| Revision as of 09:25, 6 December 2011 editBeetstra (talk | contribs)Edit filter managers, Administrators172,031 edits Saving copy of the {{chembox}} taken from revid 464255560 of page Potassium_chloride for the Chem/Drugbox validation project (updated: 'ChEMBL'). |
Latest revision as of 12:37, 27 December 2024 edit Maxim Masiutin (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users, IP block exemptions, Pending changes reviewers30,892 edits Added {{cn|date=December 2024}} |
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{{Short description|Ionic compound (KCl)}} |
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{{ambox | text = This page contains a copy of the infobox ({{tl|chembox}}) taken from revid of page ] with values updated to verified values.}} |
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{{Distinguish|Potassium chlorate}} |
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{{redirect|KCl|3=KCL (disambiguation)}} |
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{{About|the salt|the use of potassium chloride as a medication|Potassium chloride (medical use)|the use of potassium in biology|Potassium in biology}} |
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{{chembox |
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| verifiedrevid = 464184782 |
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| verifiedrevid = 477162807 |
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| ImageFile = Potassium chloride.jpg |
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| ImageFile = Potassium chloride.jpg |
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| ImageFile1 = Potassium-chloride-3D-ionic.png |
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| ImageFile1 = Potassium-chloride-3D-ionic.png |
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| OtherNames = ]<br/>Muriate of potash |
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| OtherNames = {{Unbulleted list|]|Muriate of potash}} |
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| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers |
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|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers |
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| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} |
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| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} |
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| UNII = 660YQ98I10 |
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| UNII = 660YQ98I10 |
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| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|changed|EBI}} |
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| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|changed|EBI}} |
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| ChEMBL = <!-- blanked - oldvalue: 1200731 --> |
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| ChEMBL = 1200731 |
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| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}} |
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| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}} |
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| KEGG = D02060 |
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| KEGG = D02060 |
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| RTECS = TS8050000 |
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| RTECS = TS8050000 |
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| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties |
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|Section2={{Chembox Properties |
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| Formula = KCl |
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| Formula = KCl |
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| MolarMass = 74.5513 g mol<sup>-1</sup> |
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| MolarMass = 74.555 g·mol<sup>−1</sup> |
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| Appearance = white crystalline solid |
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| Appearance = white crystalline solid |
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| Odor = odorless |
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| Odor = odorless |
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| Density = 1.984 g/cm<sup>3</sup> |
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| Density = 1.984 g/cm<sup>3</sup> |
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| Solubility = 281 g/L (0°C) <br> 344 g/L (20°C) <br> 567 g/L (100°C) |
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| Solubility = 27.77 g/100mL (0 °C) <br> 33.97 g/100mL (20 °C) <br> 54.02 g/100mL (100 °C) |
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| SolubleOther = soluble in ], ]es <br> slightly soluble in ], insoluble in ]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/pharm/potasscl.htm | title = Potassium chloride (PIM 430) | at = 3.3.1 Properties of the substance | publisher = ] | accessdate = 2011-01-17 }}</ref> |
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| SolubleOther = Soluble in ], ]es <br> Slightly soluble in ] Insoluble in ]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/pharm/potasscl.htm | title = Potassium chloride (PIM 430) | at = 3.3.1 Properties of the substance | publisher = ] | access-date = 2011-01-17 | archive-date = 2010-12-04 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101204104016/http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/pharm/potasscl.htm | url-status = live }}</ref> |
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| MeltingPt = 770 °C |
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| Solvent1 = ethanol |
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| Solubility1 = 0.288 g/L (25 °C)<ref>{{cite web |title=periodic-table-of-elements.org |url=https://periodic-table-of-elements.org/SOLUBILITY/potassium_chloride |access-date=4 October 2019 |format=website shows values in g/100ml |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029075558/https://periodic-table-of-elements.org/SOLUBILITY/potassium_chloride |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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| BoilingPt = 1420 °C |
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| MeltingPtC = 770 |
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| MeltingPt_notes = |
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| BoilingPtC = 1420 |
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| RefractIndex = 1.4902 (589 nm) |
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| RefractIndex = 1.4902 (589 nm) |
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| pKa = ~7 |
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| pKa = ~7 |
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| MagSus = −39.0·10<sup>−6</sup> cm<sup>3</sup>/mol |
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| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure |
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|Section3={{Chembox Structure |
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| CrystalStruct = ] |
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| CrystalStruct = ] |
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| SpaceGroup = Fm{{overline|3}}m, No. 225 |
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| LattConst_a = 629.2 pm<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Sirdeshmukh DB, Sirdeshmukh L, Subhadra KG |title=Alkali Halides: A Handbook of Physical Properties |date=2001 |publisher=Springer |location=Berlin |isbn=978-3-540-42180-1}}</ref> |
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| Coordination = Octahedral (K<sup>+</sup>)<br />Octahedral (Cl<sup>−</sup>) |
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| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards |
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|Section5={{Chembox Thermochemistry |
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| DeltaHf = −436 kJ·mol<sup>−1</sup><ref name="Zumdahl-2009">{{cite book| vauthors = Zumdahl SS |title =Chemical Principles 6th Ed.| publisher = Houghton Mifflin Company| year = 2009| isbn = 978-0-618-94690-7|page=A22}}</ref> |
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| ExternalMSDS = |
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| Entropy = 83 J·mol<sup>−1</sup>·K<sup>−1</sup><ref name="Zumdahl-2009"/> |
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| EUIndex = Not listed |
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|Section6={{Chembox Pharmacology |
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| ATCCode_prefix = A12 |
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| ATCCode_suffix = BA01 |
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| ATC_Supplemental = {{ATC|B05|XA01}} |
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| AdminRoutes = Oral, IV, IM |
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| Bioavail = |
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| Excretion = ]: 90%; Fecal: 10%<ref>{{cite web | url = https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/4873 | title = Compound Summary for Potassium Chloride | id = CID 4873 | work = PubChem | publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine | access-date = 17 October 2015 | archive-date = 2 August 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230802100708/https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/4873 | url-status = live }}</ref> |
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| HalfLife = |
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|Section7={{Chembox Hazards |
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| ExternalSDS = |
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| FlashPt = Non-flammable |
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| FlashPt = Non-flammable |
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| NFPA-H = 1 |
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| NFPA-H = 1 |
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| NFPA-F = 0 |
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| NFPA-F = 0 |
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| NFPA-R = 0 |
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| NFPA-R = 0 |
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| LD50 = 2600 mg/kg (oral, rat)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chem.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/rn/7447-40-7 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150715234607/https://chem.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/rn/7447-40-7 | archive-date = 15 July 2015 | work = ChemIDplus | title = 7447-40-7 - WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M - Potassium chloride | vauthors = Chambers M | publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine |access-date=22 December 2017}}</ref> |
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| LD50 = 2.6 g/kg (oral/rat), 0.142 g/kg (intravenous/rat)<ref>{{Cite book|title = Material Safety Data Sheet – Potassium Chloride|publisher = Sigma–Aldrich|date = July 2001}}</ref> |
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| Section8 = {{Chembox Related |
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| OtherAnions = ]<br/>]<br/>] |
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| OtherAnions = ]<br />]<br />] |
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| OtherCations = ]<br/>]<br/>]<br/>] |
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| OtherCations = ]<br />]<br />]<br />]<br />] |
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| OtherCompounds = ]<br>]<br>]<br />] |
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'''Potassium chloride''' ('''KCl''', or '''potassium salt''') is a ] ] composed of ] and ]. It is ]less and has a white or ]less ] ] appearance. The solid dissolves readily in water, and its ]s have a ]-like taste. Potassium chloride can be obtained from ancient dried lake deposits.<ref>{{Cite book| vauthors = Rayner-Canham G, Overton T |title=Descriptive inorganic chemistry|date=22 December 2013|isbn=978-1-4641-2557-7|edition=Sixth|location=New York, NY|oclc=882867766|publisher=W. H. Freeman}}</ref> KCl is used as a fertilizer,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://extension.psu.edu/agronomy-guide/cm/sec2/sec28c|title=Potassium Fertilizers (Penn State Agronomy Guide)|website=Penn State Agronomy Guide (Penn State Extension)|access-date=2016-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220172926/http://extension.psu.edu/agronomy-guide/cm/sec2/sec28c|archive-date=2016-12-20|url-status=dead}}</ref> in ], in scientific applications, domestic ]s (as a substitute for ] salt), and in ], where it may be known as ] additive '''E508'''. |
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It occurs naturally as the ] ], which is named after salt's historical designations ''sal degistivum ]'' and ''sal febrifugum Sylvii'',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Watts |first=Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-bkUHqUZ5AC&pg=PA147 |title=A Dictionary of Chemistry and the Allied Branches of Other Sciences |date=1883 |publisher=Longmans, Green, and Company |language=en}}</ref> and in combination with ] as ].<ref name=Ullmann/> |
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==Uses== |
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===Fertilizer=== |
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]The majority of the potassium chloride produced is used for making ], called ], since the growth of many ]s is limited by potassium availability.<ref>{{cite book|isbn=978-93-5606-271-9|title=The Nature and Properties of Soils|first1=Ray|last1=Weil|first2=Nyle|last2=Brady|year=2022|publisher=Pearson Education}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1051/agro/2009023 |title=Mineral sources of potassium for plant nutrition. A review |date=2010 |last1=Manning |first1=David A.C. |journal=Agronomy for Sustainable Development |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=281–294 |bibcode=2010AgSD...30..281M }}</ref> The term "potash" refers to various mined and manufactured salts that contain potassium in water-soluble form. Potassium chloride sold as fertilizer is known as "muriate of potash"—it is the common name for potassium chloride ({{chem|K|Cl}}) used in agriculture.<ref>{{cite book|isbn=978-93-325-7034-4 |title=Soil Fertility and Fertilizers: An Introduction to Nutrient Management |last1=Havlin |first1=John L. |last2=Tisdale |first2=Samuel L. |last3=Nelson |first3=Werner L. |last4=Beaton |first4=James D. |date=2016 |publisher=Pearson }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://potassium.ipni.net/ipniweb/region/potassium.nsf/0/58AFA539CC03133085258178006F5140/$FILE/NSS-03%20PotassiumChloride.pdf|title=Nutrient Source Specifics: Potassium Chloride. Ref. No. 17 #13075|publisher=International Plant Nutrition Institute (IPNI)|access-date=2024-11-24|archive-date=2024-04-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414005645/http://potassium.ipni.net/ipniweb/region/potassium.nsf/0/58AFA539CC03133085258178006F5140/%24FILE/NSS-03%20PotassiumChloride.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Havlin |first1=John L. |last2=Tisdale |first2=Samuel L. |last3=Nelson |first3=Werner L. |last4=Beaton |first4=James D. |title=Soil Fertility and Fertilizers |edition=8th |publisher=Pearson Education |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-13-503373-9 |pages=186–188 |chapter=Potassium |url=https://www.pearson.com/us/higher-education/program/Havlin-Soil-Fertility-and-Fertilizers-8th-Edition/PGM334285.html}}</ref><ref name="Manning-2010">{{cite journal |last1=Manning |first1=David A. C. |title=Mineral sources of potassium for plant nutrition. A review |journal=Agronomy for Sustainable Development |volume=30 |issue=2 |year=2010 |pages=281–294 |doi=10.1051/agro/2009023 |bibcode=2010AgSD...30..281M |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1051/agro/2009023 |access-date=2024-11-24 |archive-date=2024-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228002627/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1051/agro/2009023 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> The vast majority of potash fertilizer worldwide is sold as muriate of potash.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024-potash.pdf|series=United States Geological Survey (USGS)|title=Mineral Commodity Summaries: Potash|publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior.|access-date=2024-11-24|archive-date=2024-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112131501/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024-potash.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/b66da618-027b-4124-a5c7-f870cd671484/content|title=FAO Fertilizer and Plant Nutrition Bulletin.|chapter=Fertilizer Use by Crop|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|access-date=2024-11-24|archive-date=2024-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902213631/https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/b66da618-027b-4124-a5c7-f870cd671484/content|url-status=live}}</ref> The dominance of muriate of potash in the fertilizer market is due to its high potassium content (approximately 60% {{chem|K|2|O}} equivalent) and relative affordability compared to other potassium sources like sulfate of potash (]).<ref name="Manning-2010"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Roy |first1=Ram N. |last2=Finck |first2=Arnold |last3=Blair |first3=Graeme J. |last4=Tandon |first4=H.L.S. |title=Plant Nutrition for Food Security: A Guide for Integrated Nutrient Management |series=FAO Fertilizer and Plant Nutrition Bulletin 16 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=2006 |isbn=92-5-105490-8|pages=141–142 |url=http://www.fao.org/3/a0443e/a0443e00.htm |access-date=2024-11-24 |archive-date=2023-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102211021/https://www.fao.org/3/a0443e/a0443e00.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Potassium is one of the three primary macronutrients essential for plant growth, alongside nitrogen and phosphorus. Potassium plays a vital role in various plant physiological processes, including enzyme activation, photosynthesis, protein synthesis, and water regulation.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brady |first1=Nyle C. |last2=Weil |first2=Ray R. |title=The Nature and Properties of Soils |edition=15th |publisher=Pearson Education |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-13-325448-8 |pages=594–595 |chapter=Plant Nutrients and Nutrient Uptake |url=https://www.pearson.com/us/higher-education/program/Brady-Nature-and-Properties-of-Soils-The-15th-Edition/PGM203380.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Römheld |first1=Volker |last2=Kirkby |first2=Ernest A. |title=Research on potassium in agriculture: needs and prospects |journal=Plant and Soil |volume=335 |issue=1 |year=2010 |pages=155–180 |doi=10.1007/s11104-010-0520-1 |bibcode=2010PlSoi.335..155R |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11104-010-0520-1 |access-date=2024-11-24 |archive-date=2024-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709175824/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11104-010-0520-1 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> For watering plants, a moderate concentration of potassium chloride (KCl) is used to avoid potential toxicity: 6 mM (millimolar) is generally effective and safe for most plants, that is approximately {{convert|0.4|g}} per liter of water.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.3389/fpls.2020.00904|doi-access=free |title=Effects of Potassium Levels on Plant Growth, Accumulation and Distribution of Carbon, and Nitrate Metabolism in Apple Dwarf Rootstock Seedlings |date=2020 |last1=Xu |first1=Xinxiang |last2=Du |first2=Xin |last3=Wang |first3=Fen |last4=Sha |first4=Jianchuan |last5=Chen |first5=Qian |last6=Tian |first6=Ge |last7=Zhu |first7=Zhanling |last8=Ge |first8=Shunfeng |last9=Jiang |first9=Yuanmao |journal=Frontiers in Plant Science |volume=11 |page=904 |pmid=32655607 |pmc=7325393 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0066259|doi-access=free |title=Optimisation of Potassium Chloride Nutrition for Proper Growth, Physiological Development and Bioactive Component Production in Prunella vulgaris L |date=2013 |last1=Chen |first1=Yuhang |last2=Yu |first2=Manman |last3=Zhu |first3=Zaibiao |last4=Zhang |first4=Lixia |last5=Guo |first5=Qiaosheng |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=7 |pages=e66259 |pmid=23874390 |pmc=3706589 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...866259C }}</ref> |
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===Medical use=== |
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{{Main|Potassium chloride (medical use)}} |
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Potassium is vital in the ], and potassium chloride by mouth is the standard means to treat ], although it can also be given intravenously. It is on the ].<ref name="WHO21st">{{cite book | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | title = World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019 | year = 2019 | hdl = 10665/325771 | author-link = World Health Organization | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | id = WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO | hdl-access=free }}</ref> It is also an ingredient in ] (ORT)/solution (ORS) to reduce hypokalemia caused by diarrhoea.<ref name="who-new-ors-2006">{{cite book |last1=World Health Organization |url=https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/69227/WHO_FCH_CAH_06.1.pdf |title=Oral rehydration salts: production of the new ORS |last2=Unicef |publisher= |year=2006 |series=WHO/FCH/CAH/06.1 |hdl=10665/69227 |id= |author-link=World Health Organization |author-link2=UNICEF |access-date=2024-11-14 |archive-date=2023-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603021940/https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/69227/WHO_FCH_CAH_06.1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> This is another medicine on the ].<ref name="WHO21st"/> |
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Potassium chloride contains 52% of elemental potassium by mass.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1088/1755-1315/648/1/012185 |title=Applications of guano and K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> on soil potential-P, potential-K on Andisols |date=2021 |last1=Zakiah |first1=K. |last2=Maulana |first2=M. R. |last3=Widowati |first3=L. R. |last4=Mutakin |first4=J. |journal=IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science |volume=648 |issue=1 |page=012185 |bibcode=2021E&ES..648a2185Z |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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Overdose causes ] which can disrupt cell signaling to the extent that the heart will stop, reversibly in the case of some ].<ref name="pmid29679302">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hoppe LK, Muhlack DC, Koenig W, Carr PR, Brenner H, Schöttker B |title=Association of Abnormal Serum Potassium Levels with Arrhythmias and Cardiovascular Mortality: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies |journal=Cardiovasc Drugs Ther |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=197–212 |date=20 April 2018 |pmid=29679302 |doi=10.1007/s10557-018-6783-0}}</ref><ref name="pmid37046560">{{cite journal |vauthors=Simon G |title=Detection of Fatal Potassium Overdose: A Case Report and Review of the Literature |journal=Diagnostics (Basel) |volume=13 |issue=7 |date=4 April 2023 |page=1339 |pmid=37046560 |pmc=10093193 |doi=10.3390/diagnostics13071339|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="pmid38195532">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fan Y, Wu M, Li X, Zhao J, Shi J, Ding L, Jiang H, Li Z, Zhang W, Ma T, Wang D, Ma L |title=Potassium levels and the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality among patients with cardiovascular diseases: a meta-analysis of cohort studies |journal=Nutr J |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=8 |date=10 January 2024 |pmid=38195532 |pmc=10777575 |doi=10.1186/s12937-023-00888-z|doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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===Culinary use=== |
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Potassium chloride can be used as a ] for ], but due to its weak, bitter, unsalty ], it is often mixed with ordinary table salt (sodium chloride) to improve the ], to form ]. The addition of 1 ppm of ] considerably reduces this bitterness.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Lorient D, Linden G |title=New ingredients in food processing: biochemistry and agriculture |url=https://archive.org/details/newingredientsfo00lind |url-access=limited |publisher=CRC Press |location=Boca Raton |year=1999 |page= |isbn=978-1-85573-443-2 |quote=... in dietary food containing potassium chloride, thaumatin added in the ratio of 1 ppm considerably reduces the sensation of bitterness. ... }}</ref> Complaints of bitterness or a chemical or metallic taste are also reported with potassium chloride used in food.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sinopoli DA, Lawless HT | title = Taste properties of potassium chloride alone and in mixtures with sodium chloride using a check-all-that-apply method | journal = Journal of Food Science | volume = 77 | issue = 9 | pages = S319–S322 | date = September 2012 | pmid = 22901084 | doi = 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2012.02862.x }}</ref> |
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===Execution=== |
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In the United States, potassium chloride is used as the final drug in the three-injection sequence of ] as a form of ]. It induces ], ultimately killing the inmate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overview of Lethal Injection Protocols |url=https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/executions/lethal-injection/overview-of-lethal-injection-protocols |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=Death Penalty Information Center |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806224149/https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/executions/lethal-injection/overview-of-lethal-injection-protocols |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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===Industrial=== |
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{{More citations needed section|date=September 2022}} |
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As a chemical ], the salt is used for the ] of ] and ] metal. It is also used in medicine, ]s, ] applications, ], ]s, and as a sodium-free substitute for ] for people concerned about the health effects of sodium.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} |
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It is used as a supplement in animal feed to boost the potassium level in the feed. As an added benefit, it is known to increase milk production.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} |
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It is sometimes used in solution as a ] fluid in ] and ] operations, as well as being an alternative to ] in household ] units.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} |
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Glass manufacturers use granular potash as a ], lowering the temperature at which a mixture melts. Because potash imparts excellent clarity to glass, it is commonly used in eyeglasses, glassware, televisions, and computer monitors.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} |
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Because natural potassium contains a tiny amount of the isotope ], potassium chloride is used as a ] source to calibrate ]. It also emits a relatively low level of 511 keV gamma rays from positron annihilation, which can be used to calibrate medical scanners.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} |
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Potassium chloride is used in some ] products designed to be safer for pets and plants, though these are inferior in melting quality to ]. It is also used in various brands of ].{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} |
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Potassium chloride was once used as a ], and in portable and wheeled ]s. Known as Super-K dry chemical, it was more effective than ]-based dry chemicals and was compatible with ]. This agent fell out of favor with the introduction of ] (]) dry chemical in the late 1960s, which was much less ], as well as more effective. It is rated for B and C fires.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} |
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Along with ] and ], potassium chloride is used as a ] for the ] of ].{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} |
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Potassium chloride is also an optical crystal with a wide transmission range from 210 nm to 20 μm. While cheap, KCl crystals are ]. This limits its application to protected environments or short-term uses such as prototyping. Exposed to free air, KCl optics will "rot". Whereas KCl components were formerly used for ] ], they have been entirely replaced by much tougher crystals such as ].{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} |
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Potassium chloride is used as a ] with designation P10 in ]s, e.g. in the ].{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} |
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==Toxicity== |
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The typical amounts of potassium chloride found in the diet appear to be generally safe.<ref>{{cite web | author = Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition|title=GRAS Substances (SCOGS) Database - Select Committee on GRAS Substances (SCOGS) Opinion: Potassium chloride|url=https://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/GRAS/SCOGS/ucm261000.htm|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20171031064321/https://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/GRAS/SCOGS/ucm261000.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 October 2017|website=www.fda.gov|access-date=21 July 2019|language=en}}</ref> In larger quantities, however, potassium chloride is toxic. The {{LD50}} of orally ingested potassium chloride is approximately 2.5 g/kg, or {{convert|190|g|oz}} for a body mass of {{convert|75|kg|lb}}. In comparison, the {{LD50}} of ] (table salt) is 3.75 g/kg. |
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Intravenously, the {{LD50}} of potassium chloride is far smaller, at about 57.2 mg/kg to 66.7 mg/kg; this is found by dividing the lethal concentration of positive potassium ions (about 30 to 35 mg/kg)<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bhatkhande CY, Joglekar VD | title = Fatal poisoning by potassium in human and rabbit | journal = Forensic Science | volume = 9 | issue = 1 | pages = 33–36 | date = 1977-01-01 | pmid = 838413 | doi = 10.1016/0300-9432(77)90062-0 }}</ref> by the proportion by mass of potassium ions in potassium chloride (about 0.52445 mg K<sup>+</sup>/mg KCl).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.convertunits.com/molarmass/KCl|title=Molecular weight of KCl|website=www.convertunits.com|access-date=2018-11-04|archive-date=2018-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105012256/https://www.convertunits.com/molarmass/KCl|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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==Chemical properties== |
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===Solubility=== |
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KCl is soluble in a variety of polar solvents. |
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{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em;" |
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|+ Solubility<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Burgess J |title=Metal Ions in Solution|publisher=Ellis Horwood|place=New York|year=1978|isbn=978-0-85312-027-8}}{{page needed|date=July 2015}}</ref> |
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! Solvent !! Solubility<br>(g/kg of solvent at 25 °C) |
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|- |
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| ] || 360 |
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|- |
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| ] || 0.4 |
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|- |
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| ] || 0.41 |
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|- |
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| ] || 5.3 |
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|- |
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| ] || 0.37 |
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|- |
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| ] || 192 |
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| ] || 0.04 |
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|- |
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| ] || 0.024 |
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|- |
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| ] || 0.00091 |
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| ] || 62 |
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|- |
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| ] || 24.5 |
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|- |
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| ] || 0.17–0.5 |
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|} |
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Solutions of KCl are common standards, for example for ] of the ] of (ionic) solutions, since KCl solutions are stable, allowing for reproducible measurements. In ], it is essentially fully ionized into solvated {{chem2|K+}} and {{chem2|Cl-}} ions. |
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===Redox and the conversion to potassium metal=== |
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Although potassium is more ] than ], KCl can be reduced to the metal by reaction with metallic sodium at 850 °C because the more volatile potassium can be removed by distillation (see ]): |
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:<chem>KCl_{(l)}{} + Na_{(l)} <=> NaCl_{(l)}{} + K_{(g)}</chem> |
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This method is the main method for producing metallic potassium. ] (used for sodium) fails because of the high solubility of potassium in molten KCl.<ref name=Ullmann>{{cite book | vauthors = Burkhardt ER |chapter=Potassium and Potassium Alloys |year=2006 |title=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry |doi=10.1002/14356007.a22_031.pub2|isbn=978-3-527-30673-2 }}</ref> |
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{{clear}} |
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===Other potassium chloride stoichiometries=== |
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Potassium chlorides with formulas other than KCl have been predicted to become stable under pressures of 20 GPa or more.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Zhang|first1=Weiwei|last2=Oganov|first2=Artem R.|last3=Zhu|first3=Qiang|last4=Lobanov|first4=Sergey S.|last5=Stavrou|first5=Elissaios|last6=Goncharov|first6=Alexander F.|title=Stability of numerous novel potassium chlorides at high pressure|journal=Sci Rep|volume=6|page=26265|date=23 May 2016|doi=10.1038/srep26265|pmid=27211847 |pmc=4876327|bibcode=2016NatSR...626265Z }}</ref> Among these, two phases of KCl<sub>3</sub> were synthesized and characterized. At 20-40 GPa, a trigonal structure containing K<sup>+</sup> and Cl<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> is obtained; above 40 GPa this gives way to a phase isostructural with the intermetallic compound Cr<sub>3</sub>Si.{{cn|date=December 2024}} |
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==Physical properties== |
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] potassium chloride!", an ad above a highway in a banana-growing district of ], ], China]] |
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Under ambient conditions, the crystal structure of potassium chloride is like that of NaCl. It adopts a face-centered cubic structure known as the B1 phase with a ] constant of roughly 6.3 Å. Crystals cleave easily in three directions. Other polymorphic and hydrated phases are adopted at high pressures.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Yamashita K, Komatsu K, Kagi H | title = Crystal structure of potassium chloride monohydrate: water intercalation into the B1 structure of KCl under high pressure | journal = Acta Crystallographica Section C | volume = 78 | issue = Pt 12 | pages = 749–754 | date = December 2022 | pmid = 36468558 | pmc = 9720884 | doi = 10.1107/S2053229622011135 | bibcode = 2022AcCrC..78..749Y }}</ref> |
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Some other properties are |
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* Transmission range: 210 nm to 20 μm |
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* ] = 92% at 450 nm and rises linearly to 94% at 16 μm |
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* Refractive index = 1.456 at 10 μm |
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* Reflection loss = 6.8% at 10 μm (two surfaces) |
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* d''N''/d''T'' (expansion coefficient)= −33.2×10<sup>−6</sup>/°C |
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* d''L''/d''T'' (refractive index gradient)= 40×10<sup>−6</sup>/°C |
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* Thermal conductivity = 0.036 W/(cm·K) |
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* ] (Newman and Novak): 4 GW/cm<sup>2</sup> or 2 J/cm<sup>2</sup> (0.5 or 1 ns pulse rate); 4.2 J/cm<sup>2</sup> (1.7 ns pulse rate Kovalev and Faizullov) |
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As with other compounds containing potassium, KCl in powdered form gives a lilac ]. |
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==Production== |
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] |
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] |
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Potassium chloride is extracted from minerals ], ], and ]. It is also extracted from ] and can be manufactured by crystallization from solution, ] or ] separation from suitable minerals. It is a by-product of the production of ] from ] and ]. |
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Most potassium chloride is produced as agricultural and industrial-grade potash in ], Russia, and Belarus. Saskatchewan alone accounted for over 25% of the world's potash production in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web | publisher = U.S. Geological Survey | title = Mineral Commodity Summaries | date = January 2018 |url=https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/potash/mcs-2018-potas.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190110210319/https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/potash/mcs-2018-potas.pdf | archive-date = 10 January 2019 }}</ref> |
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===Laboratory methods=== |
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Potassium chloride is inexpensively available and is rarely prepared intentionally in the laboratory. It can be generated by treating ] (or other potassium bases) with ]: |
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:<chem>KOH + HCl -> KCl + H2O</chem> |
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This conversion is an ]. The resulting salt can then be purified by recrystallization. Another method would be to allow potassium to burn in the presence of chlorine gas, also a very exothermic reaction: |
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:<chem>2 K + Cl2 -> 2 KCl</chem> |
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== References == |
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{{Reflist}} |
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== Further reading == |
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{{refbegin}} |
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* {{RubberBible86th|name-list-style=vanc}} <!--Specify page. The citation wasn't the 71st ed. Does the 86th ed. contain the appropriate verification --> |
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* {{Greenwood&Earnshaw1st|name-list-style=vanc}} <!--Specify page --> |
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{{refend}} |
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== External links == |
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{{Potassium compounds}} |
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{{Chlorides}} |
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{{Mineral supplements}} |
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{{Molecules detected in outer space}} |
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{{Salt topics}} |
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{{Portal bar | Medicine}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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