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Revision as of 16:45, 13 August 2011 editZéroBot (talk | contribs)704,777 editsm r2.7.1) (robot Adding: fr:Disulfure de molybdène← Previous edit		Latest revision as of 16:47, 13 September 2024 edit undoBernardirfan (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users10,991 edits Replacing {{chem}} with {{chem2}}, Replacing HTML with {{chem2}}, Unformatted chemical formula
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	{{chembox		{{chembox
			|Verifiedfields = changed
	| verifiedrevid = 444016513
			|Watchedfields = changed
	| Name = Molybdenum disulfide
			|verifiedrevid = 444652607
	| ImageFile = MoS2chips.jpg
			|Name = Molybdenum disulfide
	| ImageFile2 = Molybdenite-3D-balls.png
			|ImageFile = MoS2chips.jpg
	| ImageSize = 200px
			|ImageFile2 = Molybdenite-3D-balls.png
	| ImageName = Molybdenum disulfide
	| IUPACName = Molybdenum disulfide		|ImageName = Molybdenum disulfide
			|IUPACName = Molybdenum disulfide
	| OtherNames = ]
			|OtherNames = Molybdenum(IV) sulfide
	| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
			|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers
	| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
			|ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
	| ChemSpiderID = 14138
			|ChemSpiderID = 14138
	| InChI = 1/Mo.2S/rMoS2/c2-1-3
			|InChI = 1/Mo.2S/rMoS2/c2-1-3
	| InChIKey = CWQXQMHSOZUFJS-FRBXWHJUAU
			|InChIKey = CWQXQMHSOZUFJS-FRBXWHJUAU
	| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
			|ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
	| ChEBI = 30704
	| SMILES = S==S		|ChEBI = 30704
			|SMILES = S==S
	| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
			|StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
	| StdInChI = 1S/Mo.2S
			|StdInChI = 1S/Mo.2S
	| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
			|StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
	| StdInChIKey = CWQXQMHSOZUFJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
			|StdInChIKey = CWQXQMHSOZUFJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
	| CASNo = 1317-33-5
			|CASNo = 1317-33-5
	| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
			|CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
	| RTECS = QA4697000
			|UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
	}}
			|UNII = ZC8B4P503V
	| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
			|RTECS = QA4697000
	| Formula = MoS<sub>2</sub>
			|PubChem = 14823
	| MolarMass = 160.07 g/mol
	| Appearance = black solid
	| Density = 5.06 g/cm<sup>3</sup>
	| MeltingPt = 1185 °C decomp.
	}}
	| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure
	| CrystalStruct = ], ], ] P6<sub>3</sub>/mmc, No 194
	| Coordination = ]atic (Mo<sup>IV</sup>)<br/>Pyramidal (S<sup>2−</sup>)
	}}
	| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards
	| ExternalMSDS =
	| EUIndex = not listed
	| EUClass =
	| RPhrases =
	| SPhrases =
	| NFPA-H =
	| NFPA-F =
	| NFPA-R =
	| FlashPt =
	}}
	| Section8 = {{Chembox Related
	| OtherAnions = ]
	| OtherCations = ]
	| OtherFunctn = ]
	| Function = ]s
	}}
	}}		}}
			|Section2={{Chembox Properties
			|Mo=1|S=2
			|Appearance = black/lead-gray solid
			|Density = 5.06 g/cm<sup>3</sup><ref name=b92>{{RubberBible92nd|page=4.76}}</ref>
			|MeltingPtC = 2375
			|MeltingPt_ref = <ref name="PubChemMoS2">{{cite web |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/14823#section=Color |title=Molybdenum Disulfide |publisher=PubChem |access-date=August 31, 2018}}</ref>
			|Solubility = insoluble<ref name=b92/>
			|SolubleOther = decomposed by ], hot ], ] <br> insoluble in dilute acids
			|BandGap = 1.23 eV (indirect, 3R or 2H bulk)<ref name=band>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevB.51.17085| pmid = 9978722| title = Electronic structure and scanning-tunneling-microscopy image of molybdenum dichalcogenide surfaces| journal = Physical Review B| volume = 51| issue = 23| pages = 17085–17095| year = 1995| last1 = Kobayashi | first1 = K. | last2 = Yamauchi | first2 = J. | bibcode = 1995PhRvB..5117085K}}</ref><br>~1.8 eV (direct, monolayer)<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1103/PhysRevB.85.033305|title=Thickness and strain effects on electronic structures of transition metal dichalcogenides: 2H-''MX''<sub>2</sub> semiconductors (''M'' = Mo, W; ''X'' = S, Se, Te)|journal=Physical Review B|volume=85|issue=3|pages=033305|year=2012|last1=Yun|first1=Won Seok|last2=Han|first2=S. W.|last3=Hong|first3=Soon Cheol|last4=Kim|first4=In Gee|last5=Lee|first5=J. D.|bibcode=2012PhRvB..85c3305Y}}</ref>
			}}
			|Section3={{Chembox Structure
			|CrystalStruct = ], ], No. 194 (2H)<br>
			], ], No 160 (3R)<ref name=str>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1107/S0108768183002645| title = Anisotropic mean-square displacements (MSD) in single-crystals of 2H- and 3R-MoS<sub>2</sub>| journal = Acta Crystallographica Section B| volume = 39| issue = 4| pages = 404–407| year = 1983| last1 = Schönfeld | first1 = B.| last2 = Huang | first2 = J. J.| last3 = Moss | first3 = S. C.| doi-access = free| bibcode = 1983AcCrB..39..404S}}</ref>
			|LattConst_a = 0.3161 nm (2H), 0.3163 nm (3R)
			|LattConst_c = 1.2295 nm (2H), 1.837 (3R)
			|Coordination = ]atic ({{chem2|Mo^{IV}|}})<br/>Pyramidal ({{chem2|S(2−)}})
			}}
			|Section5={{Chembox Thermochemistry
			|DeltaHf = −235.10 kJ/mol
			|DeltaGf = −225.89 kJ/mol
			|Entropy = 62.63 J/(mol·K)
			}}
			|Section7={{Chembox Hazards
			|ExternalSDS =
			}}
			|Section8={{Chembox Related
			|OtherAnions = ] <br/> ] <br/> ]
			|OtherCations = ]
			|OtherFunction = ]
			|OtherFunction_label = ]s
			}}
			}}
			{{Redirect-distinguish|Molybdenum sulfide|Molybdenum trisulfide}}
			'''Molybdenum disulfide''' (or moly) is an ] composed of ] and ]. Its ] is '''{{chem2|MoS2}}'''.
	'''Molybdenum disulfide''' is the ] with the ] MoS<sub>2</sub>. This black crystalline ] of ] occurs as the mineral ]. It is the principal ore from which molybdenum metal is extracted. The natural amorphous form is known as the rarer mineral jordisite. MoS<sub>2</sub> is less reactive than other ] ]s, being unaffected by dilute ]s. In its appearance and feel, molybdenum disulfide is similar to ]. Indeed, like graphite, it is widely used as a solid lubricant because of its low friction properties, sometimes to relatively high temperatures.
			The compound is classified as a ]. It is a silvery black solid that occurs as the mineral ], the principal ore for molybdenum.<ref name=ullmann>Sebenik, Roger F. ''et al''. (2005) "Molybdenum and Molybdenum Compounds", ''Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology''. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. {{doi| 10.1002/14356007.a16_655}}</ref> {{chem2|MoS2}} is relatively unreactive. It is unaffected by dilute ]s and ]. In appearance and feel, molybdenum disulfide is similar to ]. It is widely used as a ] because of its low ] and robustness. Bulk {{chem2|MoS2}} is a ], ] semiconductor similar to ], with a bandgap of 1.23 eV.<ref name=band/>
	==Production==
	]
	Molybdenite ore is processed by ] to give relatively pure MoS<sub>2</sub>, the main contaminant being carbon. MoS<sub>2</sub> also arises by the thermal treatment of virtually all molybdenum compounds with ].
	] is the principal ore from which molybdenum metal is extracted.<ref name=ullmann>Roger F. Sebenik et al. "Molybdenum and Molybdenum Compounds" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology 2005; Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. {{DOI|10.1002/14356007.a16_655}}</ref>
			== Production ==
	==Structure and physical properties==
			]{{chem2|MoS2}} is naturally found as either ], a crystalline mineral, or jordisite, a rare low temperature form of molybdenite.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mindat.org/min-2114.html|title=Jordisite|website=www.mindat.org}}</ref> Molybdenite ore is processed by ] to give relatively pure {{chem2|MoS2}}. The main contaminant is carbon. {{chem2|MoS2}} also arises by thermal treatment of virtually all molybdenum compounds with ] or elemental sulfur and can be produced by metathesis reactions from ].<ref>{{cite book | author= Murphy, Donald W. |author2= Interrante, Leonard V. | year = 1995 | title = Inorganic Syntheses | volume = 30 | pages = 33–37 | doi = 10.1002/9780470132616.ch8 |last3= Kaner |last4= Mansuktto |chapter= Metathetical Precursor Route to Molybdenum Disulfide |isbn= 9780470132616}}</ref>
	In MoS<sub>2</sub>, each Mo(IV) center occupies a trigonal prismatic coordination sphere, being bound to six sulfide ligands. Each sulfur centre is pyramidal, being connected to three Mo centres. In this way, the trigonal prisms are interconnected to give a layered structure, wherein molybdenum atoms are sandwiched between layers of sulfur atoms.<ref>{{cite book| author = Wells, A.F. | year =1984| title = Structural Inorganic Chemistry| location = Oxford| publisher = Clarendon Press| isbn = 0-19-855370-6}}</ref> Because of the weak ] interactions between the sheets of sulfide atoms, MoS<sub>2</sub> has a low ], resulting in its lubricating properties. Other layered inorganic materials exhibit lubricating properties (collectively known as ]s or ]s) including graphite, which requires volatile additives, and hexagonal ].<ref>{{cite book| author = Thorsten Bartels ''et al.'' | chapter =Lubricants and Lubrication| title = Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry| publisher = Wiley VCH| location = Weinheim| year = 2002| doi = 10.1002/14356007.a15_423}}</ref>
			== Structure and physical properties ==
	MoS<sub>2</sub> is diamagnetic and a ].
			] of molybdenum disulfide. Scale bar: 1 nm.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1038/ncomms7293| pmid = 25695374| pmc = 4346634| title = Exploring atomic defects in molybdenum disulphide monolayers| journal = ]| volume = 6| pages = 6293| year = 2015| last1 = Hong | first1 = J. | last2 = Hu | first2 = Z. | last3 = Probert | first3 = M. | last4 = Li | first4 = K. | last5 = Lv | first5 = D. | last6 = Yang | first6 = X. | last7 = Gu | first7 = L. | last8 = Mao | first8 = N. | last9 = Feng | first9 = Q. | last10 = Xie | first10 = L. | last11 = Zhang | first11 = J. | last12 = Wu | first12 = D. | last13 = Zhang | first13 = Z. | last14 = Jin | first14 = C. | last15 = Ji | first15 = W. | last16 = Zhang | first16 = X. | last17 = Yuan | first17 = J. | last18 = Zhang | first18 = Z. | bibcode = 2015NatCo...6.6293H}}</ref>]]
			=== Crystalline phases ===
	==Chemical properties==
			All forms of {{chem2|MoS2}} have a layered structure, in which a plane of molybdenum atoms is sandwiched by planes of sulfide ions. These three strata form a monolayer of {{chem2|MoS2}}. Bulk {{chem2|MoS2}} consists of stacked monolayers, which are held together by weak ].
	Molybdenum disulfide is stable in air or oxygen at normal conditions, but reacts with oxygen upon heating forming ]:
	:2 MoS<sub>2</sub> + 9 O<sub>2</sub> → 2 MoO<sub>3</sub> + 4 SO<sub>3</sub>
			Crystalline {{chem2|MoS2}} exists in one of two phases, 2H-{{chem2|MoS2}} and 3R-{{chem2|MoS2}}, where the "H" and the "R" indicate hexagonal and rhombohedral symmetry, respectively. In both of these structures, each molybdenum atom exists at the center of a ]atic ] and is covalently bonded to six sulfide ions. Each sulfur atom has pyramidal coordination and is bonded to three molybdenum atoms. Both the 2H- and 3R-phases are semiconducting.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.springer.com/series/562|title=Gmelin Handbook of Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry - 8th edition|language=de}}</ref>
	Chlorine attacks molybdenum disulfide at elevated temperatures to form molybdenum pentachloride:
	:2 MoS<sub>2</sub> + 7 Cl<sub>2</sub> → 2 MoCl<sub>5</sub> + 2 S<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>
			A third, metastable crystalline phase known as 1T-{{chem2|MoS2}} was discovered by intercalating 2H-{{chem2|MoS2}} with ].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wypych|first1=Fernando|last2=Schöllhorn|first2=Robert|date=1992-01-01|title=1T-MoS2, a new metallic modification of molybdenum disulfide|url=http://pubs.rsc.org/is/content/articlehtml/1992/c3/c39920001386|journal=Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications|language=en|issue=19|pages=1386–1388|doi=10.1039/C39920001386|issn=0022-4936}}</ref> This phase has trigonal symmetry and is metallic. The 1T-phase can be stabilized through doping with electron donors such as ],<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Enyashin|first1=Andrey N.|last2=Yadgarov|first2=Lena|last3=Houben|first3=Lothar|last4=Popov|first4=Igor|last5=Weidenbach|first5=Marc|last6=Tenne|first6=Reshef|last7=Bar-Sadan|first7=Maya|last8=Seifert|first8=Gotthard|date=2011-12-22|title=New Route for Stabilization of 1T-WS2 and MoS2 Phases|journal=The Journal of Physical Chemistry C|volume=115|issue=50|pages=24586–24591|doi=10.1021/jp2076325|issn=1932-7447|arxiv=1110.3848|s2cid=95117205}}</ref> or converted back to the 2H-phase by microwave radiation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Xu|first1=Danyun|last2=Zhu|first2=Yuanzhi|last3=Liu|first3=Jiapeng|last4=Li|first4=Yang|last5=Peng|first5=Wenchao|last6=Zhang|first6=Guoliang|last7=Zhang|first7=Fengbao|last8=Fan|first8=Xiaobin|date=2016|title=Microwave-assisted 1T to 2H phase reversion of MoS 2 in solution: a fast route to processable dispersions of 2H-MoS 2 nanosheets and nanocomposites|journal=Nanotechnology|language=en|volume=27|issue=38|pages=385604|doi=10.1088/0957-4484/27/38/385604|pmid=27528593|issn=0957-4484|bibcode=2016Nanot..27L5604X|s2cid=23849142}}</ref> The 2H/1T-phase transition can be controlled via the incorporation of S ].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gan |first1=Xiaorong |last2=Lee |first2=Lawrence Yoon Suk |last3=Wong |first3=Kwok-yin |last4=Lo |first4=Tsz Wing |last5=Ho |first5=Kwun Hei |last6=Lei |first6=Dang Yuan |last7=Zhao |first7=Huimin |date=2018-09-24 |title=2H/1T Phase Transition of Multilayer MoS 2 by Electrochemical Incorporation of S Vacancies |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsaem.8b00875 |journal=ACS Applied Energy Materials |language=en |volume=1 |issue=9 |pages=4754–4765 |doi=10.1021/acsaem.8b00875 |s2cid=106014720 |issn=2574-0962}}</ref>
	Molybdenum disulfide reacts with alkyl lithium under controlled conditions to form intercalation compounds Li<sub>x</sub>MoS<sub>2</sub>. With ], the product is LiMoS<sub>2</sub>.<ref name=ullmann/>
			===Allotropes===
	==Use as lubricant==
			]-like and ]-like molecules composed of {{chem2|MoS2}} are known.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1039/B901466G| pmid = 20419198| title = Recent progress in the research of inorganic fullerene-like nanoparticles and inorganic nanotubes| journal = Chemical Society Reviews| volume = 39| issue = 5| pages = 1423–34| year = 2010| last1 = Tenne | first1 = R. | last2 = Redlich | first2 = M.}}</ref>
	MoS<sub>2</sub> with particle sizes in the range of 1–100&nbsp;µm is a common ]. Few alternatives exist that can confer the high lubricity and stability up to 350 °C in oxidizing environments. Sliding friction tests of MoS<sub>2</sub> using a ] at low loads (0.1–2 N) give friction coefficient values of <0.1.<ref>{{cite book| author =G. L. Miessler and D. A. Tarr | title =Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd Ed| publisher= Pearson/Prentice Hall publisher| isbn = 0-13-035471-6| year =2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| author =Shriver, D. F.; Atkins, P. W.; Overton, T. L.; Rourke, J. P.; Weller, M. T.; Armstrong, F. A. | title =Inorganic Chemistry| publisher = W. H. Freeman| location= New York| year = 2006| isbn = 0-7167-4878-9}}</ref>
			===Exfoliated {{chem2|MoS2}} flakes===
	Molybdenum disulfide is often a component of blends and composites where low friction is sought. A variety of ]s and ]s are used, because they retain their lubricity even in cases of almost complete oil loss, thus finding a use in critical applications such as ]s. When added to ]s, MoS<sub>2</sub> forms a ] with improved strength as well as reduced friction. Polymers that have been filled with MoS<sub>2</sub> include ] (with the ] ]), ], and ]. Self-lubricating composite coatings for high-temperature applications have been developed consisting of molybdenum disulfide and ] by ].<ref>{{cite web| accessdate = 2009-06-06| url = http://www.ornl.gov/info/press_releases/get_press_release.cfm?ReleaseNumber=mr19950329-01 | title= ORNL develops self-lubricating coating for engine parts}}</ref>
			While bulk {{chem2|MoS2}} in the 2H-phase is known to be an indirect-band gap semiconductor, monolayer {{chem2|MoS2}} has a direct band gap. The layer-dependent optoelectronic properties of {{chem2|MoS2}} have promoted much research in 2-dimensional {{chem2|MoS2}}-based devices. 2D {{chem2|MoS2}} can be produced by exfoliating bulk crystals to produce single-layer to few-layer flakes either through a dry, micromechanical process or through solution processing.
			Micromechanical exfoliation, also pragmatically called "]", involves using an adhesive material to repeatedly peel apart a layered crystal by overcoming the van der Waals forces. The crystal flakes can then be transferred from the adhesive film to a substrate. This facile method was first used by ] and ] to obtain graphene from graphite crystals. However, it can not be employed for a uniform 1-D layers because of weaker adhesion of {{chem2|MoS2}} to the substrate (either Si, glass or quartz); the aforementioned scheme is good for graphene only.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Novoselov|first1=K. S.|last2=Geim|first2=A. K.|last3=Morozov|first3=S. V.|last4=Jiang|first4=D.|last5=Zhang|first5=Y.|last6=Dubonos|first6=S. V.|last7=Grigorieva|first7=I. V.|last8=Firsov|first8=A. A.|date=2004-10-22|title=Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films|journal=Science|language=en|volume=306|issue=5696|pages=666–669|doi=10.1126/science.1102896|issn=0036-8075|pmid=15499015|bibcode=2004Sci...306..666N|arxiv=cond-mat/0410550|s2cid=5729649}}</ref> While Scotch tape is generally used as the adhesive tape, ] stamps can also satisfactorily cleave {{chem2|MoS2}} if it is important to avoid contaminating the flakes with residual adhesive.<ref name="Castellanos-Gomez-2012">{{Cite journal|last1=Castellanos-Gomez|first1=Andres|last2=Poot|first2=Menno|last3=Steele|first3=Gary A.|last4=van der Zant|first4=Herre S. J.|last5=Agraït|first5=Nicolás|last6=Rubio-Bollinger|first6=Gabino|date=2012-02-07|title=Elastic Properties of Freely Suspended MoS2 Nanosheets|journal=Advanced Materials|language=en|volume=24|issue=6|pages=772–775|doi=10.1002/adma.201103965|pmid=22231284|issn=1521-4095|arxiv=1202.4439|bibcode=2012AdM....24..772C |s2cid=205243099}}</ref>
	===Specific uses===
			Liquid-phase exfoliation can also be used to produce monolayer to multi-layer {{chem2|MoS2}} in solution. A few methods include lithium ]<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wan|first1=Jiayu|last2=Lacey|first2=Steven D.|last3=Dai|first3=Jiaqi|last4=Bao|first4=Wenzhong|last5=Fuhrer|first5=Michael S.|last6=Hu|first6=Liangbing|date=2016-12-05|title=Tuning two-dimensional nanomaterials by intercalation: materials, properties and applications|journal=Chemical Society Reviews|language=en|volume=45|issue=24|pages=6742–6765|doi=10.1039/C5CS00758E|pmid=27704060|issn=1460-4744}}</ref> to delaminate the layers and ] in a high-surface tension solvent.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Coleman|first1=Jonathan N.|last2=Lotya|first2=Mustafa|last3=O’Neill|first3=Arlene|last4=Bergin|first4=Shane D.|last5=King|first5=Paul J.|last6=Khan|first6=Umar|last7=Young|first7=Karen|last8=Gaucher|first8=Alexandre|last9=De|first9=Sukanta|date=2011-02-04|title=Two-Dimensional Nanosheets Produced by Liquid Exfoliation of Layered Materials|journal=Science|language=en|volume=331|issue=6017|pages=568–571|doi=10.1126/science.1194975|issn=0036-8075|pmid=21292974|bibcode=2011Sci...331..568C|hdl=2262/66458|s2cid=23576676 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Zhou|first1=Kai-Ge|last2=Mao|first2=Nan-Nan|last3=Wang|first3=Hang-Xing|last4=Peng|first4=Yong|last5=Zhang|first5=Hao-Li|date=2011-11-11|title=A Mixed-Solvent Strategy for Efficient Exfoliation of Inorganic Graphene Analogues|journal=Angewandte Chemie|language=en|volume=123|issue=46|pages=11031–11034|doi=10.1002/ange.201105364|bibcode=2011AngCh.12311031Z |issn=1521-3757}}</ref>
	MoS<sub>2</sub> is often used in ]s; e.g., motorcycle engines. It is also used in ] and ]s. MoS<sub>2</sub>-coatings allow ]s easier passage through the rifle barrel causing less barrel fouling allowing the barrel to retain ballistic accuracy much longer.<ref>{{cite web| accessdate = 2009-06-06| url = http://www.norma.cc/content.asp?Typ=27&Lang=2&DocumentID=398&Submeny=3&Rubrik=Diamond%20line&Title=Barrels%20retain%20accuracy%20longer%20with%20Diamond%20Line| title = Barrels retain accuracy longer with Diamond Line| publisher=Norma}}</ref> This resistance to barrel fouling comes at a cost of lower muzzle velocity with the same load due to a decreased chamber pressure.MoS<sub>2</sub> is applied to bearings in ] applications up to 10<sup>−9</sup> torr (at −226 to 399 °C). The lubricant is applied by burnishing and the excess is wiped from the bearing surface.<ref>{{cite web| accessdate = 2009-08-18| url = http://www.polysi.com/dow%20corning%20msds%20sheets/.../DC%20Z%20powder.pdf| title = DOW CORNING Z moly-powder| publisher=Dow Corning}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
			=== Mechanical properties ===
	MoS<sub>2</sub> is also used in ski glide wax. Many ski wax manufacturers use it now to prevent static buildup in dry snow conditions and to add glide when sliding in dirty snow.<ref>{{cite web| accessdate = 2011-01-06| url = http://www.swixsport.com/dav/8dde5f4784.pdf| title = On dry lubricants in ski waxes| publisher=Swix Sport AX}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| accessdate = 2011-01-06| url = http://www.tokous.com/Chemical%20Makeup%20of%20Glide%20Wax.htm| title = GENERAL INFORMATION ON WAX| publisher=Toko}}</ref>
			{{chem2|MoS2}} excels as a lubricating material (see below) due to its layered structure and low ]. Interlayer sliding dissipates energy when a shear stress is applied to the material. Extensive work has been performed to characterize the coefficient of friction and shear strength of {{chem2|MoS2}} in various atmospheres.<ref name="Donnet-1996">{{Cite journal|last1=Donnet|first1=C.|last2=Martin|first2=J. M.|last3=Le Mogne|first3=Th.|last4=Belin|first4=M.|date=1996-02-01|title=Super-low friction of MoS2 coatings in various environments|journal=Tribology International|volume=29|issue=2|pages=123–128|doi=10.1016/0301-679X(95)00094-K}}</ref> The ] of {{chem2|MoS2}} increases as the coefficient of friction increases. This property is called ]. At ambient conditions, the coefficient of friction for {{chem2|MoS2}} was determined to be 0.150, with a corresponding estimated shear strength of 56.0 MPa (mega]s).<ref name="Donnet-1996" /> Direct methods of measuring the shear strength indicate that the value is closer to 25.3 MPa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Oviedo|first1=Juan Pablo|last2=KC|first2=Santosh|last3=Lu|first3=Ning|last4=Wang|first4=Jinguo|last5=Cho|first5=Kyeongjae|last6=Wallace|first6=Robert M.|last7=Kim|first7=Moon J.|date=2015-02-24|title=In Situ TEM Characterization of Shear-Stress-Induced Interlayer Sliding in the Cross Section View of Molybdenum Disulfide|journal=ACS Nano|volume=9|issue=2|pages=1543–1551|doi=10.1021/nn506052d|pmid=25494557|issn=1936-0851}}</ref>
			The wear resistance of {{chem2|MoS2}} in lubricating applications can be increased by ] {{chem2|MoS2}} with ]. Microindentation experiments on ]s of Cr-doped {{chem2|MoS2}} found that the yield strength increased from an average of 821 MPa for pure {{chem2|MoS2}} (at 0% Cr) to 1017 MPa at 50% Cr.<ref name="Tedstone-2015">{{Cite journal|last1=Tedstone|first1=Aleksander A.|last2=Lewis|first2=David J.|last3=Hao|first3=Rui|last4=Mao|first4=Shi-Min|last5=Bellon|first5=Pascal|last6=Averback|first6=Robert S.|last7=Warrens|first7=Christopher P.|last8=West|first8=Kevin R.|last9=Howard|first9=Philip|date=2015-09-23|title=Mechanical Properties of Molybdenum Disulfide and the Effect of Doping: An in Situ TEM Study|journal=ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces|volume=7|issue=37|pages=20829–20834|doi=10.1021/acsami.5b06055|pmid=26322958|issn=1944-8244|doi-access=free}}</ref> The increase in yield strength is accompanied by a change in the failure mode of the material. While the pure {{chem2|MoS2}} nanopillar fails through a plastic bending mechanism, brittle fracture modes become apparent as the material is loaded with increasing amounts of dopant.<ref name="Tedstone-2015"/>
	==Use in petrochemistry==
	Synthetic MoS<sub>2</sub> is employed as a ] for desulfurization in ]; e.g., ].<ref>{{cite book| author =Topsøe, H.; Clausen, B. S.; Massoth, F. E. | title =Hydrotreating Catalysis, Science and Technology| publisher = Springer-Verlag| location= Berlin| year = 1996}}</ref> The effectiveness of the MoS<sub>2</sub> catalysts is enhanced by ] with small amounts of cobalt or nickel and the intimate mixture is supported on ]. Such catalysts are generated in situ by treating molybdate/cobalt or nickel-impregnated alumina with H<sub>2</sub>S or an equivalent reagent.
			The widely used method of micromechanical exfoliation has been carefully studied in {{chem2|MoS2}} to understand the mechanism of delamination in few-layer to multi-layer flakes. The exact mechanism of cleavage was found to be layer dependent. Flakes thinner than 5 layers undergo homogenous bending and rippling, while flakes around 10 layers thick delaminated through interlayer sliding. Flakes with more than 20 layers exhibited a kinking mechanism during micromechanical cleavage. The cleavage of these flakes was also determined to be reversible due to the nature of van der Waals bonding.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tang|first1=Dai-Ming|last2=Kvashnin|first2=Dmitry G.|last3=Najmaei|first3=Sina|last4=Bando|first4=Yoshio|last5=Kimoto|first5=Koji|last6=Koskinen|first6=Pekka|last7=Ajayan|first7=Pulickel M.|last8=Yakobson|first8=Boris I.|last9=Sorokin|first9=Pavel B.|date=2014-04-03|title=Nanomechanical cleavage of molybdenum disulphide atomic layers|journal=Nature Communications|language=en|volume=5|pages=3631|doi=10.1038/ncomms4631|pmid=24698887|bibcode=2014NatCo...5.3631T|doi-access=free}}</ref>
	== Future developments ==
	=== Lubrication ===
	With the exception of hexagonal boron nitride, there are currently no clear lubrication alternatives to molybdenum disulfide or the very similar ] that can resist temperatures higher than 350 °C in oxidizing environments. Research has been conducted on ]s, which form during metallic surface sliding wear at several hundred degrees Celsius. However, because these oxide layers are physically unstable, their use has currently not proven practical.
			In recent years, {{chem2|MoS2}} has been utilized in flexible electronic applications, promoting more investigation into the elastic properties of this material. Nanoscopic bending tests using ] cantilever tips were performed on micromechanically exfoliated {{chem2|MoS2}} flakes that were deposited on a holey substrate.<ref name="Castellanos-Gomez-2012" /><ref name="Bertolazzi-2011">{{Cite journal|last1=Bertolazzi|first1=Simone|last2=Brivio|first2=Jacopo|last3=Kis|first3=Andras|title=Stretching and Breaking of Ultrathin MoS2|journal=ACS Nano|language=en|volume=5|issue=12|pages=9703–9709|doi=10.1021/nn203879f|pmid=22087740|year=2011|url=http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/170263}}</ref> The yield strength of monolayer flakes was 270 GPa,<ref name="Bertolazzi-2011" /> while the thicker flakes were also stiffer, with a yield strength of 330 GPa.<ref name="Castellanos-Gomez-2012" /> Molecular dynamic simulations found the in-plane yield strength of {{chem2|MoS2}} to be 229 GPa, which matches the experimental results within error.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jiang|first1=Jin-Wu|last2=Park|first2=Harold S.|last3=Rabczuk|first3=Timon|date=2013-08-12|title=Molecular dynamics simulations of single-layer molybdenum disulphide (MoS2): Stillinger-Weber parametrization, mechanical properties, and thermal conductivity|journal=Journal of Applied Physics|volume=114|issue=6|pages=064307–064307–10|doi=10.1063/1.4818414|issn=0021-8979|bibcode=2013JAP...114f4307J|arxiv=1307.7072|s2cid=119304891}}</ref>
	=== Photocatalyst ===
	When combined with ], MoS<sub>2</sub> increases the rate of photocatalytic ].<ref>{{cite web| accessdate = 2009-06-06| url = http://english.cas.ac.cn/eng2003/news/detailnewsb.asp?InfoNo=27192| title = CAS researchers discover low-cost photocatalyst for H2 production| publisher = Chinese Academy of Sciences}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
			Bertolazzi and coworkers also characterized the failure modes of the suspended monolayer flakes. The strain at failure ranges from 6 to 11%. The average yield strength of monolayer {{chem2|MoS2}} is 23 GPa, which is close to the theoretical fracture strength for defect-free {{chem2|MoS2}}.<ref name="Bertolazzi-2011" />
	=== Electronics ===
	Molybdenum disulfide has been found to have semi-conductive properties with distinct advantages over traditional silicon or germanium for use in electronics applications.<ref name="physorg">{{cite web|url=http://www.physorg.com/news/2011-01-transistors-alternative-silicon-graphene.html|title=New transistors: An alternative to silicon and better than graphene|publisher=]|date=January 30, 2011|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref>
			The band structure of {{chem2|MoS2}} is sensitive to strain.<ref>{{cite journal| first1=H. | last1=Li| first2= J. | last2=Wu| first3= Z. | last3=Yin | first4=H. | last4=Zhang| title=Preparation and Applications of Mechanically Exfoliated Single-Layer and Multilayer MoS<sub>2</sub> and WSe<sub>2</sub> Nanosheets| journal= Acc. Chem. Res.| year= 2014| volume= 47| issue=4| pages= 1067–75| doi=10.1021/ar4002312| pmid=24697842}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Novel effects of strains in graphene and other two dimensional materials|journal=Physics Reports|volume=1503|pages=1–54|doi= 10.1016/j.physrep.2015.12.006|year=2016|last1=Amorim|first1=B.|last2=Cortijo|first2=A.|last3=De Juan|first3=F.|last4=Grushin|first4=A.G.|last5=Guinea|first5=F.|last6=Gutiérrez-Rubio|first6=A.|last7=Ochoa|first7=H.|last8=Parente|first8=V.|last9=Roldán|first9=R.|last10=San-Jose|first10=P.|last11=Schiefele|first11=J.|last12=Sturla|first12=M.|last13=Vozmediano|first13=M.A.H.|bibcode=2016PhR...617....1A|arxiv=1503.00747|s2cid=118600177}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Zhang | first1 = X. | last2 = Lai | first2 = Z. | last3 = Tan | first3 = C. | last4 = Zhang | first4 = H. | year = 2016 | title = Solution-Processed Two-Dimensional MoS<sub>2</sub> Nanosheets: Preparation, Hybridization, and Applications | journal = Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. | volume = 55 | issue = 31| pages = 8816–8838 | doi = 10.1002/anie.201509933 | pmid = 27329783}}</ref>
	==References==
	{{reflist|2}}
			== Chemical reactions ==
	==Further reading==
			Molybdenum disulfide is stable in air and attacked only by aggressive ]s. It reacts with oxygen upon heating forming ]:
	*{{cite book| page =50| url =http://books.google.com/?id=IyB_rPo3osUC&pg=PA50| title =Progress in intercalation research| author = W. Müller-Warmuth, R. Schöllhorn| publisher= Springer| year = 1994| isbn =0792323572}}
			:{{chem2|2 MoS2 + 7 O2 → 2 MoO3 + 4 SO2}}
			] attacks molybdenum disulfide at elevated temperatures to form ]:
			:{{chem2|2 MoS2 + 7 Cl2 → 2 MoCl5 + 2 S2Cl2}}
			===Intercalation reactions===
			Molybdenum disulfide is a host for formation of ]. This behavior is relevant to its use as a cathode material in batteries.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Stephenson | first1 = T. | last2 = Li | first2 = Z. | last3 = Olsen | first3 = B. | last4 = Mitlin | first4 = D. | year = 2014 | title = Lithium Ion Battery Applications of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS<sub>2</sub>) Nanocomposites | journal = Energy Environ. Sci. | volume = 7 | pages = 209–31 | doi = 10.1039/C3EE42591F}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Benavente | first1 = E. | last2 = Santa Ana | first2 = M. A. | last3 = Mendizabal | first3 = F. | last4 = Gonzalez | first4 = G. | year = 2002 | title = Intercalation chemistry of molybdenum disulfide | journal = Coordination Chemistry Reviews | volume = 224 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 87–109 | doi = 10.1016/S0010-8545(01)00392-7 | hdl = 10533/173130 | hdl-access = free}}</ref> One example is a lithiated material, {{chem2|Li_{''x''}MoS2}}.<ref>{{cite book|title =Progress in intercalation research|author1=Müller-Warmuth, W. |author2=Schöllhorn, R. |name-list-style=amp | url={{Google books|id=IyB_rPo3osUC|page=50|plainurl=yes}} |publisher= Springer| year = 1994| isbn =978-0-7923-2357-0}}</ref> With ], the product is {{chem2|LiMoS2}}.<ref name=ullmann/>
			== Applications ==
			=== Lubricant ===
			. pinewoodpro.com</ref>]]
			Due to weak ] interactions between the sheets of sulfide atoms, {{chem2|MoS2}} has a low ]. {{chem2|MoS2}} in particle sizes in the range of 1–100&nbsp;μm is a common ].<ref>{{citation| last=Claus| first= F. L. |year= 1972| title=Solid Lubricants and Self-Lubricating Solids| journal= New York: Academic Press | bibcode= 1972slsl.book.....C}}</ref> Few alternatives exist that confer high lubricity and stability at up to 350&nbsp;°C in oxidizing environments. Sliding friction tests of {{chem2|MoS2}} using a ] at low loads (0.1–2 N) give friction coefficient values of <0.1.<ref name="MiesslerTarr2004">{{cite book|first1=Gary L. |last1=Miessler|first2=Donald Arthur|last2= Tarr|title=Inorganic Chemistry|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=oLQPAQAAMAAJ}}|year=2004|publisher=Pearson Education|isbn=978-0-13-035471-6}}</ref><ref name="ShriverAtkins2006">{{cite book|first1=Duward |last1=Shriver|first2=Peter |last2=Atkins|title=Inorganic Chemistry|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=so8oAQAAMAAJ}}|date=17 February 2006|publisher=W. H. Freeman|isbn=978-0-7167-4878-6| last3= Overton| first3= T. L.| last4= Rourke| first4= J. P.| last5= Weller| first5= M. T.| last6= Armstrong| first6= F. A.}}</ref>
			{{chem2|MoS2}} is often a component of blends and composites that require low friction. For example, it is added to graphite to improve sticking.<ref name=moly/> A variety of ]s and ]s are used, because they retain their lubricity even in cases of almost complete oil loss, thus finding a use in critical applications such as ]s. When added to ]s, {{chem2|MoS2}} forms a ] with improved strength as well as reduced friction. Polymers that may be filled with {{chem2|MoS2}} include ] (] ]), ] and ]. Self-lubricating composite coatings for high-temperature applications consist of molybdenum disulfide and ], using ].
			Examples of applications of {{chem2|MoS2}}-based lubricants include ]s (such as motorcycle engines), bicycle ], automotive ] and ]s, ski waxes<ref>{{cite web| access-date = 2011-01-06| url = http://www.swixsport.com/dav/8dde5f4784.pdf| title = On dry lubricants in ski waxes| publisher = Swix Sport AX| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110716174041/http://www.swixsport.com/dav/8dde5f4784.pdf| archive-date = 2011-07-16}}</ref> and ]s.<ref>{{cite web| access-date = 2009-06-06| url = http://www.norma.cc/en/Ammunition-Academy/Barrel-wear/| title = Barrels retain accuracy longer with Diamond Line| publisher=Norma}}</ref>
			Other layered inorganic materials that exhibit lubricating properties (collectively known as ]s (or dry lubricants)) includes graphite, which requires volatile additives and hexagonal ].<ref>{{cite book|title=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry|last=Bartels|first=Thorsten|publisher=Wiley VCH|year=2002|location=Weinheim|chapter=Lubricants and Lubrication|doi=10.1002/14356007.a15_423|display-authors=etal|isbn=978-3527306732}}</ref>
			=== Catalysis ===
			] revealed by molybdenum disulfide]]
			{{chem2|MoS2}} is employed as a co] for desulfurization in ], for example, ]. The effectiveness of the {{chem2|MoS2}} catalysts is enhanced by ] with small amounts of ] or ]. The intimate mixture of these sulfides is ] on ]. Such catalysts are generated in situ by treating molybdate/cobalt or nickel-impregnated alumina with {{chem|H|2|S}} or an equivalent reagent. Catalysis does not occur at the regular sheet-like regions of the crystallites, but instead at the edge of these planes.<ref>{{cite book| last1= Topsøe| first1= H.| last2= Clausen| first2= B. S.| last3= Massoth| first3= F. E. | title =Hydrotreating Catalysis, Science and Technology| publisher = Springer-Verlag| location= Berlin| year = 1996}}</ref>
			{{chem2|MoS2}} finds use as a ] ] for ].<ref name=Shigeo>{{cite book|last1=Nishimura|first1=Shigeo|title=Handbook of Heterogeneous Catalytic Hydrogenation for Organic Synthesis|date=2001|publisher=Wiley-Interscience| location= New York| isbn= 9780471396987|pages=43–44 & 240–241|edition=1st|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=RjZRAAAAMAAJ|page=43}}}}</ref> It is derived from a common ], rather than ] metal as are many alternatives, {{chem2|MoS2}} is chosen when catalyst price or resistance to sulfur ] are of primary concern. {{chem2|MoS2}} is effective for the hydrogenation of ] to ] and can be used to produce ] amines via ].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dovell|first1=Frederick S.| last2= Greenfield| first2= Harold| title=Base-Metal Sulfides as Reductive Alkylation Catalysts|journal=The Journal of Organic Chemistry|date=1964|volume=29|issue=5|pages=1265–1267|doi=10.1021/jo01028a511}}</ref> The catalyst can also effect ] of ], ]s, ]s, ] and ] to their respective ]s.<ref name=Shigeo /> The catalyst suffers from rather low activity however, often requiring hydrogen ]s above 95 ] and temperatures above 185&nbsp;°C.
			== Research ==
			{{chem2|MoS2}} plays an important role in ] research.<ref name="Wood-2022">{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Charlie |date=2022-08-16 |title=Physics Duo Finds Magic in Two Dimensions |url=https://www.quantamagazine.org/physics-duo-finds-magic-in-two-dimensions-20220816/ |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=Quanta Magazine |language=en}}</ref>
			===Hydrogen evolution===
			{{chem2|MoS2}} and related molybdenum sulfides are efficient catalysts for ], including the ];<ref name="KibsgaardJaramillo2014">{{cite journal| last1= Kibsgaard| first1= Jakob| last2=Jaramillo|first2=Thomas F.|last3=Besenbacher|first3=Flemming|title=Building an appropriate active-site motif into a hydrogen-evolution catalyst with thiomolybdate <sup>2−</sup> clusters|journal=Nature Chemistry| volume= 6| issue= 3| year= 2014| pages= 248–253|doi=10.1038/nchem.1853|pmid=24557141|bibcode=2014NatCh...6..248K| url= https://zenodo.org/record/889641}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| first1=A. B. | last1= Laursen| first2= S. | last2= Kegnaes| first3=S. | last3= Dahl | first4= I. | last4= Chorkendorff| title= Molybdenum Sulfides – Efficient and Viable Materials for Electro- and Photoelectrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution| journal=Energy Environ. Sci.| year= 2012| volume= 5| issue= 2| pages= 5577–91| doi=10.1039/c2ee02618j}}</ref> thus, are possibly useful to produce hydrogen for use in ]s.<ref name="Sandia12517">{{cite web|title=Superior hydrogen catalyst just grows that way|url=https://share-ng.sandia.gov/news/resources/news_releases/superior-catalyst/#.Wia84bbMw5s|website=share-ng.sandia.gov|publisher=Sandia Labs|access-date=December 5, 2017|format=news release|quote=a spray-printing process that uses molybdenum disulfide to create a “flowering” hydrogen catalyst far cheaper than platinum and reasonably close in efficiency.}}</ref>
			=== Oxygen reduction and evolution ===
			{{chem2|MoS2}}@Fe-''N''-C core/shell<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yan |first1=Yan |last2=Liang |first2=Shuang |last3=Wang |first3=Xiang |last4=Zhang |first4=Mingyue |last5=Hao |first5=Shu-Meng |last6=Cui |first6=Xun |last7=Li |first7=Zhiwei |last8=Lin |first8=Zhiqun |date=2021-10-05 |title=Robust wrinkled MoS 2 /N-C bifunctional electrocatalysts interfaced with single Fe atoms for wearable zinc-air batteries |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=118 |issue=40 |pages=e2110036118 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2110036118 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=8501804 |pmid=34588309|bibcode=2021PNAS..11810036Y |doi-access=free}}</ref> nanosphere with atomic Fe-doped surface and interface ({{chem2|MoS2}}/Fe-''N''-C) can be used as a used an electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction and evolution reactions (ORR and OER) bifunctionally because of reduced energy barrier due to Fe-N<sub>4</sub> dopants and unique nature of {{chem2|MoS2}}/Fe-''N''-C interface.
			===Microelectronics===
			As in ], the layered structures of {{chem2|MoS2}} and other ] ]s exhibit electronic and optical properties<ref name="nano">{{Cite journal | last1 = Wang | first1 = Q. H. | last2 = Kalantar-Zadeh | first2 = K. | last3 = Kis | first3 = A. | last4 = Coleman | first4 = J. N. | last5 = Strano | first5 = M. S. | title = Electronics and optoelectronics of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides | doi = 10.1038/nnano.2012.193 | journal = Nature Nanotechnology | volume = 7 | issue = 11 | pages = 699–712 | year = 2012 | pmid = 23132225| bibcode = 2012NatNa...7..699W | s2cid = 6261931 | url = http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/182177}}</ref> that can differ from those in bulk.<ref name=promising>{{cite journal| first1=R. |last1=Ganatra |first2= Q. |last2= Zhang| title= Few-Layer MoS<sub>2</sub>: A Promising Layered Semiconductor| journal= ACS Nano| year= 2014| volume= 8|issue=5 | pages= 4074–99| doi=10.1021/nn405938z|pmid=24660756}}</ref> Bulk {{chem2|MoS2}} has an indirect band gap of 1.2 eV,<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1038/ncomms4087|pmid=24435154|title=Electronic transport and device prospects of monolayer molybdenum disulphide grown by chemical vapour deposition|journal=Nature Communications|volume=5|pages=3087|year=2014|last1=Zhu|first1=Wenjuan|last2=Low|first2=Tony|last3=Lee|first3=Yi-Hsien|last4=Wang|first4=Han|last5=Farmer|first5=Damon B.|last6=Kong|first6=Jing|last7=Xia|first7=Fengnian|last8=Avouris|first8=Phaedon|bibcode=2014NatCo...5.3087Z|arxiv=1401.4951|s2cid=6075401}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1038/ncomms7293|pmid=25695374|pmc=4346634|title=Exploring atomic defects in molybdenum disulphide monolayers|journal=Nature Communications|volume=6|pages=6293|year=2015|last1=Hong|first1=Jinhua|last2=Hu|first2=Zhixin|last3=Probert|first3=Matt|last4=Li|first4=Kun|last5=Lv|first5=Danhui|last6=Yang|first6=Xinan|last7=Gu|first7=Lin|last8=Mao|first8=Nannan|last9=Feng|first9=Qingliang|last10=Xie|first10=Liming|last11=Zhang|first11=Jin|last12=Wu|first12=Dianzhong|last13=Zhang|first13=Zhiyong|last14=Jin|first14=Chuanhong|last15=Ji|first15=Wei|last16=Zhang|first16=Xixiang|last17=Yuan|first17=Jun|last18=Zhang|first18=Ze|bibcode=2015NatCo...6.6293H}}</ref> while ] have a direct 1.8 eV ],<ref name= Splendiani>{{cite journal|last1=Splendiani| first1=A.| last2= Sun| first2= L.| last3= Zhang| first3=Y.| last4= Li| first4= T.| last5= Kim| first5= J.|last6=Chim|first6=J.|last7=F.|year=2010|title=Emerging Photoluminescence in Monolayer MoS<sub>2</sub>|journal=Nano Letters|volume=10|issue=4|pages=1271–1275| doi=10.1021/nl903868w| pmid=20229981|bibcode=2010NanoL..10.1271S|last8=Wang|first8=Feng}}</ref> supporting switchable transistors<ref name="Radisavljevic" /> and ].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lopez-Sanchez | first1 = O. | last2 = Lembke | first2 = D. | last3 = Kayci | first3 = M. | last4 = Radenovic | first4 = A. | last5 = Kis | first5 = A. | year = 2013 | title = Ultrasensitive photodetectors based on monolayer MoS<sub>2</sub> | journal = Nature Nanotechnology | volume = 8 | issue = 7| pages = 497–501 | doi = 10.1038/nnano.2013.100 | pmid = 23748194 | bibcode = 2013NatNa...8..497L | s2cid = 5435971 | url = http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/183895}}</ref><ref name=promising /><ref>{{cite journal| first1=C. N. R. |last1= Rao| first2= H. S. S. |last2=Ramakrishna Matte |first3=U. |last3=Maitra| title= Graphene Analogues of Inorganic Layered Materials| journal= Angew. Chem.| edition= International| year= 2013| volume= 52|issue= 50| pages= 13162–85|doi=10.1002/anie.201301548|pmid= 24127325}}</ref>
			{{chem2|MoS2}} nanoflakes can be used for solution-processed fabrication of layered ] and memcapacitive devices through engineering a {{chem2|MoO_{''x''}|}}/{{chem2|MoS2}} heterostructure sandwiched between silver electrodes.<ref name="flexible_memristor">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1038/nmat4135| pmid = 25384168| title = Layered memristive and memcapacitive switches for printable electronics| journal = Nature Materials| volume = 14| issue = 2| pages = 199–204| year = 2014| last1 = Bessonov | first1 = A. A. | last2 = Kirikova | first2 = M. N. | last3 = Petukhov | first3 = D. I. | last4 = Allen | first4 = M. | last5 = Ryhänen | first5 = T. | last6 = Bailey | first6 = M. J. A. | bibcode = 2015NatMa..14..199B}}</ref> {{chem2|MoS2}}-based ]s are mechanically flexible, optically transparent and can be produced at low cost.
			The sensitivity of a graphene ] (FET) ] is fundamentally restricted by the zero band gap of graphene, which results in increased leakage and reduced sensitivity. In digital electronics, transistors control current flow throughout an integrated circuit and allow for amplification and switching. In biosensing, the physical gate is removed and the binding between embedded receptor molecules and the charged target biomolecules to which they are exposed modulates the current.<ref name=rad1409>{{cite news |title=Ultrasensitive biosensor from molybdenite semiconductor outshines graphene |date= 4 September 2014 |url=http://www.rdmag.com/news/2014/09/ultrasensitive-biosensor-molybdenite-semiconductor-outshines-graphene?et_cid=4135513&et_rid=677699018&location=top |work=R&D Magazine}}</ref>
			{{chem2|MoS2}} has been investigated as a component of flexible circuits.<ref name=UT>{{Cite journal|title = Two-dimensional flexible nanoelectronics|journal = Nature Communications|date = 2014-12-17|pages = 5678|volume = 5|doi = 10.1038/ncomms6678|first1 = Deji|last1 = Akinwande|first2 = Nicholas|last2 = Petrone|first3 = James|last3 = Hone|pmid=25517105|bibcode = 2014NatCo...5.5678A|doi-access = free}}</ref><ref name="Chang-2015">{{Cite journal|title = Large-Area Monolayer MoS<sub>2</sub> for Flexible Low-Power RF Nanoelectronics in the GHz Regime|journal = Advanced Materials|date = 2015-12-01|pages = 1818–1823|doi = 10.1002/adma.201504309|pmid = 26707841|first1 = Hsiao-Yu|last1 = Chang|first2 = Maruthi Nagavalli|last2 = Yogeesh|first3 = Rudresh|last3 = Ghosh|first4 = Amritesh|last4 = Rai|first5 = Atresh|last5 = Sanne|first6 = Shixuan|last6 = Yang|first7 = Nanshu|last7 = Lu|first8 = Sanjay Kumar|last8 = Banerjee|first9 = Deji|last9 = Akinwande|volume=28|issue = 9| s2cid=205264837|doi-access = free}}</ref>
			In 2017, a 115-transistor, 1-bit ] implementation was fabricated using two-dimensional {{chem2|MoS2}}.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wachter|first1=Stefan|last2=Polyushkin|first2=Dmitry K.|last3=Bethge|first3=Ole|last4=Mueller|first4=Thomas|date=2017-04-11|title=A microprocessor based on a two-dimensional semiconductor|journal=Nature Communications|language=en|volume=8|pages=14948|doi=10.1038/ncomms14948|pmid=28398336|pmc=5394242|issn=2041-1723|bibcode=2017NatCo...814948W|arxiv=1612.00965}}</ref>
			{{chem2|MoS2}} has been used to create 2D 2-terminal ]s and 3-terminal ]s.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2018/02/memtransistors-advance-neuromorphic-computing.html|title=Memtransistors advance neuromorphic computing {{!}} NextBigFuture.com|date=2018-02-24|work=NextBigFuture.com|access-date=2018-02-27|language=en-US}}</ref>
			=== Valleytronics ===
			Due to the lack of spatial inversion symmetry, odd-layer MoS2 is a promising material for ] because both the CBM and VBM have two energy-degenerate valleys at the corners of the first Brillouin zone, providing an exciting opportunity to store the information of 0s and 1s at different discrete values of the crystal momentum. The ] is even under spatial inversion (P) and odd under time reversal (T), the valley Hall effect cannot survive when both P and T symmetries are present. To excite valley Hall effect in specific valleys, circularly polarized lights were used for breaking the T symmetry in atomically thin transition-metal dichalcogenides.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mak |first1=Kin Fai |last2=He |first2=Keliang |last3=Shan |first3=Jie |last4=Heinz |first4=Tony F. |title=Control of valley polarization in monolayer MoS2 by optical helicity |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nnano.2012.96 |journal=Nature Nanotechnology |year=2012 |language=en |volume=7 |issue=8 |pages=494–498 |doi=10.1038/nnano.2012.96|pmid=22706698 |arxiv=1205.1822 |bibcode=2012NatNa...7..494M |s2cid=23248686}}</ref> In monolayer {{chem2|MoS2}}, the T and mirror symmetries lock the spin and valley indices of the sub-bands split by the spin-orbit couplings, both of which are flipped under T; the spin conservation suppresses the inter-valley scattering. Therefore, monolayer MoS2 have been deemed an ideal platform for realizing intrinsic valley Hall effect without extrinsic symmetry breaking.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=Zefei |last2=Zhou |first2=Benjamin T. |last3=Cai |first3=Xiangbin |last4=Cheung |first4=Patrick |last5=Liu |first5=Gui-Bin |last6=Huang |first6=Meizhen |last7=Lin |first7=Jiangxiazi |last8=Han |first8=Tianyi |last9=An |first9=Liheng |last10=Wang |first10=Yuanwei |last11=Xu |first11=Shuigang |last12=Long |first12=Gen |last13=Cheng |first13=Chun |last14=Law |first14=Kam Tuen |last15=Zhang |first15=Fan |date=2019-02-05 |title=Intrinsic valley Hall transport in atomically thin MoS2 |journal=Nature Communications |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=611 |doi=10.1038/s41467-019-08629-9|pmid=30723283 |pmc=6363770 |arxiv=1805.06686 |bibcode=2019NatCo..10..611W}}</ref>
			=== Photonics and photovoltaics ===
			{{chem2|MoS2}} also possesses mechanical strength, electrical conductivity, and can emit light, opening possible applications such as photodetectors.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.gizmag.com/molybdenum-di-sulphide-metal-graphene/33980|title = Metal-based graphene alternative "shines" with promise|date = September 25, 2014|access-date = September 30, 2014|publisher = Gizmag|last = Coxworth|first = Ben}}</ref> {{chem2|MoS2}} has been investigated as a component of photoelectrochemical (e.g. for photocatalytic hydrogen production) applications and for microelectronics applications.<ref name="Radisavljevic">{{cite journal|last1=Radisavljevic|first1=B.|last2=Radenovic|first2=A.|last3=Brivio|first3=J.|last4=Giacometti|first4=V.|last5=Kis|first5=A.|year=2011| title=Single-layer MoS<sub>2</sub> transistors| journal=Nature Nanotechnology| volume=6| issue=3| pages=147–150|doi=10.1038/nnano.2010.279| pmid=21278752|bibcode=2011NatNa...6..147R|url=http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/164049}}</ref>
			===Superconductivity of monolayers===
			Under an electric field {{chem2|MoS2}} monolayers have been found to superconduct at temperatures below 9.4 K.<ref name=APL2012>{{Cite journal|url=https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.4740268|title=Electric-field-induced superconductivity at 9.4 K in a layered transition metal disulphide MoS2|first1=Kouji|last1=Taniguchi|first2=Akiyo|last2=Matsumoto|first3=Hidekazu|last3=Shimotani|first4=Hidenori|last4=Takagi|date=July 23, 2012|journal=Applied Physics Letters|volume=101|issue=4|pages=042603|via=aip.scitation.org (Atypon)|doi=10.1063/1.4740268|bibcode=2012ApPhL.101d2603T}}</ref>
			== See also ==
			* ]
			== References ==
			{{reflist|30em}}
			== External links ==
			* {{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Charlie |date=2022-08-16 |title=Physics Duo Finds Magic in Two Dimensions |url=https://www.quantamagazine.org/physics-duo-finds-magic-in-two-dimensions-20220816/ |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=Quanta Magazine |language=en}}
			{{Commons category|Molybdenum disulfide}}
	{{Molybdenum compounds}}		{{Molybdenum compounds}}
			{{sulfides}}
	{{DEFAULTSORT:Molybdenum Disulfide}}		]
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