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{{chembox {{Chembox
| Watchedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 396493490 | verifiedrevid = 442344709
|ImageFile=hydrazine sulfate.png
| ImageFile=Hydrazine hydrogensulfate.png
|ImageSize=200px
| ImageFile2=Hydrazin siran.jpg
|IUPACName=Hydrazinium hydrogen sulfate | IUPACName=Hydrazinium hydrogen sulfate
|OtherNames=Hydrazine sulphate
| OtherNames={{ubl|Hydrazinium sulfate|Hydrazinium hydrogensulfate}}
|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers |Section1={{Chembox Identifiers
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} | UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = 1N369SAT01 | UNII = 1N369SAT01
| InChI = 1/H4N2.H2O4S/c1-2;1-5(2,3)4/h1-2H2;(H2,1,2,3,4) | InChI = 1/H4N2.H2O4S/c1-2;1-5(2,3)4/h1-2H2;(H2,1,2,3,4)
Line 16: Line 17:
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} | CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CASNo=10034-93-2 | CASNo=10034-93-2
| EINECS = 233-110-4 | EINECS = 233-110-4
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| ChemSpiderID = 23225 | ChemSpiderID = 23225
| PubChem=24842 | PubChem=24842
| SMILES = O=S(=O)(O)O.NN | SMILES = O=S(=O)(O)O.NN
}} }}
|Section2={{Chembox Properties |Section2={{Chembox Properties
| Formula = {{chem2|+-}}
| H=6 | N=2 | O=4 | S=1 | H=6|N=2|O=4|S=1
| Appearance=
| Appearance=colourless crystals or white powder
| Density=
| Density=1.37 g/cm<sup>3</sup>
| MeltingPt= | MeltingPt=254°C
| BoilingPt= | BoilingPt=decomposes
| Solubility= 30 g/L (20°C) | Solubility= 30 g/L (20°C)
}} }}
|Section3={{Chembox Hazards |Section3={{Chembox Hazards
| ExternalSDS =
| EUIndex = 007-008-00-3
⚫ | FlashPt=
| EUClass = {{Hazchem T}}{{Hazchem N}}{{Hazchem C}}
| GHSPictograms = {{GHS06}}{{GHS environment}}{{GHS corrosion}}
| ExternalMSDS =
| GHSSignalWord =
⚫ | FlashPt=
| AutoignitionPt =
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⚫ | NFPA-F = 1
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}} }}


'''Hydrazine sulfate''', more properly '''hydrazinium hydrogensulfate''', is a ] of the ] ] and the ] ] (hydrogensulfate), with the formula {{chem2|N2H6SO4}} or more properly {{chem2|+-}}. It is a white, water-soluble solid at ].
'''Hydrazine sulfate''' is the ] of ] and ]. Known by the trade name '''Sehydrin''', it is a ] that has been used as an ] for the loss of appetite (]) and weight loss (]) which is often associated with ].<ref>{{citation | doi = 10.1002/1097-0142(19870201)59:3<406::AID-CNCR2820590309>3.0.CO;2-W | author = Chlebowski, R. T.; Bulcavage, L.; Grosvenor, M. ''et al.'' | title = Hydrazine Sulfate in Cancer Patients With Weight Loss. A Placebo-Controlled Clinical Experience | url = http://scri.ngen.com/article06.html | journal = Cancer | year = 1987 | volume = 59 | issue = 3 | pages = 406–10 | pmid = 3791153 | postscript = <!--none-->}}.</ref><ref>{{citation | author = Brauer, M.; Inculet, R. I.; Bratnager, G.; Marsh, G. D.; Driedger, A. A.; Thompson, R. T. | title = Insulin Protects against Hepatic Bioenergetic Deterioration by Cancer Cachexia. An in-Vivo <sup>31</sup>P Magnetic Resonance Study | url = http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/cgi/reprint/54/24/6383 | journal = Cancer Research | year = 1994 | volume = 54 | issue = 24 | pages = 6383–86 | pmid = 7987832 | postscript = <!--none-->}}.</ref><ref>{{citation | author = Chlebowski, R. T.; Bulcavage, L.; Grosvenor, M.; Oktay, E.; Block, J. B.; Chlebowski, J. S.; Ali, I.; Elashoff, R. | title = Hydrazine Sulfate Influence on Nutritional Status and Survival in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer | url = http://scri.ngen.com/article01.html | journal = Journal of Clinical Oncology | year = 1990 | issue = 8 | pages = 9–15 | pmid = 1688616 | volume = 8 | postscript = <!--none-->}}.</ref><ref>{{citation | author = Gold, J. | title = Long term complete response in patient with advanced, localized NSCLC with hydrazine sulfate, radiation and Carboplatin, refractory to combination chemotherapy | journal = Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research | year = 1999 | issue = 40 | pages = 642 | postscript = <!--none-->}}. </ref> Hydrazine sulfate has never been approved in the US as safe and effective in treating any medical condition, although it is marketed as a ].<ref name="NCI">{{citation | title = Questions and answers about hydrazine sulfate | url = http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/cam/hydrazinesulfate/Patient/page2 | publisher = ] | date = March 12, 2009 | postscript = <!--none-->}}</ref> It is also sold over the Internet by websites that promote its use as a cancer therapy.<ref name="Black"/> It is used in ] for ] in Russia and other countries of the former Soviet Union.<ref name="Filov95">{{citation | doi = 10.1007/BF02614227 | author = Filov, V. A.; Gershanovich, M. L.; Danova, L. A.; Ivin, B. A. | title = Experience of the Treatment with Sehydrin (Hydrazine Sulfate, HS) in the Advanced Cancer Patients | url = http://scri.ngen.com/article10.html | journal = Investigational New Drugs | year = 1995 | volume = 13 | issue = 1 | pages = 89–97 | pmid = 7499115 | postscript = <!--none-->}}.</ref>


Hydrazine sulfate has a number of uses in ] and in the ], including ] and the ]. In those uses it is usually preferred to pure hydrazine, because it is not volatile and is less susceptible to atmospheric oxidation on storage.
⚫ The main proponent of hydrazine sulfate as an anti-cancer agent is a U.S. physician named Joseph Gold, who developed the treatment in the mid-1970s. The use of hydrazine sulfate as a cancer remedy was popularized by the magazine '']'' in the mid 1990s, when ], wife and business partner of the magazine's publisher ], used it in an attempt to treat her ] ].<ref>{{citation | author = London, William M. | title = Penthouse's promotion of hydrazine sulfate | url = http://www.cancertreatmentwatch.org/reports/hydrazine.shtml | date = July 23, 2006 | postscript = <!--none-->}}</ref> Keeton (until her death in 1997) and other supporters of hydrazine sulfate treatment accused the U.S. ] (NCI) of deliberately hiding the beneficial effects of the compound, and threatened to launch a ] law suit.<ref>{{citation | author = Goldberg, Burton | title = Holding the National Cancer Institute Accountable for Cancer Deaths | url = http://www.burtongoldberg.com/health-articles/holding-the-national-cancer-institute-accountable-for-cancer-deaths.htm | date = June 12, 2000 | postscript = <!--none-->}}</ref><ref name="Goldberg">{{citation | editor = Goldberg, Burton; Trivieri, Larry; Anderson, John W. | edition = 2nd | publisher = Celestial Arts | year = 2002 | isbn = 1587611414 | title = Alternative medicine: the definitive guide | url = http://books.google.com/?id=Wlijw00Gi8EC&pg=PA50 | pages = 50–51, 598 | postscript = <!--none-->}}.</ref> The NCI denied the claims,<ref>{{citation | author = Jenks, S. | title = Hydrazine Sulfate Ad Is "Offensive" | url = http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pdf_extract/85/7/528 | journal = Journal of the National Cancer Institute | year = 1993 | volume = 85 | issue = 7 | pages = 528–29 | doi = 10.1093/jnci/85.7.528 | pmid = 8455198 | postscript = <!--none-->}}.</ref> and says that there is little to no evidence that hydrazine sulfate has any beneficial effects whatsoever.<ref name="NCI" /> The position of the NCI was supported by an inquiry held by the ].<ref>{{citation | author = Nadel, M. V. | title = Report to the Chairman and Ranking Minority Member, Human Resources and Intergovernmental Relations Subcommittee, House Committee on Government Reform and Oversight | contribution = Cancer Drug Research—Contrary to Allegations, Hydrazine Sulfate Studies Were Not Flawed | url = http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/useftp.cgi?IPaddress=162.140.64.21&filename=he95141.pdf&directory=/diskb/wais/data/gao | id = Document No. HEHS-95-141 | location = Washington, D.C. | publisher = ] | date = September 1995 | postscript = <!--none-->}}.</ref>


==Preparation==
⚫ A review of the clinical research concluded that hydrazine sulfate has never been shown to act as an anticancer agent; patients do not experience remissions or regressions of their cancer, and patients do not live longer than non-treated patients.<ref name="NCI" /><ref name="Kaegi">{{citation | author = Kaegi, Elizabeth | year = 1998 | title = Unconventional therapies for cancer: 4. Hydrazine sulfate. Task Force on Alternative Therapies of the Canadian Breast Cancer Research Initiative | journal = Canadian Medical Association Journal | volume = 158 | issue = 10 | pages = 1327–30 | pmid = 9614826 | pmc = 1229327 | postscript = <!--none-->}}.</ref><ref>{{citation | author = Green, Saul | title = Hydrazine sulfate: is it an anticancer agent? | url = http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/Cancer/hydrazine.html | journal = Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine | year = 1997 | volume = 1 | pages = 19–21 | postscript = <!--none-->}}</ref> Some academic reviews of alternative cancer treatments have described the compound as a "disproved and ineffective treatment for cancer",<ref> from the British Columbia Cancer Agency</ref><ref name=Vickers/> while other more positive reviews describe its value as a supplementary cancer therapy to be "uncertain" and requiring further research to substantiate.<ref name="Kaegi"/>
The compound can be prepared by treating an ] of ] ({{chem2|N2H4}}) with ] ({{chem2|H2SO4}}).<ref name="OrgSynth">{{OrgSynth | volume = 2 | pages = 37 | collvol = 1 | |collvolpages = 309 | title = Hydrazine Sulfate | last1 = Adams | first1 = Roger | last2 = Brown | first2 = B. K. | year = 1922 | prep = CV1P0309 }}</ref>


==Laboratory and industrial uses==
⚫ Hydrazine sulfate also has a variety of uses in the ].<ref name = Gardner/>
⚫ Besides its general use as a safe source of hydrazine, the compound is used as a ] in making fibers out of ], in the analysis and synthesis of minerals, and testing for ] in metals.<ref name = Gardner>{{cite book |author=Milne, George W. A. |title=Gardner's commercially important chemicals: synonyms, trade names, and properties |publisher=Wiley-Interscience |location=New York |year=2005 |pages= |isbn=978-0-471-73518-2 }}</ref>


==Chemistry== ==Medical uses==
⚫ Hydrazine sulfate can be used as a ] and ].<ref name = Gardner/>
Hydrazine sulfate is a commercially available form of ]. It is a white solid, prepared by reacting an ] of hydrazine with ]:<ref name="OrgSynth">{{OrgSynth | prep = CV1P0309 | volume = 2 | pages = 37 | collvol = 1 | collvolpages = 309 | title = Hydrazine sulfate | author = Adams, Roger; Brown, B. K. | year = 1922}}</ref> it is soluble in water, and the original hydrazine can be reformed by simply adjusting the ]. It has a number of laboratory uses in ] and ].


Hydrazine sulfate has been used as an ] for the loss of appetite (]) and rapid weight loss (]), which are often associated with ].<ref>{{citation | doi = 10.1002/1097-0142(19870201)59:3<406::AID-CNCR2820590309>3.0.CO;2-W | author1 = Chlebowski, R. T. | author2 = Bulcavage, L. | author3 = Grosvenor, M. | title = Hydrazine Sulfate in Cancer Patients With Weight Loss. A Placebo-Controlled Clinical Experience | journal = Cancer | year = 1987 | volume = 59 | issue = 3 | pages = 406–10 | pmid = 3791153 | display-authors = etal | doi-access = free }}.</ref><ref>{{citation |author1=Chlebowski, R. T. |author2=Bulcavage, L. |author3=Grosvenor, M. |author4=Oktay, E. |author5=Block, J. B. |author6=Chlebowski, J. S. |author7=Ali, I. |author8=Elashoff, R. |title=Hydrazine Sulfate Influence on Nutritional Status and Survival in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer |url=http://scri.ngen.com/article01.html |journal=Journal of Clinical Oncology |year=1990 |issue=1 |pages=9–15 |pmid=1688616 |volume=8 |doi=10.1200/jco.1990.8.1.9 |access-date=2009-05-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140928041007/http://scri.ngen.com/article01.html |archive-date=2014-09-28 |url-status=dead }}.</ref><ref>{{citation | author = Gold, J. | title = Long term complete response in patient with advanced, localized NSCLC with hydrazine sulfate, radiation and Carboplatin, refractory to combination chemotherapy | journal = Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research | year = 1999 | issue = 40 | pages = 642 }}. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165738/http://scri.ngen.com/abstract12.html |date=2016-03-03 }}</ref>
It may be preferred over pure hydrazine or hydrazine hydrate for laboratory use because it is easily purified if necessary (by ] from water),<ref name="OrgSynth" /> and it is less volatile and less susceptible to atmospheric oxidation on storage. These same properties make it the preferred form of hydrazine for ]s and pharmaceutical trials. It is relatively inexpensive, with 100&nbsp;grams of analytical grade hydrazine sulfate costing about ]20, and 100 tablets or capsules (60 milligrams hydrazine sulfate) costing USD20–60.


===Industrial uses=== ===Legal status===
Although it has been marketed as a ],<ref name="NCI">{{citation | title = Questions and answers about hydrazine sulfate | url = http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/cam/hydrazinesulfate/Patient/page2 | publisher = ] | date = March 12, 2009 }}</ref><ref name="Black"/> hydrazine sulfate has never been approved in the United States as safe and effective in treating any medical condition.
⚫ Hydrazine sulfate also has a variety of uses in ], including as a ], as a ] in making fibers out of ], as a ], ], in the analysis and synthesis of minerals and testing for ] in metals.<ref name = Gardner>{{cite book |author=Milne, George W. A. |title=Gardner's commercially important chemicals: synonyms, trade names, and properties |publisher=Wiley-Interscience |location=New York |year=2005 |pages= |isbn=0-471-73518-3 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref>


== Background == ===History===
⚫ Hydrazine sulfate was specifically developed as a result of a proposal by Joseph Gold for a therapy that could offset the rapid loss of weight that occurs in cancer (cancer ]). This hypothesis was based on the fact that cancer cells are often unusually dependent on ] for energy (the ]), Gold proposed that the body might offset this increased glycolysis using ], which is the pathway that is the reverse of glycolysis. Since this process would require a great deal of energy, Gold thought that inhibiting gluconeogenesis might reverse this energy requirement and be an effective treatment for cancer cachexia.<ref>{{citation | doi = 10.1159/000224450 | author = Gold, J. | title = Proposed Treatment of Cancer by Inhibition of Gluconeogenesis | journal = Oncology | year = 1968 | volume = 22 | issue = 2 | pages = 185–207 | pmid = 5688432 | postscript = <!--none-->}}.</ref> Hydrazine is a reactive chemical that in the test tube can inactivate one of the enzymes needed for gluconeogenesis, ] (PEP-CK). It was also postulated that if tumor energy gain (glycolysis) and host-energy loss (gluconeogenesis) were functionally interrelated, inhibition of gluconeogenesis at PEP CK could result in actual tumor regression in addition to reversal or arrest of cancer cachexia.<ref>{{citation | doi = 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1974.tb14440.x | author = Gold, J. | title = Cancer Cachexia and Gluconeogenesis | journal = Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences | year = 1974 | volume = 230 | issue = 1 Paraneoplasti | pages = 103–10 | pmid = 4522864 | postscript = <!--none--> }}.</ref> In this model, hydrazine sulfate is therefore thought to act by irreversibly inhibiting the enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase.


⚫ Hydrazine sulfate was first proposed as an anti-cancer agent by U.S. physician Joseph Gold in the mid-1970s.<ref name=gold1987>{{Citation |doi=10.1080/01635588709513912 |author=Gold J |title=Hydrazine sulfate: a current perspective |journal=Nutr Cancer |volume=9 |issue=2–3 |pages=59–66 |year=1987 |pmid=3104888 }}</ref> Gold's arguments were based on the fact that cancer cells are often unusually dependent on ] for energy (the ]). Gold proposed that the body might offset this increased glycolysis using ], which is the pathway that is the reverse of glycolysis. Since this process would require a great deal of energy, Gold thought that inhibiting gluconeogenesis might reverse this energy requirement and be an effective treatment for cancer cachexia.<ref>{{citation | doi = 10.1159/000224450 | author = Gold, J. | title = Proposed Treatment of Cancer by Inhibition of Gluconeogenesis | journal = Oncology | year = 1968 | volume = 22 | issue = 2 | pages = 185–207 | pmid = 5688432 }}.</ref> Hydrazine is a reactive chemical that in the test tube can inactivate one of the enzymes needed for gluconeogenesis, ] (PEP-CK). It was also postulated that if tumor energy gain (glycolysis) and host-energy loss (gluconeogenesis) were functionally interrelated, inhibition of gluconeogenesis at PEP CK could result in actual tumor regression in addition to reversal or arrest of cancer cachexia.<ref>{{citation | doi = 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1974.tb14440.x | author = Gold, J. | title = Cancer Cachexia and Gluconeogenesis | journal = Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences | year = 1974 | volume = 230 | issue = 1 Paraneoplasti | pages = 103–10 | pmid = 4522864 | bibcode = 1974NYASA.230..103G | s2cid = 8572475 }}.</ref> In this model, hydrazine sulfate is therefore thought to act by irreversibly inhibiting the enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase.
⚫ ==Clinical trials==


The use of hydrazine sulfate as a cancer remedy was popularized by the magazine '']'' in the mid-1990s, when ], wife and business partner of the magazine's publisher ], used it in an attempt to treat her ] ].<ref>{{citation | author = London, William M. | title = Penthouse's promotion of hydrazine sulfate | url = http://www.cancertreatmentwatch.org/reports/hydrazine.shtml | date = July 23, 2006 }}</ref> ] nutritionist ] wrote three of the articles about alternative cancer treatments, including one titled "The Great Cancer Fraud."<ref>Null's articles on alternative cancer therapies in ''Penthouse'' include:
⚫ Joseph Gold, the developer and principal proponent of hydrazine sulfate, has published several papers arguing that the compound is an effective cancer treatment.<ref name="Kaegi"/><ref>{{Citation |doi=10.1080/01635588709513912 |author=Gold J |title=Hydrazine sulfate: a current perspective |journal=Nutr Cancer |volume=9 |issue=2-3 |pages=59–66 |year=1987 |pmid=3104888 |postscript=<!--none-->}}</ref> These data have been questioned by the ] and other investigators have been unable to repeat or confirm these results.<ref name="Kaegi"/><ref>{{Citation |title=Editorial: Unproven methods of cancer management: hydrazine sulfate |journal=CA Cancer J Clin |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=108–10 |year=1976 |pmid=816429 |doi=10.3322/canjclin.26.2.108 |url=http://caonline.amcancersoc.org/cgi/reprint/26/2/108 |postscript=<!--none-->}}</ref> Gold is reported not to trust the motives or results of other investigators, with CNN quoting him as stating that "they've been out to get hydrazine sulfate, and I don't know why".<ref>Elizabeth Cohen ''CNN'' December 5, 2000</ref>
* {{cite journal | first = Gary | last = Null |author2=Robert Houston | title = The Great Cancer Fraud | journal = ] | year = 1979 | pages = 76&ndash;78, 82, 268, 270, 272, 274, 276&ndash;278}}
* {{cite journal | first = Gary | last = Null |author2=A. Pitrone | title = Suppression of new cancer therapies: Dr. Joseph Gold and hydrazine sulfate | journal = ] | year = 1980 | pages = 97&ndash;98, 160, 162&ndash;163}}
⚫ * {{cite journal | first = Gary | last = Null |author2=L. Steinman | title = The politics of cancer. Part five. Suppression of new cancer therapies: Dr. Lawrence Burton | journal = ] | year = 1980 | pages = 75&ndash;76, 188&ndash;194, 196&ndash;197}}</ref> Keeton (until her death in 1997) and other supporters of hydrazine sulfate treatment accused the U.S. ] (NCI) of deliberately hiding the beneficial effects of the compound, and threatened to launch a ] lawsuit.<ref>{{citation | author = Goldberg, Burton | title = Holding the National Cancer Institute Accountable for Cancer Deaths | url = http://www.burtongoldberg.com/health-articles/holding-the-national-cancer-institute-accountable-for-cancer-deaths.htm | date = June 12, 2000 | access-date = May 30, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090515030203/http://www.burtongoldberg.com/health-articles/holding-the-national-cancer-institute-accountable-for-cancer-deaths.htm | archive-date = May 15, 2009 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name="Goldberg">{{citation |editor1=Goldberg, Burton |editor2=Trivieri, Larry |editor3=Anderson, John W. | edition = 2nd | publisher = Celestial Arts | year = 2002 | isbn = 978-1-58761-141-4 | title = Alternative medicine: the definitive guide | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Wlijw00Gi8EC&pg=PA50 | pages = 50–51, 598 }}.</ref> The NCI denied the claims,<ref>{{citation | author = Jenks, S. | title = Hydrazine Sulfate Ad Is "Offensive" | url = http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pdf_extract/85/7/528 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20120711200309/http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pdf_extract/85/7/528 | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2012-07-11 | journal = Journal of the National Cancer Institute | year = 1993 | volume = 85 | issue = 7 | pages = 528–29 | doi = 10.1093/jnci/85.7.528 | pmid = 8455198 }}.</ref> and says that there is little to no evidence that hydrazine sulfate has any beneficial effects whatsoever.<ref name="NCI" /> The position of the NCI was supported by an inquiry held by the ].<ref>{{citation | author = Nadel, M. V. | title = Report to the Chairman and Ranking Minority Member, Human Resources and Intergovernmental Relations Subcommittee, House Committee on Government Reform and Oversight | contribution = Cancer Drug Research—Contrary to Allegations, Hydrazine Sulfate Studies Were Not Flawed | url = http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/useftp.cgi?IPaddress=162.140.64.21&filename=he95141.pdf&directory=/diskb/wais/data/gao | id = Document No. HEHS-95-141 | location = Washington, D.C. | publisher = ] | date = September 1995 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.</ref>


⚫ ===Clinical evaluation===
⚫ In response to these results, an uncontrolled clinical trial was carried out at the Petrov Research Institute of Oncology in St. Petersburg over a period of 17 years,<ref name="Filov95" /><ref name="Kaegi" /> and a controlled trial was carried out at the Harbor-UCLA Medical Center in California over period of 10 years, respectively. The Russian trial reported complete tumor regression in about 1% of cases, a partial response in about 3% of cases and some ] improvement of symptoms in about half of the patients.<ref name="Filov95" /> The National Cancer Institute analysis of this trial notes that interpretation of these data is difficult, due to the absence of controls, the lack of information on prior treatment and the study's reliance on subjective assessments of symptoms (''i.e.'' asking patients if the drug had made them feel any better).<ref> National Cancer Institute</ref> Overall, the trials in California saw no statistically-significant effect on survival from hydrazine sulfate treatment, but noted increased calorie intake in treated patients versus controls.<ref name="survival">{{Citation |author=Chlebowski RT, Bulcavage L, Grosvenor M, ''et al.'' |title=Hydrazine sulfate influence on nutritional status and survival in non-small-cell lung cancer |journal=J. Clin. Oncol. |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=9–15 |year=1990 |month=January |pmid=1688616 |postscript=<!--none-->}}</ref> The authors also performed a ] on one or more subgroups of these patients, which they reported as suggesting a beneficial effect from treatment. The design and interpretation of this trial, and in particular the validity of this subgroup analysis, was criticized in detail in an editorial in the ].<ref name=Piantadosi1990>{{Citation
⚫ A review of the clinical research concluded that hydrazine sulfate has never been shown to act as an anticancer agent; patients do not experience remissions or regressions of their cancer, and patients do not live longer than non-treated patients.<ref name="NCI" /><ref name="Kaegi">{{citation | author = Kaegi, Elizabeth | year = 1998 | title = Unconventional therapies for cancer: 4. Hydrazine sulfate. Task Force on Alternative Therapies of the Canadian Breast Cancer Research Initiative | journal = Canadian Medical Association Journal | volume = 158 | issue = 10 | pages = 1327–30 | pmid = 9614826 | pmc = 1229327 }}.</ref><ref>{{citation | author = Green, Saul | title = Hydrazine sulfate: is it an anticancer agent? | url = http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/Cancer/hydrazine.html | journal = Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine | year = 1997 | volume = 1 | pages = 19–21 }}</ref> Some academic reviews of alternative cancer treatments have described the compound as a "disproved and ineffective treatment for cancer".<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919045255/http://www.bccancer.bc.ca/PPI/UnconventionalTherapies/HydrazineSulfateHydrazineSulphate.htm |date=2009-09-19 }} from the British Columbia Cancer Agency</ref><ref name=Vickers/>
| title = Hazards of small clinical trials
| url = http://www.jcojournal.org/cgi/reprint/8/1/1.pdf
| year = 1990
| author = Piantadosi, S.
| journal = Journal of Clinical Oncology
⚫ | pages = 1
| volume = 8
| issue = 1
| accessdate = 2009-06-03
| pmid = 2295901
| postscript = <!--none-->
}}</ref>


⚫ Joseph Gold's claims<ref name=gold1987/> have been questioned by the ], and other investigators have been unable to repeat or confirm these results.<ref name="Kaegi"/><ref>{{Citation |title=Editorial: Unproven methods of cancer management: hydrazine sulfate |journal=CA Cancer J Clin |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=108–10 |year=1976 |pmid=816429 |doi=10.3322/canjclin.26.2.108 |s2cid=221547391 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Gold is reported not to trust the motives or results of other investigators, with CNN quoting him as stating that "they've been out to get hydrazine sulfate, and I don't know why".<ref>Elizabeth Cohen {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070108181054/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/HEALTH/cancer/12/04/internet.cancer.drug/ |date=2007-01-08 }} ''CNN'' December 5, 2000</ref>
⚫ Later ]s trials failed to find any improvement in survival,<ref>{{Citation |author=Loprinzi CL, Goldberg RM, Su JQ, ''et al.'' |title=Placebo-controlled trial of hydrazine sulfate in patients with newly diagnosed non-small-cell lung cancer |journal=J. Clin. Oncol. |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=1126–9 |year=1994 |month=June |pmid=8201374 |postscript=<!--none-->}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |author=Kosty MP, Fleishman SB, Herndon JE, ''et al.'' |title=Cisplatin, vinblastine, and hydrazine sulfate in advanced, non-small-cell lung cancer: a randomized placebo-controlled, double-blind phase III study of the Cancer and Leukemia Group B |journal=J. Clin. Oncol. |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=1113–20 |year=1994 |month=June |pmid=8201372 |postscript=<!--none-->}}</ref> For example, in a trial of the treatment of advanced ], with either ] and ] or these drugs plus hydrazine sulfate, saw complete tumor regression in 4% of the hydrazine group, versus 3% in the control group, and tumor progression in 36% of the hydrazine group, versus 30% of the control group; however, none of these differences were statistically significant.<ref>{{Citation |doi=10.1016/0197-2456(96)00116-X |author=Herndon JE, Fleishman S, Kosty MP, Green MR |title=A longitudinal study of quality of life in advanced non-small cell lung cancer: Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) 8931 |journal=Control Clin Trials |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=286–300 |year=1997 |month=August |pmid=9257067 |postscript=<!--none-->}}</ref> Some trials even found both significantly decreased survival and significantly poorer quality of life in those patients receiving hydrazine sulfate.<ref>{{Citation |author=Loprinzi CL, Kuross SA, O'Fallon JR, ''et al.'' |title=Randomized placebo-controlled evaluation of hydrazine sulfate in patients with advanced colorectal cancer |journal=J. Clin. Oncol. |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=1121–5 |year=1994 |month=June |pmid=8201373 |postscript=<!--none-->}}</ref> These consistently negative results have resulted in hydrazine sulfate being described as a "disproven cancer therapy" in a recent medical review.<ref name=Vickers>{{Citation |doi=10.3322/canjclin.54.2.110 |author=Vickers A |title=Alternative cancer cures: "unproven" or "disproven"? |journal=CA Cancer J Clin |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=110–8 |year=2004 |pmid=15061600 |postscript=<!--none-->}}</ref> Similarly, other reviews have concluded that there is "strong evidence" against the use of hydrazine sulfate to treat anorexia or weight loss in cancer patients.<ref>{{Citation |author=Yavuzsen T, Davis MP, Walsh D, LeGrand S, Lagman R |title=Systematic review of the treatment of cancer-associated anorexia and weight loss |journal=J. Clin. Oncol. |volume=23 |issue=33 |pages=8500–11 |year=2005 |month=November |pmid=16293879 |doi=10.1200/JCO.2005.01.8010 |postscript=<!--none-->}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |doi=10.2165/00003495-199855050-00005 |author=Gagnon B, Bruera E |title=A review of the drug treatment of cachexia associated with cancer |journal=Drugs |volume=55 |issue=5 |pages=675–88 |year=1998 |month=May |pmid=9585863 |postscript=<!--none-->}}</ref>


⚫ In response to these results, an uncontrolled clinical trial was carried out at the Petrov Research Institute of Oncology in St. Petersburg over a period of 17 years,<ref name="Kaegi" /><ref name="Filov95">{{citation | doi = 10.1007/BF02614227 | author1 = Filov, V. A. | author2 = Gershanovich, M. L. | author3 = Danova, L. A. | author4 = Ivin, B. A. | title = Experience of the Treatment with Sehydrin (Hydrazine Sulfate, HS) in the Advanced Cancer Patients | url = http://scri.ngen.com/article10.html | journal = Investigational New Drugs | year = 1995 | volume = 13 | issue = 1 | pages = 89–97 | pmid = 7499115 | s2cid = 24465375 | access-date = 2009-05-31 | archive-date = 2017-10-26 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171026150525/http://scri.ngen.com/article10.html | url-status = dead }}.</ref> and a controlled trial was carried out at the Harbor-UCLA Medical Center in California over period of 10 years, respectively. The Russian trial reported complete tumor regression in about 1% of cases, a partial response in about 3% of cases and some ] improvement of symptoms in about half of the patients.<ref name="Filov95" /> The National Cancer Institute analysis of this trial notes that interpretation of these data is difficult, due to the absence of controls, the lack of information on prior treatment and the study's reliance on subjective assessments of symptoms (''i.e.'' asking patients if the drug had made them feel any better).<ref> National Cancer Institute</ref> Overall, the trials in California saw no statistically significant effect on survival from hydrazine sulfate treatment, but noted increased calorie intake in treated patients versus controls.<ref name="survival">{{Citation |vauthors=Chlebowski RT, Bulcavage L, Grosvenor M |title=Hydrazine sulfate influence on nutritional status and survival in non-small-cell lung cancer |journal=J. Clin. Oncol. |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=9–15 |date=January 1990 |pmid=1688616 |display-authors=etal |doi=10.1200/jco.1990.8.1.9}}</ref> The authors also performed a ] on one or more subgroups of these patients, which they reported as suggesting a beneficial effect from treatment. The design and interpretation of this trial, and in particular the validity of this subgroup analysis, was criticized in detail in an editorial in the ].<ref name=Piantadosi1990>{{Citation|title=Hazards of small clinical trials |url=https://ascopubs.org/doi/10.1200/JCO.1990.8.1.1|year=1990 |author=Piantadosi, S. |journal=Journal of Clinical Oncology |pages=1–3 |volume=8 |issue=1 |access-date=2009-06-03 |pmid=2295901 |doi=10.1200/JCO.1990.8.1.1|format=PDF|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
⚫ == Side effects ==
⚫ Hydrazine sulfate is toxic and ]ic.<ref name="EPA">{{citation | publisher = ] | title = Hydrazine Hazard Summary | date = January 2000 | url = http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/hlthef/hydrazin.html | postscript = <!--none-->}}.</ref><ref name="EHC">Section 9.2.1, {{citation | publisher = ] | url = http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc68.htm | title = Environmental Health Criteria for Hydrazine | year = 1987 | postscript = <!--none-->}}.</ref> Nevertheless, the short-term side effects reported in various clinical trials are relatively mild:<ref name="Black">{{citation | author = Black, M.; Hussain, H. | year = 2000 | title = Hydrazine, Cancer, the Internet, Isoniazid, and the Liver | url = http://www.annals.org/cgi/reprint/133/11/911.pdf | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 133 | issue = 11 | pages = 911–13 | pmid = 11103062 | postscript = <!--none-->}}.</ref> minor nausea and vomiting, dizziness and excitement, ] (inflammation of the nerves) and difficulties in fine muscle control (such as writing). However, more serious, even fatal side effects have been reported in rare cases: one patient developed fatal liver and kidney failure,<ref name="Hainer">{{citation | author = Hainer, M. I. ''et al.'' | title = Fatal hepatorenal failure associated with hydrazine sulfate | url = http://www.annals.org/cgi/reprint/133/11/877.pdf | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 133 | pages = 877–80 | year = 2000 | pmid = 11103057 | issue = 11 | postscript = <!--none-->}}.</ref> and another developed serious symptoms of neurotoxicity.<ref>{{citation | doi = 10.1097/00003246-200006000-00076 | author = Nagappan, R.; Riddell, T. | title = Pyridoxine therapy in a patient with severe hydrazine sulfate toxicity | journal = Critical Care in Medicine | volume = 28 | pages = 2116–18 | year = 2000 | pmid = 10890675 | issue = 6 | postscript = <!--none-->}}.</ref> These side effects and other reports of hydrazine toxicity<ref name="survival" /><ref name="Piantadosi1990" /> are consistent with the hypothesis that hydrazine may play a role in the toxicity of the antibiotic ], which is thought to be metabolized to hydrazine in the body.<ref name="Black" />


⚫ Later ]s failed to find any improvement in survival,<ref>{{Citation |vauthors=Loprinzi CL, Goldberg RM, Su JQ |title=Placebo-controlled trial of hydrazine sulfate in patients with newly diagnosed non-small-cell lung cancer |journal=J. Clin. Oncol. |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=1126–9 |date=June 1994 |pmid=8201374 |display-authors=etal|doi=10.1200/JCO.1994.12.6.1126 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |vauthors=Kosty MP, Fleishman SB, Herndon JE |title=Cisplatin, vinblastine, and hydrazine sulfate in advanced, non-small-cell lung cancer: a randomized placebo-controlled, double-blind phase III study of the Cancer and Leukemia Group B |journal=J. Clin. Oncol. |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=1113–20 |date=June 1994 |pmid=8201372 |display-authors=etal|doi=10.1200/JCO.1994.12.6.1113 }}</ref> For example, in a trial of the treatment of advanced ], with either ] and ] or these drugs plus hydrazine sulfate, saw complete tumor regression in 4% of the hydrazine group, versus 3% in the control group, and tumor progression in 36% of the hydrazine group, versus 30% of the control group; however, none of these differences were statistically significant.<ref>{{Citation |doi=10.1016/0197-2456(96)00116-X |vauthors=Herndon JE, Fleishman S, Kosty MP, Green MR |title=A longitudinal study of quality of life in advanced non-small cell lung cancer: Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) 8931 |journal=] |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=286–300 |date=August 1997 |pmid=9257067 }}</ref> Some trials even found both significantly decreased survival and significantly poorer quality of life in those patients receiving hydrazine sulfate.<ref>{{Citation |vauthors=Loprinzi CL, Kuross SA, O'Fallon JR |title=Randomized placebo-controlled evaluation of hydrazine sulfate in patients with advanced colorectal cancer |journal=J. Clin. Oncol. |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=1121–5 |date=June 1994 |pmid=8201373 |display-authors=etal|doi=10.1200/JCO.1994.12.6.1121 }}</ref> These consistently negative results have resulted in hydrazine sulfate being described as a "disproven cancer therapy" in a recent medical review.<ref name=Vickers>{{Citation |doi=10.3322/canjclin.54.2.110 |author=Vickers A |title=Alternative cancer cures: "unproven" or "disproven"? |journal=CA Cancer J Clin |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=110–8 |year=2004 |pmid=15061600 |citeseerx=10.1.1.521.2180 |s2cid=35124492 }}</ref> Similarly, other reviews have concluded that there is "strong evidence" against the use of hydrazine sulfate to treat anorexia or weight loss in cancer patients.<ref>{{Citation |vauthors=Yavuzsen T, Davis MP, Walsh D, LeGrand S, Lagman R |title=Systematic review of the treatment of cancer-associated anorexia and weight loss |journal=J. Clin. Oncol. |volume=23 |issue=33 |pages=8500–11 |date=November 2005 |pmid=16293879 |doi=10.1200/JCO.2005.01.8010 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |doi=10.2165/00003495-199855050-00005 |vauthors=Gagnon B, Bruera E |title=A review of the drug treatment of cachexia associated with cancer |journal=Drugs |volume=55 |issue=5 |pages=675–88 |date=May 1998 |pmid=9585863 |s2cid=22180434 }}</ref>
⚫ Hydrazine sulfate is also a ] (MAOI),<ref>{{citation | author = National Cancer Institute | year = 1999 | title = Hydrazine Sulfate | journal = PDQ Complementary/Alternative Medicine | month = October | postscript = <!--none-->}}</ref> and is incompatible with ], tranquilizers and sleeping pills (]s and ]s), and other psycho-active drugs, with ] (meperidine, Demerol), and with foods containing significant amounts of the amino acid ], such as most cheeses, raisins, avocados, processed and cured fish and meats, fermented products, and others.

⚫ === Side effects ===
⚫ Hydrazine sulfate is toxic and potentially ]ic.<ref name="EPA">{{citation | publisher = ] | title = Hydrazine Hazard Summary | date = January 2000 | url = http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/hlthef/hydrazin.html }}.</ref><ref name="EHC">Section 9.2.1, {{citation | publisher = ] | url = http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc68.htm | title = Environmental Health Criteria for Hydrazine | year = 1987 }}.</ref> Nevertheless, the short-term side effects reported in various clinical trials are relatively mild:<ref name="Black">{{citation |author1=Black, M. |author2=Hussain, H. | year = 2000 | title = Hydrazine, Cancer, the Internet, Isoniazid, and the Liver | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 133 | issue = 11 | pages = 911–13 | pmid = 11103062 | doi=10.7326/0003-4819-133-11-200012050-00016|s2cid=41415415 }}.</ref> minor nausea and vomiting, dizziness and excitement, ] (inflammation of the nerves) and difficulties in fine muscle control (such as writing). However, more serious, even fatal side effects have been reported in rare cases: one patient developed fatal liver and kidney failure,<ref name="Hainer">{{citation | author = Hainer, M. I. | title = Fatal hepatorenal failure associated with hydrazine sulfate | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 133 | pages = 877–80 | year = 2000 | pmid = 11103057 | issue = 11 | doi=10.7326/0003-4819-133-11-200012050-00011| s2cid = 25672540 |display-authors=etal}}.</ref> and another developed serious symptoms of neurotoxicity.<ref>{{citation | doi = 10.1097/00003246-200006000-00076 |author1=Nagappan, R. |author2=Riddell, T. | title = Pyridoxine therapy in a patient with severe hydrazine sulfate toxicity | journal = Critical Care Medicine | volume = 28 | pages = 2116–18 | year = 2000 | pmid = 10890675 | issue = 6 |s2cid=12935478 }}.</ref> These side effects and other reports of hydrazine toxicity<ref name="survival" /><ref name="Piantadosi1990" /> are consistent with the hypothesis that hydrazine may play a role in the toxicity of the antibiotic ], which is thought to be metabolized to hydrazine in the body.<ref name="Black" />

⚫ Hydrazine sulfate is also a ] (MAOI),<ref>{{citation | author = National Cancer Institute |date=October 1999 | title = Hydrazine Sulfate | journal = PDQ Complementary/Alternative Medicine}}</ref> and is incompatible with ], tranquilizers and sleeping pills (]s and ]s), and other psycho-active drugs, with ] (meperidine, Demerol), and with foods containing significant amounts of the amino acid breakdown product ], such as aged cheeses, raisins, avocados, processed and cured fish and meats, fermented products, and others.


== References == == References ==
{{reflist|2}} {{reflist}}


== External links == == External links ==
;Proponents ;Proponents
* * {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724054230/http://scri.ngen.com/ |date=2009-07-24 }}
* * {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703172013/http://www.hydrazinesulfate.org/ |date=2009-07-03 }}


;Critics ;Critics
* Quackwatch * Quackwatch
* American Council on Science and Health * American Council on Science and Health


;Governmental and medical ;Governmental and medical
* British Columbia Cancer Agency * British Columbia Cancer Agency
* Cancer Research UK * Cancer Research UK
* American Cancer Society * {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414204402/http://www.cancer.org/docroot/ETO/content/ETO_5_3X_Hydrazine_Sulfate.asp |date=2009-04-14 }} American Cancer Society
* University of Minnesota, Cancer Information * University of Minnesota, Cancer Information
* The University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center * The University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center


;Physical and chemical hazards ;Physical and chemical hazards
* Material safety data sheet * Material safety data sheet


{{Sulfates}}
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