name=ERMA/> after a concerted campaign by environmental groups and the ].		Endosulfan was banned in ] by the ] effective January 2009<ref name=ERMA/> after a concerted campaign by environmental groups and the ].
	{{see also|Pesticides in New Zealand}}		{{see also|Pesticides in New Zealand}}
	===Philippines===		===Philippines===
	A shipment of about 10 ] of endosulfan was illegally stowed on the ill-fated ], a ferry that sank off the waters of ] (]), Philippines during a storm in June 2008. Search, rescue, and salvage efforts were suspended when the endosulfan shipment was discovered, and blood samples from divers at the scene were sent to ] for analysis.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.gmanews.tv/story/103692/Divers-blood-samples-sent-to-Singapore-for-analysis|title=Divers' blood samples sent to Singapore for analysis|date=June 27, 2008|publisher=GMAnews.TV|accessdate=2008-06-27}}</ref> The Department of Health of the Philippines has temporarily banned the consumption of fish caught in the area.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20080627-145172/DoH-bans-eating-of-fish-from-Romblon-waters|title=DoH bans eating of fish from Romblon waters |last=Aguilar|first=Ephraim|date=June 27, 2008|publisher=Inquirer.net|accessdate=2008-06-27}}</ref> Endosulfan is classified as a "Severe Marine Pollutant" by the ].<ref name=DGD>{{cite news|url=http://www.pic.int/incs/crc3/m13)/English/K0654774%20CRC-3-13.pdf|format=PDF|title=Draft Decision Guidance Document|last=Secretariat for the Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade|date=16 October 2007|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>		A shipment of about 10 ] of endosulfan was illegally stowed on the ill-fated ], a ferry that sank off the waters of ] (]), Philippines, during a storm in June 2008. Search, rescue, and salvage efforts were suspended when the endosulfan shipment was discovered, and blood samples from divers at the scene were sent to ] for analysis.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.gmanews.tv/story/103692/Divers-blood-samples-sent-to-Singapore-for-analysis|title=Divers' blood samples sent to Singapore for analysis|date=June 27, 2008|publisher=GMAnews.TV|access-date=2008-06-27}}</ref> The Department of Health of the Philippines has temporarily banned the consumption of fish caught in the area.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20080627-145172/DoH-bans-eating-of-fish-from-Romblon-waters|title=DoH bans eating of fish from Romblon waters|last=Aguilar|first=Ephraim|date=June 27, 2008|newspaper=Inquirer.net|access-date=2008-06-27|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080629232148/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20080627-145172/DoH-bans-eating-of-fish-from-Romblon-waters|archive-date=June 29, 2008}}</ref> Endosulfan is classified as a "Severe Marine Pollutant" by the ].<ref name=DGD>{{cite news|url=http://www.pic.int/incs/crc3/m13)/English/K0654774%20CRC-3-13.pdf|title=Draft Decision Guidance Document|last=Secretariat for the Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade|date=16 October 2007|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme|access-date=2008-10-06|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327094254/http://www.pic.int/incs/crc3/m13%29/English/K0654774%20CRC-3-13.pdf|archive-date=27 March 2009}}</ref>
	===United States===		===United States===
	)]]		]
			]
	In the United States, endosulfan is only registered for agricultural use, and these uses are being phased out.<ref name=EPA2010/> It has been used extensively on ], ], ], and ] according to the ] (EPA).<ref>, U.S. EPA, Docket ID NO. EPA-HQ-OPP-2002-0262-0062, 2007.</ref> The EPA estimates that 1.38 million lb of endosulfan were used annually from 1987 to 1997.<ref name="RED">US EPA, , November 2002.</ref> The US exported more than 300,000&nbsp;lbs of endosulfan from 2001–2003, mostly to Latin America,<ref name="Smith">{{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Carl|coauthors=Kathleen Kerr and Ava Sadripour|date=July/September 2008|title=Pesticide Exports from US Ports, 2001–2003|journal=Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health|volume=14|issue=3|pages=176–186|pmid=18686717}}</ref> but production and export has since stopped.
			In the United States, endosulfan is only registered for agricultural use, and these uses are being phased out.<ref name=EPA2010/> It has been used extensively on ], ], ], and ] according to the ].<ref> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012041306/http://www.panna.org/files/EPA-HQ-OPP-2002-0262-0062.pdf |date=October 12, 2008 }}, U.S. EPA, Docket ID NO. EPA-HQ-OPP-2002-0262-0062, 2007.</ref> The EPA estimates that {{nowrap|626 thousand kg}} of endosulfan were used annually from 1987 to 1997.<ref name="RED">US EPA, {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061006120812/http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/endosulfan_red.pdf |date=2006-10-06 }}, November 2002.</ref> The US exported more than {{nowrap|140,000 lb}} of endosulfan from 2001 to 2003, mostly to Latin America,<ref name="Smith">{{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Carl|author2=Kathleen Kerr and Ava Sadripour|date=July–September 2008|title=Pesticide Exports from US Ports, 2001–2003|journal=Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health|volume=14|issue=3|pages=176–186|pmid=18686717|doi=10.1179/oeh.2008.14.3.176|s2cid=8618275}}</ref> but production and export has since stopped.
	In California, endosulfan contamination from the ] has been implicated in the ] of the ] from parts of the nearby ].<ref name="pmid15378994">{{cite journal |format= |author=Fellers GM, McConnell LL, Pratt D, Datta S |title=Pesticides in mountain yellow-legged frogs (Rana muscosa) from the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California, USA |journal=Environ. Toxicol. Chem. |volume=23 |issue=9 |pages=2170–7 |year=2004 |month=September |pmid=15378994 |doi= 10.1897/03-491|url=http://www.setacjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1897%2F03-491&ct=1}} {{dead link|date=July 2010}}</ref> In Florida, levels of contamination the ] and ] are high enough to pose a threat to some aquatic organisms.<ref name="pmid18642080">{{cite journal |author=Carriger JF, Rand GM |title=Aquatic risk assessment of pesticides in surface waters in and adjacent to the Everglades and Biscayne National Parks: I. Hazard assessment and problem formulation |journal=Ecotoxicology |volume=17 |issue=7 |pages=660–79 |year=2008 |month=October |pmid=18642080 |doi=10.1007/s10646-008-0230-0}}</ref><ref name="pmid18642079">{{cite journal |author=Carriger JF, Rand GM |title=Aquatic risk assessment of pesticides in surface waters in and adjacent to the Everglades and Biscayne National Parks: II. Probabilistic analyses |journal=Ecotoxicology |volume=17 |issue=7 |pages=680–96 |year=2008 |month=October |pmid=18642079 |doi=10.1007/s10646-008-0231-z}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.regulations.gov/fdmspublic/component/main?main=DocketDetail&d=EPA-HQ-OPP-2008-0615|title=Letter to EPA re: Petitions to Revoke All Tolerances Established for Endosulfan; Federal Register: August 20, 2008 (Volume 73, Number 162). Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OPP-2008-0615-0041.1|last=Dan B. Kimball, Superintendent ]|date=October 29, 2008|accessdate=2009-01-27}}</ref>		In California, endosulfan contamination from the ] has been implicated in the ] of the ] from parts of the nearby ].<ref name="pmid15378994">{{cite journal|author1=Fellers GM |author2=McConnell LL |author3=Pratt D |author4=Datta S |title=Pesticides in mountain yellow-legged frogs (Rana muscosa) from the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California, USA |journal=Environ. Toxicol. Chem. |volume=23 |issue=9 |pages=2170–7 |date=September 2004 |pmid=15378994 |doi=10.1897/03-491 |bibcode=2004EnvTC..23.2170F |s2cid=45768399 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> In Florida, levels of contamination the ] and ] are high enough to pose a threat to some aquatic organisms.<ref name="pmid18642080">{{cite journal |author=Carriger JF, Rand GM |title=Aquatic risk assessment of pesticides in surface waters in and adjacent to the Everglades and Biscayne National Parks: I. Hazard assessment and problem formulation |journal=Ecotoxicology |volume=17 |issue=7 |pages=660–79 |date=October 2008 |pmid=18642080 |doi=10.1007/s10646-008-0230-0|last2=Rand |bibcode=2008Ecotx..17..660C |s2cid=11491557 }}</ref><ref name="pmid18642079">{{cite journal |author=Carriger JF, Rand GM |title=Aquatic risk assessment of pesticides in surface waters in and adjacent to the Everglades and Biscayne National Parks: II. Probabilistic analyses |journal=Ecotoxicology |volume=17 |issue=7 |pages=680–96 |date=October 2008 |pmid=18642079 |doi=10.1007/s10646-008-0231-z|last2=Rand |bibcode=2008Ecotx..17..680C |s2cid=25397208 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.regulations.gov/#!docketDetail;D=EPA-HQ-OPP-2008-0615|title=Letter to EPA re: Petitions to Revoke All Tolerances Established for Endosulfan; Federal Register: August 20, 2008 (Volume 73, Number 162). Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OPP-2008-0615-0041.1|last=Dan B. Kimball, Superintendent ]|date=October 29, 2008|access-date=2009-01-27}}</ref>
	In 2007, the EPA announced it was rereviewing the safety of endosulfan.<ref>{{cite journal|last=ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY|date=November 16, 2007|title=Endosulfan Updated Risk Assessments, Notice of Availability, and Solicitation of Usage Information|journal=Federal Register|volume=72|issue=221|pages=64624–64626|url=http://frwebgate5.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/TEXTgate.cgi?WAISdocID=823395398154+0+1+0&WAISaction=retrieve}}</ref> The following year, Pesticide Action Network and ] petitioned the EPA to ban endosulfan,<ref>{{cite journal|last=ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY|date=August 20, 2008|title=Petitions to Revoke All Tolerances Established for Endosulfan; Notice of Availability|volume=73|issue=162|pages=49194–49196|url=http://frwebgate5.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/TEXTgate.cgi?WAISdocID=823395513957+0+1+0&WAISaction=retrieve}}</ref> and a coalition of environmental and labor groups sued the EPA seeking to overturn its 2002 decision to not ban endosulfan.<ref name=suit/> In June 2010, the EPA announced it was negotiating a phaseout of all uses with the sole U.S. manufacturer, ] and a complete ban on the compound.<ref name=EPA2010/>		In 2007, the EPA announced it was rereviewing the safety of endosulfan.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Environmental Protection Agency |date=November 16, 2007 |title=Endosulfan Updated Risk Assessments, Notice of Availability, and Solicitation of Usage Information |url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2007/11/16/E7-22385/endosulfan-updated-risk-assessments-notice-of-availability-and-solicitation-of-usage-information |journal=] |volume=72 |issue=221 |pages=64624–64626 |id=EPA-HQ-OPP-2002-0262; FRL-8339-5; FR Doc. E7–22385}}</ref> The following year, Pesticide Action Network and ] petitioned the EPA to ban endosulfan,<ref>{{cite journal|last=ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY|date=August 20, 2008|title=Petitions to Revoke All Tolerances Established for Endosulfan; Notice of Availability|journal=Federal Register|volume=73|issue=162|pages=49194–49196|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/FR-2008-08-20/E8-19166}}</ref> and a coalition of environmental and labor groups sued the EPA seeking to overturn its 2002 decision to not ban endosulfan.<ref name=suit/> In June 2010, the EPA announced it was negotiating a phaseout of all uses with the sole US manufacturer, ], and a complete ban on the compound.<ref name=EPA2010/>
	An official statement by ] of ] (MANA) states that "From a scientific standpoint, MANA continues to disagree fundamentally with EPA's conclusions regarding endosulfan and believes that key uses are still eligible for re-registration." The statement adds, "However, given the fact that the endosulfan market is quite small and the cost of developing and submitting additional data high, we have decided to voluntarily negotiate an agreement with EPA that provides growers with an adequate time frame to find alternatives for the damaging insect pests currently controlled by endosulfan," <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.manainc.com/news-media/mana-epa-endosulfan/|title=MANA And EPA Agree To Voluntary Plan On Endosulfan |publisher=MANA Crop Protection|date=June 10, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.growingproduce.com/news/gp/?storyid=3918|title=MANA, EPA Agree To Voluntary Plan On Endosulfan |publisher=Growing Produce|date=June 11, 2010}}</ref>		An official statement by ] of ] (MANA) states, "From a scientific standpoint, MANA continues to disagree fundamentally with EPA's conclusions regarding endosulfan and believes that key uses are still eligible for re-registration." The statement adds, "However, given the fact that the endosulfan market is quite small and the cost of developing and submitting additional data high, we have decided to voluntarily negotiate an agreement with EPA that provides growers with an adequate time frame to find alternatives for the damaging insect pests currently controlled by endosulfan."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.manainc.com/news-media/mana-epa-endosulfan/|title=MANA And EPA Agree To Voluntary Plan On Endosulfan|publisher=MANA Crop Protection|date=June 10, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120907175356/http://www.manainc.com/news-media/mana-epa-endosulfan/|archive-date=September 7, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.growingproduce.com/news/gp/?storyid=3918|title=MANA, EPA Agree To Voluntary Plan On Endosulfan |publisher=Growing Produce|date=June 11, 2010}}</ref>
	===Australia===		===Australia===
	] banned endosulfan October 12, 2010<ref name=aus-apvma>{{		] banned endosulfan on October 12, 2010,<ref name=aus-apvma>{{
	cite press release | date = October 12, 2010		cite press release | date = October 12, 2010
	| url = http://www.apvma.gov.au/news_media/media_releases/2010/mr2010-12.php		| url = http://www.apvma.gov.au/news_media/media_releases/2010/mr2010-12.php
			| title = Registration of endosulfan cancelled in Australia
	| work = Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA)
			| work = Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA) apvma
	apvma
	| publisher = Commonwealth of Australia		| publisher = Commonwealth of Australia
			| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110313071644/http://www.apvma.gov.au/news_media/media_releases/2010/mr2010-12.php
	| accessdate = 2010-10-13}}</ref><ref name=aus-abc>{{
			| archive-date = 13 March 2011
			| access-date = 2010-10-13}}</ref><ref name=aus-abc>{{
	cite news | date = 13 October 2010 | title = Australia finally bans endosulfan		cite news | date = 13 October 2010 | title = Australia finally bans endosulfan
	| url = http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/10/12/3036529.htm		| url = http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/10/12/3036529.htm
	| location = Australia | publisher = ABC | accessdate=2010-10-13}}</ref><ref name=aus-ntn>{{		| location = Australia | publisher = ABC | access-date=2010-10-13}}</ref><ref name=aus-ntn>{{
			cite web
	cite web | date = October 13, 2010 | title = Regulator finally acts to ban endosulfan
			|date = October 13, 2010
	| work = NTN blog
			|title = Regulator finally acts to ban endosulfan
	| publisher = National Toxics Network | location = Australia
			|website = NTN blog
	| url = http://ntn.org.au/2010/10/13/regulator-finally-acts-to-ban-endosulfan/
			|publisher = National Toxics Network
	| accessdate=2010-10-13}}</ref> with a two year phase-out for stock of endosulfan containing products.<ref name=aus-apvma /> Australia had, in 2008, announced endosulfan would not be banned.<ref>{{
			|location = Australia
	cite news | url = http://harden.yourguide.com.au/news/national/national/general/australia-refuses-to-join-ban-on-pesticide/1402145.aspx | title = Australia refuses to join ban on pesticide | last= Burke | first= Kelly | date=January 7, 2009| = Harden Express | publisher = Fairfax | accessdate=2009-01-08}}</ref> Citing New Zealand's ban, the ] called for "zero tolerance" of endosulfan residue on food.<ref name=aus-weeklytimes>{{
			|url = http://ntn.org.au/2010/10/13/regulator-finally-acts-to-ban-endosulfan/
	cite news | url=http://www.weeklytimesnow.com.au/article/2009/01/08/40315_horticulture.html
			|access-date = 2010-10-13
	| title = Australia should ban endosulfan: Greens | date = January 8, 2009
			|url-status = dead
	| work = Weekly Times | publisher = News Limited | accessdate=2009-01-08}}</ref>
			|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110104082734/http://ntn.org.au/2010/10/13/regulator-finally-acts-to-ban-endosulfan/
			|archive-date = 2011-01-04
			}}</ref> with a two-year phase-out for stock of endosulfan-containing products.<ref name=aus-apvma /> Australia had, in 2008, announced endosulfan would not be banned.<ref>{{
			cite news
			|url = http://harden.yourguide.com.au/news/national/national/general/australia-refuses-to-join-ban-on-pesticide/1402145.aspx
			|title = Australia refuses to join ban on pesticide
			|last = Burke
			|first = Kelly
			|date = January 7, 2009
			|publisher = Fairfax
			|access-date = 2009-01-08
			|url-status = dead
			|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090304020639/http://harden.yourguide.com.au/news/national/national/general/australia-refuses-to-join-ban-on-pesticide/1402145.aspx
			|archive-date = 2009-03-04
			}}</ref> Citing New Zealand's ban, the ] called for "zero tolerance" of endosulfan residue on food.<ref name=aus-weeklytimes>{{cite news | url = http://www.weeklytimesnow.com.au/article/2009/01/08/40315_horticulture.html | title = Australia should ban endosulfan: Greens | date = January 8, 2009 | work = Weekly Times | publisher = News Limited | access-date = 2009-01-08 | archive-date = 2009-01-21 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090121213637/http://www.weeklytimesnow.com.au/article/2009/01/08/40315_horticulture.html | url-status = dead }}</ref>
	===Taiwan===		===Taiwan===
	US apples with endosulfan are now allowed to be exported to Taiwan although the ROC government denied any U.S. pressure on it.<ref></ref>		US apples with endosulfan are now allowed to be exported to Taiwan, although the ROC government denied any US pressure on it.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.etaiwannews.com/etn/news_content.php?id=995283&lang=eng_news&cate_img=35.jpg&cate_rss=news_Business |title=Taiwan Academics slam end of pesticide ban for U.S. fruit |access-date=2009-07-23 |archive-date=2011-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814024319/http://www.etaiwannews.com/etn/news_content.php?id=995283&lang=eng_news&cate_img=35.jpg&cate_rss=news_Business |url-status=dead }}</ref>
			===Brazil===
			Brazil decreed total ban of the substance from July 31, 2013, being forbidden imports of the product from July 31, 2011, date in which national production and utilization begins to be phased out gradually.<ref>{{cite news
			|url=http://www.estadao.com.br/noticias/impresso,agrotoxico-endosulfan-sera-banido-no-brasil-em-2013-demora-e-criticada,581365,0.htm
			|title=Agrotóxico endosulfan será banido no Brasil em 2013; demora é criticada
			|last=Formenti
			|first=Lígia
			|date=July 15, 2010
			|newspaper=Estadão
			|access-date=2014-05-26
			|url-status=dead
			|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527215500/http://www.estadao.com.br/noticias/impresso,agrotoxico-endosulfan-sera-banido-no-brasil-em-2013-demora-e-criticada,581365,0.htm
			|archive-date=2014-05-27
			}}</ref>
	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist|2}}		{{reflist|30em}}
	==External links==		==External links==
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	*		* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101172727/http://endosulphanvictims.org/index.htm |date=2011-01-01 }}
	* — Information about endosulfan from Protect Endosufan Network.		* — Information about endosulfan from Protect Endosufan Network.
	*		* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016210538/http://www.downtoearth.org.in/node/2400 |date=2013-10-16 }}
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			{{Insecticides}}
			{{Neurotoxins}}
			{{Convulsants}}
			{{Xenoestrogens}}
			{{Androgen receptor modulators}}
			{{Estrogen receptor modulators}}
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	{{insecticides}}
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