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	{{chembox		{{chembox
			| Watchedfields = changed
	| verifiedrevid = 443930439		| verifiedrevid = 443932332
	| ImageFile=magnesium stearate.png		| ImageFile=magnesium stearate.png
	| ImageSize=250px		| ImageSize=250px
	| Name = Magnesium stearate
	| IUPACName = Magnesium octadecanoate		| Name = Magnesium stearate
			| IUPACName = Magnesium octadecanoate
	| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers		|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers
	| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}		| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} {CH}
	| ChemSpiderID = 10704		| ChemSpiderID = 10704
	| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}		| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
Line 18:		Line 19:
	| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}		| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
	| CASNo = 557-04-0		| CASNo = 557-04-0
	| PubChem = 11177		| PubChem = 11177
	| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}		| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
	| ChEBI = 9254		| ChEBI = 9254
	| SMILES = .C(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC.C(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC		| SMILES = .C(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC.C(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
	}}		}}
	| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties		|Section2={{Chembox Properties
	| Formula = {{chem|Mg({{chem|C|18|H|35|O|2}})|2}}		| Formula = {{chem|Mg({{chem|C|18|H|35|O|2}})|2}}
	| MolarMass = 591.27 g/mol		| MolarMass = 591.27 g/mol
	| Appearance = light white powder		| Appearance = light white powder
	| Odor = slight		| Odor = slight
	| MeltingPtC = 88		| MeltingPtC = 88.5
		⚫	| BoilingPt =
			| Solubility = 0.003 g/100 mL (15 °C) <br /> 0.004 g/100 mL (25 °C) <br /> 0.008 g/100 mL (50 °C)
⚫	| BoilingPt =
		⚫	| SolubleOther = negligible in ] and ] <br /> slightly soluble in ]
	| Solubility = negligible
			| Density = 1.026 g/cm<sup>3</sup>
⚫	| SolubleOther = insoluble in ] <br> slightly soluble in ]
	}}		}}
	| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards		|Section7={{Chembox Hazards
	| ExternalMSDS = }}		| ExternalSDS =
	| FlashPt = 250 °C		| FlashPtC = 250
	| LD50 = > 1000 mg/kg (oral, rat)		| LD50 = > 1000 mg/kg (oral, rat)
			| NFPA-H = 1
			| NFPA-F = 1
			| NFPA-R = 0
			}}
	}}		}}
	'''Magnesium stearate''', also called ''octadecanoic acid, magnesium salt'', is a white substance which is solid at room temperature. It has the chemical formula {{chem|Mg({{chem|C|18|H|35|O|2}})|2}}. It is a salt containing two equivalents of stearate (the anion of ]) and one ] cation (Mg<sup>2+</sup>). Magnesium stearate melts at about 88&nbsp;°C, is not soluble in water, and is generally considered safe for human consumption at levels below 2500 mg/kg per day.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/0300-483X(80)90026-8 | author = D. Søndergaarda, O. Meyera and G. Würtzena | title = Magnesium stearate given peroprally to rats. A short term study | journal = Toxicology | volume = 17 | issue = 1 | year = 1980 | pages =51–55 | pmid = 7434368}}</ref> In 1979, FDA's Subcommittee on GRAS (generally recognized as safe) Substances (SCOGS) reported, "There is no evidence in the available information on&nbsp;... magnesium stearate&nbsp;... that demonstrates, or suggests reasonable grounds to suspect, a hazard to the public when they are used at levels that are now current and in the manner now practiced, or which might reasonably be expected in the future."<ref>; Report No. 60; ID Code: 557-04-0; Year: 1979</ref>		'''Magnesium stearate''' is the chemical compound with the formula {{chem|Mg({{chem|C|18|H|35|O|2}})|2}}. It is a soap, consisting of ] containing two equivalents of stearate (the anion of ]) and one ] cation (Mg<sup>2+</sup>). Magnesium stearate is a white, water-insoluble powder. Its applications exploit its softness, insolubility in many solvents, and low toxicity. It is used as a ] and as a component or lubricant in the production of pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.<ref name=Ullmann>Angelo Nora, Alfred Szczepanek, Gunther Koenen, "Metallic Soaps" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2005 Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. {{doi|10.1002/14356007.a16_361}}</ref>
			==Manufacturing==
	Magnesium stearate is often used as a ]<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1021/cen-v086n001.p025 | year = 2008 | volume = 86 | issue = 1 | pages = 25 | title = What's That Stuff? Excipients: Inactive ingredients in medicines serve multiple functions in drug delivery | author = Steve Ritter | journal = ] | url = http://pubs.acs.org/cen/whatstuff/86/8601sci3.html}}</ref> in the manufacture of medical tablets, capsules and powders.<ref>
			Magnesium stearate is produced by the reaction of ] with magnesium salts or by treating magnesium oxide with stearic acid.<ref name=Ullmann/><ref>{{cite journal |author=A. G. Dobson and H. H. Hatt|doi=10.15227/orgsyn.033.0084|title=Stearone |journal=Organic Syntheses |year=1953 |volume=33 |page=84 }}</ref>
	{{Cite book
	| isbn = 0824728246, 9780824728243
	| page = 2274
	| last = Sworbrick
	| first = James
	| coauthors = James C. Boylan
	| title = Encyclopedia of pharmaceutical technology
	| date = 1990
	}}</ref> In this regard, the substance is also useful, because it has ] properties, preventing ingredients from sticking to manufacturing equipment during the compression of chemical powders into solid tablets; magnesium stearate is the most commonly used lubricant for tablets.<ref>
	{{Cite book
	| isbn = 0824782100, 9780824782108
	| page = 10
	| last = Weiner
	| first = Myra L.
	| coauthors = Lois A. Kotkoskie
	| title = Excipient Toxicity and Safety
	| date = 1999
	}}</ref> Studies have shown that magnesium stearate may affect the release time of the active ingredients in tablets, etc., but not that it reduces the over-all bioavailability of those ingredients.<ref>Alija Uzunović, Edina Vranić; "Effect Of Magnesium Stearate Concentration On Dissolution Properties Of Ranitidine Hydrochloride Coated Tablets"; '']'', 2007, 7(3): 279-283</ref><ref>Natalie D. Eddington, Muhammad Ashraf, Larry L. Augsburger, James L. Leslie, Michael J. Fossler, Lawrence J. Lesko, Vinod P. Shah, Gurvinder Singh Rekhi; "Identification of Formulation and Manufacturing Variables That Influence In Vitro Dissolution and In Vivo Bioavailability of Propranolol Hydrochloride Tablets"; ''Pharmaceutical Development and Technology'', Volume 3, Issue 4 November 1998 , pages 535 - 547</ref> As a food additive or pharmaceutical excipient, its ] is E470b.
			==Uses==
	Magnesium stearate is also used to bind sugar in hard candies and is a common ingredient in baby formulas. In pure powder form, the substance can be a ] hazard, although this issue is effectively insignificant beyond the manufacturing plants using it.<ref>{{ICSC|1403|14}}</ref>
			Magnesium stearate is often used as an ]<ref>{{cite journal |doi= 10.1021/cen-v086n001.p025 |year= 2008 |volume= 86 |issue= 1 |pages= 25 |title= What's That Stuff? Excipients: Inactive ingredients in medicines serve multiple functions in drug delivery |first= Steve |last= Ritter |journal= ] |url= http://pubs.acs.org/cen/whatstuff/86/8601sci3.html}}</ref> in the manufacture of medical tablets, capsules and powders.<ref>{{Cite book |isbn= 978-0-8247-2824-3 |page= 2274 |last1= Sworbrick |first1= James |first2= James C. |last2= Boylan |title= Encyclopedia of pharmaceutical technology |date= 1990|publisher= Taylor & Francis }}</ref> In this regard, the substance is also useful because it has ] properties, preventing ingredients from sticking to manufacturing equipment during the compression of chemical powders into solid tablets; magnesium stearate is the most commonly used lubricant for tablets.<ref>{{Cite book |isbn= 978-0-8247-8210-8 |page= |last1= Weiner |first1= Myra L. |first2= Lois A. |last2= Kotkoskie |title= Excipient Toxicity and Safety |date= 1999 |publisher= Taylor & Francis |url-access= registration |url= https://archive.org/details/excipienttoxicit103wein/page/10 }}</ref> However, it might cause lower wettability and slower disintegration of the tablets and slower and even lower dissolution of the drug.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Demuth|display-authors=etal|title=Investigation of Deteriorated Dissolution of Amorphous Itraconazole: Description of Incompatibility with Magnesium Stearate and Possible Solutions|journal=Molecular Pharmaceutics|date=2017|volume=14|issue=11|pages=3927–3934|doi=10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00629|pmid=28972782|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320207928}}</ref>
			Magnesium stearate can also be used efficiently in dry coating processes.<ref>{{cite journal |author = Ouabbas Y, Dodds J., Galet L., Chamayou A., Baron M. | title = Particle-particle coating in a cyclomix impact mixer | journal = Powder Technol. | volume = 189 | issue = 2 | date = 2009 |pages = 245–252 | doi = 10.1016/j.powtec.2008.04.031| url = https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01593335/file/particle-particle-coating.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author = Thomas G., Ouabbas Y., Grosseau P., Baron M., Chamayou A., Galet L.| title = Modeling the main interaction forces between powder particles. Application to silica gel-magnesium stearate mixtures | journal = Applied Surface Science | volume = 255 | issue = 17 | date = 2009 |pages = 7500–7507 | doi = 10.1016/j.apsusc.2009.03.099| bibcode = 2009ApSS..255.7500T | citeseerx = 10.1.1.591.1899 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author = Sato A., Serris E., Grosseau P., Thomas G., Galet L., Chamayou A., Baron M.| title = Experiment and simulation of dry particle coating | journal = Chem. Eng. Science | volume = 86 | date = 2013 |pages = 164–172 | doi = 10.1016/j.ces.2012.07.037| bibcode = 2013ChEnS..86..164S | url = https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00616515/file/AS-Lausanne-Orig.pdf }}</ref>
			In the production of pressed candies, magnesium stearate serves as a ]. It is also used to bind sugar in hard candies such as mints.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Common Food Additives in Candy|author=Aurora Saulo Hodgson|publisher=]|date=April 2002|journal=Food Safety and Technology|volume=9|url=https://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/FST-9.pdf|access-date=2024-07-23}}</ref>
	Magnesium stearate is manufactured from both animal and vegetable oils. Some nutritional supplements specify that the magnesium stearate used is sourced from vegetables.
			Magnesium stearate is a common ingredient in baby formulas.<ref name=Ullmann2>{{cite book | author = Erich Lück and Gert-Wolfhard von Rymon Lipinski | title = Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry | date = 2002 | publisher = Wiley-VCH | location = Weinheim| doi = 10.1002/14356007.a11_561| isbn = 978-3-527-30673-2 | chapter = Foods, 3. Food Additives }}</ref>
⚫	Magnesium stearate is a major component of "bathtub rings". When produced by soap and hard water, magnesium stearate and ] both form a white solid insoluble in water, and are collectively known as "]".<ref>Anne Marie Helmenstine; ; retrieved 19 Mar 2010</ref>
			In the ] and ] it is listed as food additive ].
			==Occurrence==
		⚫	When produced by soap and ], magnesium stearate and ] both form a white solid insoluble in water, and are collectively known as ]. This scum is a major component of the common “ring” of scum around a drained bathtub.
			==Safety==
			Magnesium stearate is generally considered safe for human consumption at levels below 2500&nbsp;mg per kg of body weight per day<ref>{{Cite journal |doi= 10.1016/0300-483X(80)90026-8 |first1= D. |last1= Søndergaarda |first2= O. |last2= Meyera |first3= G. |last3= Würtzena |title= Magnesium stearate given peroprally to rats. A short term study |journal= Toxicology |volume= 17 |issue= 1 |year= 1980 |pages= 51–55 |pmid= 7434368}}</ref> and is classified in the United States as ] (GRAS). In 1979, the FDA's Subcommittee on GRAS Substances (SCOGS) reported, "There is no evidence in the available information on&nbsp;... magnesium stearate&nbsp;... that demonstrates, or suggests reasonable grounds to suspect, a hazard to the public when they are used at levels that are now current and in the manner now practiced, or which might reasonably be expected in the future."<ref>; Report No. 60; ID Code: 557-04-0; Year: 1979</ref>
	==References==		==References==
	<references/>		<references/>
			{{Stearates}}
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