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{{chembox {{Chembox
| Watchedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 400112392 | verifiedrevid = 404999565
| ImageFile = Hydroxylammonium-nitrate-2D.png | ImageFile = Hydroxylammonium-nitrate-2D.png
| ImageSize = | ImageSize =
| ImageFile1 = Hydroxylammonium-nitrate-3D-balls.png | ImageFile1 = Hydroxylammonium-nitrate-3D-balls.png
| IUPACName = | IUPACName =
| OtherNames = | OtherNames = hydroxylamine nitrate
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers |Section1={{Chembox Identifiers
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} | ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 24259 | ChemSpiderID = 24259
| InChI = 1/NO3.H4NO/c2-1(3)4;1-2/h;2H,1H3/q-1;+1 | InChI = 1/NO3.H4NO/c2-1(3)4;1-2/h;2H,1H3/q-1;+1
Line 16: Line 17:
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = CRJZNQFRBUFHTE-UHFFFAOYSA-N | StdInChIKey = CRJZNQFRBUFHTE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}}
| CASNo = 13465-08-2 | CASNo = 13465-08-2
| PubChem = 26045 | PubChem = 26045
| EINECS = 236-691-2 | EINECS = 236-691-2
}} }}
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties |Section2={{Chembox Properties
| Formula = H<sub>4</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> | Formula = {{chem2|+−}}
| MolarMass = 96.04 g/mol | MolarMass = 96.04 g/mol
| Appearance = | Appearance =
| Density = | Density = 1.84 g/cm<sup>3</sup>
| MeltingPt = | MeltingPt = 48 °C
| BoilingPt = | BoilingPt =
| Solubility = Soluble | Solubility = Soluble
}} }}
| Section6 = {{Chembox Explosive |Section6={{Chembox Explosive
| ShockSens = | ShockSens =
| FrictionSens = | FrictionSens =
| ExplosiveV = | DetonationV =
| REFactor = | REFactor =
}} }}
| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards |Section7={{Chembox Hazards
| ExternalMSDS = | ExternalSDS =
| GHSPictograms = {{GHS01}}{{GHS06}}{{GHS07}}{{GHS08}}{{GHS09}}
| EUIndex = 007-028-00-2
| GHSSignalWord = Danger
| EUClass = Explosive ('''E''')<br/>]<br/>Toxic ('''T''')<br/>Harmful ('''Xn''')<br/>Irritant ('''Xi''')<br/>Dangerous for the environment ('''N''')
| HPhrases = {{H-phrases|201|302|311|315|317|319|351|373|400}}
| RPhrases = {{R2}}, {{R22}}, {{R24}}, {{R36/38}}, {{R40}}, {{R43}}, {{R48/22}}, {{R50}}
| PPhrases = {{P-phrases|201|202|210|230|240|250|260|261|264|270|272|273|280|281|301+312|302+352|305+351+338|308+313|312|314|321|322|330|332+313|333+313|337+313|361|362|363|370+380|372|373|391|401|405|501}}
| SPhrases = {{S1/2}}, {{S26}}, {{S36/37}}, {{S45}}, {{S61}}
| FlashPt = | FlashPt =
| Autoignition = | AutoignitionPt =
}} }}
| Section8 = {{Chembox Related |Section8={{Chembox Related
| OtherAnions = ]<br/>] | OtherAnions = ]<br />]
| OtherCations = ] | OtherCations = ]
| OtherCpds = ] | OtherCompounds = ]
}} }}
}} }}
'''Hydroxylammonium nitrate''' or hydroxylamine nitrate (HAN) is an energetic chemical with the chemical formula NH<sub>3</sub>OHNO<sub>3</sub>. It is the salt of ] and ]. It is related to ], but has a higher oxygen content. In its pure form, it is a ] solid.


'''Hydroxylammonium nitrate''' or hydroxylamine nitrate (HAN) is an ] with the chemical formula {{chem2|+−}}. It is a salt derived from ] and ]. In its pure form, it is a colourless ] solid. It has potential to be used as a ] either as a solution in monopropellants or bipropellants.<ref name="propulsion system">{{cite web |first1=Ronald A. |last1=Spores |first2=Robert |last2=Masse |first3=Scott |last3=Kimbrel |first4=Chris |last4=McLean |title=GPIM AF-M315E Propulsion System |publisher=49th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit |place=San Jose, California, USA |date=15–17 July 2013 |url=https://www.rocket.com/sites/default/files/documents/CubeSat/GPIM%20AF-M315E%20Propulsion%20System.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228104531/https://www.rocket.com/files/aerojet/documents/CubeSat/GPIM%20AF-M315E%20Propulsion%20System.pdf |archive-date=2014-02-28}}</ref> Hydroxylammonium nitrate (HAN)-based propellants are a viable and effective solution for future green propellant-based missions, as it offers 50% higher performance for a given propellant tank compared to commercially used ].
Hydroxylammonium nitrate is unstable because of the reducing hydroxylammonium cation and the oxidizing nitrate anion.


==Properties==
It is usually used in aqueous solution. The solution is corrosive and toxic, and may be carcinogenic.
The compound is a salt with separated hydroxyammonium and nitrate ]s.<ref name="han">{{cite journal |first1=A. L. |last1=Rheingold |first2=J. T. |last2=Cronin |first3=T. B. |last3=Brill |first4=F. K. |last4=Ross |date=March 1987 |title=Structure of hydroxylammonium nitrate (HAN) and the deuterium homolog |journal=Acta Crystallographica Section C |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=402–404 |doi=10.1107/S0108270187095593 |bibcode=1987AcCrC..43..402R }}</ref> Hydroxylammonium nitrate is unstable because it contains both a ] (hydroxylammonium cation) and an ] (]),<ref name="pembridge">{{Cite journal |last1=Pembridge |first1=John R. |last2=Stedman |first2=Geoffrey |date=1979 |title=Kinetics, mechanism, and stoicheiometry of the oxidation of hydroxylamine by nitric acid |url=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=4652e73706346e14d1822e7c6008283a6aa4c051 |journal=Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions |issue=11 |pages=1657–1663 |doi=10.1039/dt9790001657 |issn=0300-9246}}</ref> the situation being analogous to ]. It is usually handled as an aqueous solution. The solution is corrosive and toxic, and may be carcinogenic. Solid HAN is unstable, especially in the presence of trace amounts of ].


==Laboratory preparatory routes==
HAN is potentially unstable in presence of a strong oxidizer, such as nitric acid. Presence of trace amounts of metallic salts decreases markedly the stability of HAN solutions, and accidents have been reported (see references below).
# Catalytic reduction of nitric oxides
# ]
# Electrolysis
# Hydrogenation of nitric acid
# Ion exchange via resins
# Neutralization


==Applications==
⚫ HAN is being developed as a potential ], both in the solid form as a solid propellant oxidizer, and in the aqueous solution in ] rockets, including the ] boost-phase interceptor being developed by Raytheon.<ref>Raytheon Press Release </ref> It is typically bonded with glycidyl azide polymer (GAP), ] (HTPB), or carboxy-terminated polybutadiene (CTPB) and requires preheating to 200-300 °C to decompose. The catalyst is a noble metal, similar to the other ]s that use silver or palladium.
HAN has applications as a component of ], in both solid and liquid form. HAN and ] (ADN), another energetic ionic compound, were investigated as less-toxic replacements for toxic ] for ] rockets where only a catalyst is needed to cause decomposition.<ref> {{cite journal |publisher=Wiley Online Library |title=ADN and HAN-Based Monopropellants – A Minireview on Compatibility and Chemical Stability in Aqueous Media |journal=Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics |volume=44 |issue=9 |pages=1084–1089 |author=Dominic Freudenmann |author2=Helmut K. Ciezki |date=29 July 2019 |doi=10.1002/prep.201900127 |doi-access=free}}</ref> HAN and ADN will work as monopropellants in water solution, as well as when dissolved with fuel liquids such as ].


⚫ HAN is used by the ] boost-phase interceptor being developed by Raytheon.<ref name="pr">{{cite web |url=http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/micro_stories.pl?ACCT=149999&TICK=RTN&STORY=/www/story/05-14-2007/0004587551&EDATE=May+14,+2007 |title=Boost phase interceptor |publisher=Raytheon |work=Press Releases |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070518215926/http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/micro_stories.pl?ACCT=149999&TICK=RTN&STORY=%2Fwww%2Fstory%2F05-14-2007%2F0004587551&EDATE=May+14%2C+2007 |archive-date=May 18, 2007}}</ref> As a solid propellant oxidizer, it is typically bonded with glycidyl azide polymer (GAP), ] (HTPB), or carboxy-terminated polybutadiene (CTPB) and requires preheating to 200-300&nbsp;°C to decompose.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}} When used as a monopropellant, the catalyst is a noble metal, similar to the other ]s that use ], ], or ].{{citation needed|date=December 2019}}
HAN is sometimes used in ] as a plutonium reductant.

HAN also enabled the development of solid propellants that could be controlled electrically and switched on and off.<ref>{{citation |last1=Sawka |first1=Wayne N. |chapter=Electrical Solid Propellants: A Safe, Micro to Macro Propulsion Technology |date=2013-07-12 |series=Joint Propulsion Conferences |publisher=American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics |doi=10.2514/6.2013-4168 |last2=McPherson |first2=Michael |title=49th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference |isbn=978-1-62410-222-6}}</ref> Developed by DSSP for special effects<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.livedesignonline.com/business-people-news/ldi-2014-award-winners-announced |title=LDI 2014 Award Winners Announced |date=2014-11-23 |newspaper=Live Design Online |access-date=2019-06-19}}</ref> and microthrusters, these were the first HAN-based propellants in space; and aboard the Naval Research Laboratory SpinSat, launched in 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a591390.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190619165015/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a591390.pdf |url-status=live |archive-date=June 19, 2019 |title=SpinSat Mission Overview |last1=Nicholas |first1=Andrew |last2=Finne |first2=Ted |date=September 2013 |last3=Gaylsh |first3=Ivan |last4=Mai |first4=Anthony |last5=Yen |first5=Jim}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/s/spinsat |title=SpinSat - Satellite Missions - eoPortal Directory |website=directory.eoportal.org |access-date=2019-06-19}}</ref>

It was used in a fuel/oxidizer blend known as "AF-M315E"<ref name="propulsion system" /> in the high thrust engines of the ],<ref name="About">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/tdm/green/ |title=About Green Propellant Infusion Mission (GPIM) |work=NASA |date=2014 |archive-date=2013-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424120132/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/tdm/green/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Ball 2014">{{cite web |url=http://www.ballaerospace.com/page.jsp?page=281 |title=Green Propellant Infusion Mission (GPIM) |date=2014 |publisher=Ball Aerospace |archive-date=2013-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424145843/http://ballaerospace.com/page.jsp?page=281 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Clean Technica">{{cite news |first=Tina |last=Casey |title=NASA Sets Its Sights On $45 Million Green Fuel Mission |date=19 July 2013 |url=http://cleantechnica.com/2013/07/19/nasa-seeks-green-fuel-for-spacecraft/ |publisher=Clean Technica}}</ref> which was initially expected to be launched in 2015, and eventually launched and deployed on 25 June 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/spacex/2019/06/25/nasas-green-propellant-infusion-mission-deploys/ |title=NASA's Green Propellant Infusion Mission Deploys |first=Danielle |last=Sempsrott |publisher=NASA |date=25 June 2019 |access-date=6 June 2020}}</ref> The ] of AF-M315E is 257 s.<ref name="propulsion system"/>
The aqueous solution of HAN can be added with fuel components such as methanol, ], TEAN (] nitrate), and amines to form high performance monopropellants for space propulsion systems.<ref>{{Cite conference |last1=Wucherer |first1=E. |last2=Christofferson |first2=Stacy |last3=Reed |first3=Brian |date=2000 |title=Assessment of high performance HAN-monopropellants |conference=36th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference |doi=10.2514/6.2000-3872}}</ref>

] (CASC) launched a demonstration of HAN-based thruster aboard a microsatellite in January 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2019 |script-title=zh:航天科技六院801所HAN 基无毒推进发动机研制攻关记 |trans-title=HAN-based non-toxic propulsion engine research and development of 801 Institute of the Sixth Academy of Space Science and Technology |url=http://www.spacechina.com/n25/n2018089/n2530233/c2633323/content.html |access-date=14 May 2020 |publisher=China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation |language=zh-cn}}</ref>

Japanese technology demonstration satellite ], launched in January 2019, contains a demonstration thruster using HAN and operated successfully in orbit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=革新的衛星技術実証1号機 PRESS KIT |trans-title=Innovative Satellite Technology Demonstration Flight No. 1 PRESS KIT |url=http://fanfun.jaxa.jp/countdown/kakushin-epsilon4/pdf/kakushin01_press_kit_web.pdf |access-date=15 March 2019 |publisher=JAXA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2019 |script-title=ja:小型実証衛星1号機 RAPIS-1 グリーンプロペラント推進系（GPRCS）世界初の軌道上 HAN系推進薬 実証！ |trans-title=Small Demonstration Satellite-1 RAPIS-1 Green Propellant Reaction Control System (GPRCS), the world's first on-orbit HAN propulsion system demonstration! |url=http://fanfun.jaxa.jp/topics/detail/14250.html |access-date=15 March 2019 |publisher=JAXA |language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hori |first1=Keiichi |last2=Katsumi |first2=Toshiyuki |last3=Sawai |first3=Shujiro |last4=Azuma |first4=Nobuyuki |last5=Hatai |first5=Keigo |last6=Nakatsuka |first6=Junichi |date=2019 |title=HAN-Based Green Propellant, SHP163 – Its R&D and Test in Space |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/prep.201900237 |journal=Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics |volume=44 |issue=9 |pages=1080–1083 |doi=10.1002/prep.201900237 |issn=0721-3115}}</ref>

HAN is sometimes used in ] as a reducing agent for plutonium ions.<ref>{{Cite tech report |url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4065655 |title=Hydroxylamine nitrate as a plutonium reductant in the PUREX solvent extraction process |last=McKibben |first=J. M. |last2=Bercaw |first2=J. E. |date=1971-01-01 |publisher=Du Pont de Nemours (E. I.) and Co., Aiken, S. C. Savannah River Lab. |doi=10.2172/4065655 |number=DP-1248}}</ref>


==Bibliography== ==Bibliography==
⚫ *Donald G. Harlow et al. (1998). "Technical Report on Hydroxlyamine Nitrate". U.S. Department of Energy.
*John R. Pembridge et al. (1979). "Kinetics, Mechanism, and Stoicheiometry of the Oxidation of Hydroxylamine by Nitric Acid". JCS Dalton., 1979, 1657-1663.
⚫ *Gösta Bengtsson et al. (2002) "The kinetics and mechanism of oxidation of hydroxylamine by iron(III)". J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 2002, 2548–2552. {{doi|10.1039/B201602H}}
⚫ *Donald G. Harlow et al. (1998). "Technical Report on Hydroxlyamine Nitrate". U.S. Department of Energy.
*{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Hydroxylammonium Salts |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Oxidizers |publisher=De Gruyter |last=Schmidt |first=Eckart W. |date=2022 |volume=3 |pages=1589–1816 |doi=10.1515/9783110750294-011 |isbn=978-3-11-075029-4}}
⚫ *Gösta Bengtsson et al. (2002) "The kinetics and mechanism of oxidation of hydroxylamine by iron(III)". J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 2002, 2548–2552
*{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Hydroxylammonium Nitrate-Based Monopropellants |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Monopropellants |publisher=De Gruyter |last=Schmidt |first=Eckart W. |date=2023 |volume=2 |pages=807–1194 |doi=10.1515/9783110751390-007 |isbn=978-3-11-075139-0}}
*{{ cite journal | author = A. L. Rheingold, J. T. Cronin, T. B. Brill and F. K. Ross | year = 1987 | month = March | title = Structure of hydroxylammonium nitrate (HAN) and the deuterium homolog | journal = ] Section C | volume = 43 | issue = 3 | pages = 402–404 | doi = 10.1107/S0108270187095593 }}


==References== ==References==
{{reflist}} {{Reflist|30em}}


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