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Revision as of 07:53, 18 February 2012 editBeetstra (talk | contribs)Edit filter managers, Administrators172,031 edits Saving copy of the {{chembox}} taken from revid 470294425 of page Magnesium_citrate for the Chem/Drugbox validation project (updated: 'StdInChI', 'StdInChIKey', 'KEGG', 'CASNo').  Latest revision as of 23:57, 10 December 2024 edit 2601:642:c303:f370:103a:b9cd:8e09:9e6 (talk) ce 
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{{More citations needed|date=January 2011}}
{{ambox | text = This page contains a copy of the infobox ({{tl|chembox}}) taken from revid of page ] with values updated to verified values.}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{chembox
{{Chembox
| Verifiedfields = changed | Verifiedfields = changed
| Watchedfields = changed | Watchedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 400233847 | verifiedrevid = 477499340
| ImageFile = Magnesium citrate.png | ImageFile = Magnesiumhydrogencitrat V1.svg
| ImageSize = 200px
| IUPACName = Magnesium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate | IUPACName = Magnesium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate
| OtherNames = | OtherNames =
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers |Section1={{Chembox Identifiers
| Abbreviations = | Abbreviations =
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} | ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|changed|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 2925651 | ChemSpiderID = 8605
| InChI = | InChI =
| InChIKey = | InChIKey =
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}} | ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|changed|EBI}}
| ChEMBL = 2105061
| CASNo = <!-- blanked - oldvalue: 7779-25-1 -->
| CASNo = 7779-25-1
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = RHO26O1T9V
| EINECS = 231-923-9 | EINECS = 231-923-9
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/2C6H8O7.3Mg/c2*7-3(8)1-6(13,5(11)12)2-4(9)10;;;/h2*13H,1-2H2,(H,7,8)(H,9,10)(H,11,12);;;/q;;3*+2/p-6 | StdInChI = 1S/2C6H8O7.3Mg/c2*7-3(8)1-6(13,5(11)12)2-4(9)10;;;/h2*13H,1-2H2,(H,7,8)(H,9,10)(H,11,12);;;/q;;3*+2/p-6
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = PLSARIKBYIPYPF-UHFFFAOYSA-H | StdInChIKey = PLSARIKBYIPYPF-UHFFFAOYSA-H
| PubChem = 24511 | PubChem = 24511
| SMILES = C(C(=O)O)C(CC(=O))(C(=O))O. | SMILES = C(C(=O)O)C(CC(=O))(C(=O))O.
| InChI =
| RTECS = | RTECS =
| MeSHName = | MeSHName =
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} | ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|changed|EBI}}
| ChEBI = | ChEBI = 131389
}}
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|changed|kegg}}
⚫ |Section2={{Chembox Properties
| KEGG = <!-- blanked - oldvalue: D03265 -->
⚫ | C=6 | H=6 | Mg=1 | O=7
⚫ | ATCCode_prefix = A06
⚫ | ATCCode_suffix = AD19
⚫ | ATC_Supplemental = {{ATC|A12|CC04}}, {{ATC|B05|CB03}} }}
⚫ | Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
⚫ | C=6|H=6|Mg=1|O=7
| Appearance = | Appearance =
| Density = | Density =
| MeltingPt = | MeltingPt =
| Melting_notes = | MeltingPt_notes =
| BoilingPt = | BoilingPt =
| Boiling_notes = | BoilingPt_notes =
| Solubility =20 g/100ml<!--CRC Handbook--> | Solubility = 20&nbsp;g/100ml<!--CRC Handbook-->
| SolubleOther = | SolubleOther =
| Solvent = | Solvent =
| pKa = | pKa =
| pKb = }} | pKb =
}}
| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure |Section3={{Chembox Structure
| CrystalStruct = | CrystalStruct =
| Coordination = | Coordination =
| MolShape = }} | MolShape =
}}
| Section4 = {{Chembox Thermochemistry |Section5={{Chembox Thermochemistry
| DeltaHf = | DeltaHf =
| DeltaHc = | DeltaHc =
| Entropy = | Entropy =
| HeatCapacity = }} | HeatCapacity =
}}
| Section5 = {{Chembox Pharmacology |Section6={{Chembox Pharmacology
⚫ | ATCCode_prefix = A06
⚫ | ATCCode_suffix = AD19
⚫ | ATC_Supplemental = {{ATC|A12|CC04}}, {{ATC|B05|CB03}}
| AdminRoutes = | AdminRoutes =
| Bioavail = | Bioavail =
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| Legal_AU = | Legal_AU =
| Legal_CA = | Legal_CA =
| Pregnancy_category =
| PregCat =
| PregCat_AU = | Pregnancy_AU =
}}
| PregCat_US = }}
| Section6 = {{Chembox Explosive |Section4={{Chembox Explosive
| ShockSens = | ShockSens =
| FrictionSens = | FrictionSens =
| ExplosiveV = | DetonationV =
| REFactor = }} | REFactor =
}}
| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards |Section7={{Chembox Hazards
| ExternalMSDS = | ExternalSDS =
| EUClass =
| EUIndex =
| MainHazards = | MainHazards =
| NFPA-H = | NFPA-H =
| NFPA-F = | NFPA-F =
| NFPA-R = | NFPA-R =
| NFPA-O = | NFPA-S =
| RPhrases =
| SPhrases =
| RSPhrases =
| FlashPt = | FlashPt =
| Autoignition = | AutoignitionPt =
| ExploLimits = | ExploLimits =
| PEL = }} | PEL =
}}
| Section8 = {{Chembox Related |Section8={{Chembox Related
| OtherAnions = | OtherAnions =
| OtherCations = | OtherCations =
| OtherFunctn = ] | OtherFunction = ]
| Function = salts | OtherFunction_label = salts
| OtherCompounds =
| OtherCpds = }}
}}
}} }}

'''Magnesium citrates''' are metal-organic compounds formed from ] and magnesium ions. They are salts. One form is the 1:1 ] in ] form with ] in a 1:1 ratio (1 ] ] per ] ]). It contains 11.33% magnesium by weight. Magnesium citrate (''sensu lato'') is used medicinally as a saline ] and to empty the bowel before major surgery or a ]. It is available without a prescription, both as a generic and under various brand names. It is also used in the pill form as a magnesium ]. As a ], magnesium citrate is used to regulate acidity and is known as ] E345.

==Structures==
The structures of solid magnesium citrates have been characterized by ]. In the 1:1 salt, only one carboxylate of citrate is deprotonated. It has the formula {{chem2|Mg(H2C6H5O7)2}} The other form of magnesium citrate has the formula {{chem2|Mg(HC6H5O7)(H2O)2}}, consisting of the citrate dianion (both carboxylic acids are deprotonated).<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1107/S2056989020011913|pmc=7534234 |title=Crystal structures of two magnesium citrates from powder diffraction data |date=2020 |last1=Kaduk |first1=James A. |journal=Acta Crystallographica Section E |volume=76 |issue=10 |pages=1611–1616 |pmid=33117574 |bibcode=2020AcCrE..76.1611K }}</ref> Thus, it is clear that name "magnesium citrate" is ambiguous and sometimes may refer to other salts such as ] which has a magnesium:citrate ratio of 3:2, or monomagnesium dicitrate with a ratio of 1:2, or a mix of two or three of the salts of magnesium and citric acid.

== Mechanism of action ==
Magnesium citrate works by attracting water through the tissues by a process known as ]. Once in the intestine, it can attract enough water into the intestine to induce defecation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Song |first1=Ki Hwan |last2=Suh |first2=Wu Seok |last3=Jeong |first3=Jin Sik |last4=Kim |first4=Dong Sik |last5=Kim |first5=Sang Woo |last6=Kwak |first6=Dong Min |last7=Hwang |first7=Jong Seong |last8=Kim |first8=Hyun Jin |last9=Park |first9=Man Woo |last10=Shim |first10=Min Chul |last11=Koo |first11=Ja-Il |date=October 2014 |title=Effectiveness of Sodium Picosulfate/Magnesium Citrate (PICO) for Colonoscopy Preparation |journal=Annals of Coloproctology |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=222–227 |doi=10.3393/ac.2014.30.5.222 |issn=2287-9714 |pmc=4213938 |pmid=25360429}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ogbru |first=Omudhome, PharmD |date=2 December 2021 |title=Magnesium Citrate |url=https://www.medicinenet.com/magnesium_citrate-oral/article.htm |website=medicinenet.com}}</ref> The additional water stimulates bowel motility. This means it can also be used to treat rectal and colon problems. Magnesium citrate functions best on an empty stomach, and should always be followed with a full (eight-ounce or 250 ml) glass of water or juice to help counteract water loss and aid in absorption. Magnesium citrate solutions generally produce bowel movement in one-half to three hours.<ref name=webmd>{{cite web|url=http://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-522-2202/magnesium-citrate-oral/magnesium-citrate-oral/details|title=Magnesium Citrate|access-date=31 August 2017|publisher=WebMD}}</ref>

== Use and dosage ==
The maximum upper tolerance limit (UTL) for magnesium in supplement form for adults is 350&nbsp;mg of elemental magnesium per day, according to the ] (NIH).<ref>{{cite web| url= http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/magnesium.asp |title= Magnesium| publisher= Office of Dietary Supplements, ] | website= ods.od.nih.gov| place= US}}</ref> In addition, according to the NIH, total dietary requirements for magnesium from all sources (in other words, food and supplements) is 320–420&nbsp;mg of elemental magnesium per day, though there is no UT for dietary magnesium.

===Laxative===
Magnesium citrate is used as a laxative agent.<ref>{{cite web |title=Magnesium Citrate: MedlinePlus Drug Information |url=https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a619019.html |website=medlineplus.gov |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Magnesium Citrate – an overview {{!}} ScienceDirect Topics |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/magnesium-citrate |website=sciencedirect.com}}</ref> It is not recommended for use in children and infants two years of age or less.<ref>{{Medicinenet|magnesium_citrate-oral}}</ref>

===Magnesium deficiency treatment===
Although less common, as a magnesium supplement the citrate form is sometimes used because it is believed to be more bioavailable than other common pill forms, such as ].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Schuchardt |first1=Jan Philipp |last2=Hahn |first2=Andreas |date=2017 |title=Intestinal Absorption and Factors Influencing Bioavailability of Magnesium- An Update|url=http://www.eurekaselect.com/151969/article |journal=Current Nutrition & Food Science |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=260–278 |doi=10.2174/1573401313666170427162740|via=Bentham Science |pmc=5652077 |pmid=29123461}}</ref>{{citation needed |date= January 2011}} But, according to one study, ] was found to be marginally more bioavailable than even magnesium citrate.<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Coudray |first1 = C |last2 = Rambeau |first2 = M| last3 = Feillet-Coudray |first3 = C |last4 = Gueux |first4 = E |last5 = Tressol |first5 = JC |last6 = Mazur |first6 = A |last7 = Rayssiguier |first7 = Y |display-authors= 3 |title = Study of magnesium bioavailability from ten organic and inorganic Mg salts in Mg-depleted rats using a stable isotope approach |journal = ] |volume = 18 |issue = 4 |pages = 215–23 |date = December 2005 |pmid = 16548135}}</ref>

Potassium-magnesium citrate, as a supplement in pill form, is useful for the prevention of ]s.<ref>{{cite journal
|last1 = Ettinger |first1 = B
|last2 = Pak |first2 = CY
|last3 = Citron |first3 = JT
|last4 = Thomas |first4 = C
|last5 = Adams-Huet |first5 = B
|last6 = Vangessel |first6 = A
|title = Potassium-magnesium citrate is an effective prophylaxis against recurrent calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis
|journal = ] |volume = 158 |issue = 6 |pages = 2069–73 |date = December 1997 |pmid = 9366314 |doi = 10.1016/S0022-5347(01)68155-2
}}</ref>

== Side effects ==
Magnesium citrate is generally not a harmful substance, but care should be taken by consulting a healthcare professional if any adverse health problems are suspected or experienced. Extreme magnesium overdose can result in serious complications such as ], ], nausea, drowsiness, etc. If severe enough, an overdose can even result in ] or death.<ref>. Cerner Multum. Drugs.com. 12 April 2009.</ref> However, a moderate overdose will be excreted through the kidneys, unless one has serious kidney problems. Rectal bleeding or failure to have a bowel movement after use could be signs of a serious condition.

== See also ==
* ]
* ]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* . MedicineNet.
* . Drugs.com.

{{Magnesium compounds}}
{{Laxatives}}
{{Mineral supplements}}
{{Blood substitutes and perfusion solutions}}

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