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{{Short description|Typical antipsychotic medication}}
{{drugbox
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
| verifiedrevid = 418031081
{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc|display-authors=6}}
| IUPAC_name = 2-propyl]piperazin-1-yl]ethanol
{{Drugbox
| image = Fluphenazine structural formulae.png
| Watchedfields = changed
| width = 200
| verifiedrevid = 443824001
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| image = Fluphenazine.svg
| width = 250
| alt =
| image2 = Fluphenazine-xtal-2012-ball-and-stick.png
| width2 = 250
| alt2 =

<!--Clinical data-->
| tradename = Prolixin, Modecate, Moditen others
| Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|monograph|fluphenazine-decanoate}}
| MedlinePlus = a682172
| DailyMedID = Fluphenazine
| pregnancy_AU = C
| pregnancy_category =
| routes_of_administration = ], ], depot injection (fluphenazine decanoate)
| class = ]
| ATC_prefix = N05
| ATC_suffix = AB02

| legal_AU =
| legal_BR = C1
| legal_BR_comment = <ref>{{Cite web |author=Anvisa |author-link=Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency |date=31 March 2023 |title=RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial |trans-title=Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control|url=https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-784-de-31-de-marco-de-2023-474904992 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803143925/https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-784-de-31-de-marco-de-2023-474904992 |archive-date=3 August 2023 |access-date=16 August 2023 |publisher=] |language=pt-BR |publication-date=4 April 2023}}</ref>
| legal_CA = Rx-only
| legal_UK = POM
| legal_US = Rx-only

<!--Pharmacokinetic data-->
| bioavailability = 2.7% (by mouth)
| metabolism = unclear<ref name=AHFS2015/>
| elimination_half-life = IM 15 hours (HCl), 7–10 days (decanoate)<ref name=AHFS2015/>
| excretion = Urine, feces

<!--Identifiers-->
| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}}
| CAS_number = 69-23-8
| PubChem = 3372
| IUPHAR_ligand = 204
| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}
| DrugBank = DB00623
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} | ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 3255 | ChemSpiderID = 3255
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} | UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = S79426A41Z | UNII = S79426A41Z
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
| InChI = 1/C22H26F3N3OS/c23-22(24,25)17-6-7-21-19(16-17)28(18-4-1-2-5-20(18)30-21)9-3-8-26-10-12-27(13-11-26)14-15-29/h1-2,4-7,16,29H,3,8-15H2
| KEGG = D07977
| InChIKey = PLDUPXSUYLZYBN-UHFFFAOYAY
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEBI = 5123
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} | ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEMBL = 726 | ChEMBL = 726

<!--Chemical data-->
| IUPAC_name = 2-propyl]piperazin-1-yl]ethanol
| C=22 | H=26 | F=3 | N=3 | O=1 | S=1
| SMILES = FC(F)(F)c2cc1N(c3c(Sc1cc2)cccc3)CCCN4CCN(CCO)CC4
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/C22H26F3N3OS/c23-22(24,25)17-6-7-21-19(16-17)28(18-4-1-2-5-20(18)30-21)9-3-8-26-10-12-27(13-11-26)14-15-29/h1-2,4-7,16,29H,3,8-15H2 | StdInChI = 1S/C22H26F3N3OS/c23-22(24,25)17-6-7-21-19(16-17)28(18-4-1-2-5-20(18)30-21)9-3-8-26-10-12-27(13-11-26)14-15-29/h1-2,4-7,16,29H,3,8-15H2
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = PLDUPXSUYLZYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N | StdInChIKey = PLDUPXSUYLZYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N
| CAS_number = 69-23-8
| ATC_prefix = N05
| ATC_suffix = AB02
| ATC_supplemental =
| ChEBI = 5123
| PubChem = 3372
| IUPHAR_ligand = 204
| smiles = FC(F)(F)c2cc1N(c3c(Sc1cc2)cccc3)CCCN4CCN(CCO)CC4
| DrugBank = DB00623
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
| KEGG = D07977
| C=22|H=26|F=3|N=3|O=1|S=1
| molecular_weight = 437.523 g/mol
| bioavailability = 40% - 50%
| protein_bound =
| metabolism = Hepatic
| elimination_half-life = 15 to 30 hours
| pregnancy_AU =
| pregnancy_US = C
| pregnancy_category =
| legal_status = Rx-only
| routes_of_administration = oral, ], ]
| excretion = bile/feces
}} }}
<!-- Definition and medical uses -->
'''Fluphenazine''', sold under the brand name '''Prolixin''' among others, is a high-potency typical ] medication.<ref name=AHFS2015>{{cite web|title=fluphenazine decanoate|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/fluphenazine-decanoate.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=1 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208191534/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/fluphenazine-decanoate.html|archive-date=8 December 2015}}</ref> It is used in the treatment of chronic ] such as ],<ref name=AHFS2015/><ref name=TGA>{{cite web |title=Product Information: Modecate (Fluphenazine Decanoate Oily Injection )|work=TGA eBusiness Services|publisher=Bristol-Myers Squibb Australia Pty Ltd|date=1 November 2012 |access-date=9 December 2013 |url=https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&id=CP-2010-PI-02643-3|format=PDF|url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170802135209/https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&id=CP-2010-PI-02643-3|archive-date=2 August 2017}}</ref> and appears to be about equal in effectiveness to low-potency ]s like ].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tardy M, Huhn M, Engel RR, Leucht S | title = Fluphenazine versus low-potency first-generation antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2014 | issue = 8 | pages = CD009230 | date = August 2014 | pmid = 25087165 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD009230.pub2 | pmc = 10898219 }}</ref> It is given ], ], or ].<ref name=AHFS2015/> There is also a long acting injectable version that may last for up to four weeks.<ref name=AHFS2015/> Fluphenazine decanoate, the ] form of fluphenazine, should not be used by people with severe depression.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/15355/PIL/Modecate+Injection+25mg+ml|title=Modecate Injection 25mg/ml - Patient Information Leaflet (PIL) - (eMC)|website=www.medicines.org.uk|language=en|access-date=6 November 2017|archive-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107012917/http://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/15355/PIL/Modecate+Injection+25mg+ml|url-status=dead}}</ref>


<!-- Side effects and mechanism -->
'''Fluphenazine''' is a ] ] used for the treatment of ] such as ] and acute ] phases of ]. It belongs to the ] class of ]s.
Common side effects include ], ], ] and ].<ref name=AHFS2015/> Serious side effects may include ], ], and the potentially permanent movement disorder ].<ref name=AHFS2015/> In older people with psychosis as a result of ] it may increase the risk of dying.<ref name=AHFS2015/> It may also increase ] levels which may result in ], ], ], and ].<ref name=AHFS2015/> It is unclear if it is safe for use in ].<ref name=AHFS2015/>


Fluphenazine is a ] of the ] class.<ref name=AHFS2015/> Its mechanism of action is not entirely clear but believed to be related to its ability to ].<ref name=AHFS2015/> In up to 40% of those on long term phenothiazines, liver function tests become mildly abnormal.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://livertox.nih.gov/Fluphenazine.htm|title=Fluphenazine|website=livertox.nih.gov|date=2012 |pmid=31643176 |access-date=6 November 2017}}</ref>
Its main use is as a long acting injection given once every two or three weeks to people with ] who suffer frequent relapses of illness. Its side effect profile is similar to ], namely predominantly ]-blocking effects which give rise to ], ] and tremor. Long term side effects include the potentially irreversible ] and the potentially fatal ].


<!-- History, society, and culture -->
== Brand names ==
Fluphenazine came into use in 1959.<ref name=Mc2007>{{cite book| vauthors = McPherson EM |title=Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia. |date=2007 |publisher=Elsevier |location=Burlington |isbn=9780815518563|page=1680 |edition=3rd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_J2ti4EkYpkC&pg=PA1680 }}</ref> The injectable form is on the ].<ref name="WHO21st">{{cite book | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | title = World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019 | year = 2019 | hdl = 10665/325771 | author-link = World Health Organization | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | id = WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO | hdl-access=free }}</ref> It is available as a ].<ref name=AHFS2015/> It was discontinued in Australia in 2017.<ref name=Au2017>{{cite web |title=Fluphenazine - Australian Medicines Handbook|work=Australian Medicines Handbook|place=Adelaide, Australia|publisher=Australian Medicines Handbook Pty Ltd|veditors = Rossi S |date=July 2017 |access-date=8 August 2017 |url=https://amhonline.amh.net.au/chapters/chap-18/antipsychotics/fluphenazine }}</ref>
{|

==Medical use==
A 2018 ] review found that fluphenazine was an imperfect treatment and other inexpensive drugs less associated with side effects may be an equally effective choice for people with ].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Matar HE, Almerie MQ, Sampson SJ | title = Fluphenazine (oral) versus placebo for schizophrenia | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 6 | issue = 6 | pages = CD006352 | date = June 2018 | pmid = 29893410 | pmc = 6513420 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD006352.pub3 }}</ref> Another 2018 Cochrane review found that there was limited evidence that newer ]s were more tolerable than fluphenazine.<ref name="s408">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sampford JR, Sampson S, Li BG, Zhao S, Xia J, Furtado VA | title = Fluphenazine (oral) versus atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 7 | issue = 7 | pages = CD010832 | date = July 2016 | pmid = 27370402 | pmc = 6474115 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD010832.pub2 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Intramuscular ] forms are available as both the ] and ] esters.<ref name="y335">{{cite journal | vauthors = Maayan N, Quraishi SN, David A, Jayaswal A, Eisenbruch M, Rathbone J, Asher R, Adams CE | title = Fluphenazine decanoate (depot) and enanthate for schizophrenia | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2015 | issue = 2 | pages = CD000307 | date = February 2015 | pmid = 25654768 | pmc = 10388394 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD000307.pub2 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

==Side effects==

===Discontinuation===
The ] recommends a gradual withdrawal when discontinuing antipsychotics to avoid acute withdrawal syndrome or rapid relapse.<ref name="Group 2009 192">{{cite book |editor1-first=BMJ | editor = Joint Formulary Committee | title = British National Formulary | edition = 57 | date = March 2009 |publisher=Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain |location=United Kingdom |isbn=978-0-85369-845-6 |page=192 |chapter=4.2.1 |quote=Withdrawal of antipsychotic drugs after long-term therapy should always be gradual and closely monitored to avoid the risk of acute withdrawal syndromes or rapid relapse.}}</ref> Symptoms of withdrawal commonly include nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite.<ref name=Had2004>{{cite book | vauthors = Haddad P, Haddad PM, Dursun S, Deakin B |title=Adverse Syndromes and Psychiatric Drugs: A Clinical Guide |date=2004 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=9780198527480 |pages=207–216 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CWR7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA207 |language=en}}</ref> Other symptoms may include restlessness, increased sweating, and trouble sleeping.<ref name=Had2004/> Less commonly there may be a feeling of the world spinning, numbness, or muscle pains.<ref name=Had2004/> Symptoms generally resolve after a short period of time.<ref name=Had2004/>

There is tentative evidence that discontinuation of antipsychotics can result in psychosis.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Moncrieff J | title = Does antipsychotic withdrawal provoke psychosis? Review of the literature on rapid onset psychosis (supersensitivity psychosis) and withdrawal-related relapse | journal = Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica | volume = 114 | issue = 1 | pages = 3–13 | date = July 2006 | pmid = 16774655 | doi = 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2006.00787.x | s2cid = 6267180 }}</ref> It may also result in reoccurrence of the condition that is being treated.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Sacchetti E, Vita A, Siracusano A, Fleischhacker W |title=Adherence to Antipsychotics in Schizophrenia |date=2013 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9788847026797 |page=85 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=odE-AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA85 |language=en}}</ref> Rarely tardive dyskinesia can occur when the medication is stopped.<ref name=Had2004/>

==Pharmacology==

===Pharmacodynamics===
{{See also|Antipsychotic#Pharmacodynamics|Antipsychotic#Comparison of medications}}

Fluphenazine acts primarily by blocking post-synaptic dopaminergic D<sub>2</sub> receptors in the basal ganglia, cortical and limbic system. It also blocks α<sub>1</sub> adrenergic receptors, muscarinic M<sub>1</sub> receptors, and histaminergic H<sub>1</sub> receptors.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Siragusa S, Saadabadi A |title=Fluphenazine |journal=StatPearls |year=2020 |pmid=29083807 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459194/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url= https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/3372 |title=Fluphenazine| work = PubChem | publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine |language=en|access-date=30 September 2019}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size:small;"
|+ Fluphenazine<ref name="PDSP">{{cite web|author1-link=Bryan Roth | title = PDSP K<sub>i</sub> Database | website = Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP) | vauthors = Roth BL, Driscol J | publisher = University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the United States National Institute of Mental Health | access-date = 14 August 2017 | url = https://pdsp.unc.edu/databases/pdsp.php?knowID=0&kiKey=&receptorDD=&receptor=&speciesDD=&species=&sourcesDD=&source=&hotLigandDD=&hotLigand=&testLigandDD=&testFreeRadio=testFreeRadio&testLigand=fluphenazine&referenceDD=&reference=&KiGreater=&KiLess=&kiAllRadio=all&doQuery=Submit+Query}}</ref>
|- |-
! Site !! K<sub>i</sub> (nM) !! Action !! Ref
| Fluphenazine ]: || Modecate, Prolixin Decanoate, Dapotum D, Anatensol, Fludecate, Sinqualone Deconoate
|- |-
| ] || 145–2829 || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || <ref name="PDSP" />
| Fluphenazine ]: || Dapotum Injektion, Flunanthate, Moditen Enanthate Injection, Sinqualone Enanthate
|- |-
| ] || 334|| {{abbr|ND|No data}} || <ref name="PDSP" />
| Fluphenazine ]: || Prolixin, Permitil, Dapotum, Lyogen, Moditen, Omca, Sediten, Selecten, Sevinol, Sinqualone, Trancin
|- |-
| ] || 334 || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || <ref name="PDSP" />
|-
| ] || 540 || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || <ref name="PDSP" />
|-
| ] || 3.8–98 || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || <ref name="PDSP" />
|-
| ] || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || <ref name="PDSP" />
|-
| ] || 174–2,570 || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || <ref name="PDSP" />
|-
| ] || 4,265– >10,000 || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || <ref name="PDSP" />
|-
| ] || 145 || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || <ref name="PDSP" />
|-
| ] || 7.9–38 || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || <ref name="PDSP" />
|-
| ] || 8 || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || <ref name="PDSP" />
|-
| ] || 14.45 || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || <ref name="PDSP" />
|-
| ] || 0.89 || {{abbr|ND|No data}} ||
|-
| ] || || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || <ref name="PDSP" />
|-
| ] || 1.412 || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || <ref name="PDSP" />
|-
| ] || 89.12 || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || <ref name="PDSP" />
|-
| ] || 95–2,590 || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || <ref name="PDSP" />
|-
| ] || 6.4–9 || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || <ref name="PDSP" />
|-
| ] || 13 || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || <ref name="PDSP" />
|-
| ] || 304–314 || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || <ref name="PDSP" />
|-
| ] || 181.6–320 || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || <ref name="PDSP" />
|-
| ] || 28.8–122 || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || <ref name="PDSP" />
|-
| ] || >10,000 || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || <ref name="PDSP" />
|-
| ] || >10,000 || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || <ref name="PDSP" />
|-
| ] || 7.3–70 || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || <ref name="PDSP" />
|-
| ] || 560 || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || <ref name="PDSP" />
|-
| ] || 1,000 || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || <ref name="PDSP" />
|-
| ] || >10,000 || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || <ref name="PDSP" />
|-
| ] || 1,095-3,235.93 || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || <ref name="PDSP" />
|-
| ] || 2,187.76–7,163 || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || <ref name="PDSP" />
|-
| ] || 1441–1445.4 || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || <ref name="PDSP" />
|-
| ] || 5,321 || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || <ref name="PDSP" />
|-
| ] || 357 || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || <ref name="PDSP" />
|-
| {{abbrlink|SERT|Serotonin transporter}} || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || <ref name="PDSP" />
|-
| {{abbrlink|NET|Norepinephrine transporter}} || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || <ref name="PDSP" />
|-
| {{abbrlink|DAT|Dopamine transporter}} || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || <ref name="PDSP" />
|-
| ] || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || {{abbr|ND|No data}} || <ref name="PDSP" />
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="4" style="width: 1px;" | Values are K<sub>i</sub> (nM). The smaller the value, the more strongly the drug binds to the site. All data are for human cloned proteins, except 5-HT<sub>3</sub> (rat), D<sub>4</sub> (human/rat), H<sub>3</sub> (guinea pig), and NMDA/PCP (rat).<ref name="PDSP" />
|} |}


== Pharmacokinetics == ===Pharmacokinetics===
{{Pharmacokinetics of long-acting injectable antipsychotics}}
Fluphenazine has an incomplete oral bioavailability of 40% to 50% (due to extensive first pass metabolization in the liver). Its half life is 15 to 30 hours.


==Dosing== ==History==
Fluphenazine came into use in 1959.<ref name=Mc2007/>
12.5 mg of fluphenazine decanoate is roughly equivalent to 100 mg of ] decanoate or 20 mg of ] decanoate.


== Side effects == ==Availability==
The injectable form is on the ].<ref name="WHO21st" /> It is available as a ].<ref name=AHFS2015/> It was discontinued in Australia in 2017.<ref name=Au2017/>
{{see|Typical antipsychotic}}


== Veterinary ==
Notable side effects include ], ] side effects, including ] and ]. The frequency and severity of extrapyramidal side effects are direct proportional to the dose given and the duration of treatment. Mostly notably, although rare, it can cause ] because it inhibits ability to shiver.
In horses, it is sometimes given by injection as an ], though there are many negative common side effects and it is forbidden by many equestrian competition organizations.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.thehorse.com/articles/28907/effects-of-behavior-modifying-drug-investigated-aaep-2011 |title=Effects of Behavior-Modifying Drug Investigated (AAEP 2011) | vauthors =Loving NS |date=31 March 2012 |publisher=The Horse Media Group |access-date=13 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170106203758/http://www.thehorse.com/articles/28907/effects-of-behavior-modifying-drug-investigated-aaep-2011 |archive-date=6 January 2017 }}</ref>


==References==
Sedative, allergic-toxic and ]/sympatholytic side effects are less likely to occur compared with ]. The direct deposition of fluphenazine in the ] and ] has so far not been reported.
{{Reflist}}

], although rare, is a potentially lethal side effect of all ].
==Chemistry==
Fluphenazine (4-propyl]-1-piperazineethanol), is synthesized by any of the methods described already for the preparation of ] and related antipsychotics.
*G.E. Ullyot, {{US Patent|3058979}} (1962).
*R.C. Merril, H.L. Yale, {{US Patent|3394131}} (1963).
*Smith Kline & French Lab., {{Cite patent|GB|829246}} (1960).
*Sherico Ltd., {{Cite patent|GB|833474}} (1960).
*R.C. Merril, H.L. Yale, {{US Patent|3194733}} (1965).
*{{Cite doi|10.1021/ja01493a047}}
*E.L. Anderson, G.B. Bellizona, P.N. Craig, G.E. Jaffe, K.P. Janewaes, C. Kaiser, B.M. Hester, E.J. Nikawitz, A. Pavloff, H.E. Reift, Ch.L. Zirkle, Arzneim.-Forsch., 12, 937 (1962).
]
Alkylation of 2-trifluoromethylphenothiazine using 4-formyl-1-piperazineylpropylchloride in the presence of ] synthesizes 2-trifluoromethyl-10-phenothiazine. Further alkaline ] removes the N-formyl group, giving 2-trifluoromethyl-10-phenothiazine. This is alkylated by 2-bromoethanol-1 acetate, which upon further acidic hydrolysis removes the protecting acetyl group, yielding fluphenazine.
*E.L. Anderson, G.B. Bellizona, P.N. Craig, G.E. Jaffe, K.P. Janewaes, C. Kaiser, B.M. Hester, E.J. Nikawitz, A. Pavloff, H.E. Reift, Ch.L. Zirkle, Arzneim.-Forsch., 12, 937 (1962).
*J.W. Cusic, {{US Patent|2766235}} (1956).

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}
* . ''Davis's Drug Guide for Nurses, Eighth Edition.'' F.A. Davis Company, 2005. ISBN 0-8036-2455-7.
* ''Biam'' Last Updated: 11 December 2000. Accessed 14 September 2005.


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