| Revision as of 16:52, 23 July 2011 editMartinBotIII (talk | contribs)136,346 editsm fix MSDS link (ilo.org) using AWB← Previous edit |
Latest revision as of 14:28, 19 March 2024 edit undoTautropfli (talk | contribs)149 editsm Use of Unbulleted list macro for OtherNames property of Chembox as is the recommendation in the docs.Tag: 2017 wikitext editor |
| (64 intermediate revisions by 45 users not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
|
|
{{distinguish|Potassium peroxymonosulfate}} |
|
{{chembox |
|
|
|
{{Chembox |
|
| verifiedrevid = 417454437 |
|
|
|
| Verifiedfields = changed |
|
| Name = Potassium persulfate |
|
|
|
| Watchedfields = changed |
|
| ImageFile = Potassium persulfate.png |
|
|
|
| verifiedrevid = 441025344 |
|
| ImageSize = 200px |
|
|
|
| Name = Potassium persulfate |
|
| ImageName = Two potassium cations and one peroxydisulfate anion |
|
|
| ImageFile1 = Potassium-persulfate-xtal-1997-3D-balls.png |
|
| ImageFile = Potassium persulfate.svg |
|
|
| ImageName = Two potassium cations and one peroxydisulfate anion |
|
| ImageName1 = Ball-and-stick model of the crystal structure |
|
|
|
| ImageFile1 = Potassium-persulfate-xtal-1997-3D-balls.png |
|
| ImageFile2 = Peroxodisíran draselný.JPG |
|
|
|
| ImageName1 = Ball-and-stick model of the crystal structure |
|
| ImageName2 = Potassium persulfate as a white powder |
|
|
|
| ImageFile2 = Peroxodisíran draselný.JPG |
|
| ImageName |
|
|
|
| ImageName2 = Potassium persulfate as a white powder |
|
| OtherNames = potassium peroxydisulfate <br> Anthion <br> potassium perdisulfate |
|
|
|
| OtherNames = {{Unbulleted list|potassium peroxydisulfate|Anthion|potassium perdisulfate}} |
|
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers |
|
|
|
|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers |
|
| CASNo = 7727-21-1 |
|
|
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} |
|
| CASNo = 7727-21-1 |
|
|
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} |
|
|
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} |
|
| PubChem = 24412 |
|
|
| EINECS = 231-781-8 |
|
| UNII = 6B86K0MCZC |
|
| UNNumber = 1492 |
|
| PubChem = 24412 |
|
| RTECS = SE0400000 |
|
| EINECS = 231-781-8 |
|
|
| UNNumber = 1492 |
|
}} |
|
|
|
| RTECS = SE0400000 |
|
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties |
|
|
|
| SMILES = S(=O)(=O)OOS(=O)(=O).. |
|
| Formula = K<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>8</sub> |
|
|
|
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|changed|chemspider}} |
|
| MolarMass = 270.322 g/mol |
|
|
|
| ChemSpiderID = 22821 |
|
| Appearance = white powder |
|
|
|
| InChI = 1/2K.H2O8S2/c;;1-9(2,3)7-8-10(4,5)6/h;;(H,1,2,3)(H,4,5,6)/q2*+1;/p-2 |
|
| Density = 2.477 g/cm<sup>3</sup> <ref>Pradyot Patnaik. ''Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals''. McGraw-Hill, 2002, ISBN 0-07-049439-8</ref> |
|
|
|
| InChIKey = USHAGKDGDHPEEY-NUQVWONBAA |
|
| Solubility = 1.75 g/100 mL (0 °C) <br> 5.29 g/100 ml (20 ºC) |
|
|
|
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}} |
|
| MeltingPt = <100 °C decomp. |
|
|
|
| StdInChI = 1S/2K.H2O8S2/c;;1-9(2,3)7-8-10(4,5)6/h;;(H,1,2,3)(H,4,5,6)/q2*+1;/p-2 |
|
}} |
|
|
|
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}} |
|
| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards |
|
|
|
| StdInChIKey = USHAGKDGDHPEEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L |
|
| ExternalMSDS = |
|
|
|
}} |
|
| EUIndex = 016-061-00-1 |
|
|
|
|Section2={{Chembox Properties |
|
| EUClass = Oxidant ('''O''')<br/>Harmful ('''Xn''')<br/>Irritant ('''Xi''') |
|
|
|
| Formula = K<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>8</sub> |
|
| RPhrases = {{R8}}, {{R22}}, {{R36/37/38}}, {{R42/43}} |
|
|
|
| MolarMass = 270.322 g/mol |
|
| SPhrases = {{S2}}, {{S22}}, {{S24}}, {{S26}}, {{S37}} |
|
|
|
| Appearance = white powder |
|
| NFPA-H = 2 |
|
|
| NFPA-F = 0 |
|
| Odor = odorless |
|
|
| Density = 2.477 g/cm<sup>3</sup><ref name="Georg" /> |
|
| NFPA-R = 1 |
|
|
|
| Solubility = 1.75 g/100 mL (0 °C) <br> 4.49 g/100 mL (20 °C) |
|
| NFPA-O = OX |
|
|
|
| SolubleOther = insoluble in ] |
|
| FlashPt = Non-flammable |
|
|
| PEL = |
|
| MeltingPt= < |
|
|
| MeltingPtC = 100 |
|
}} |
|
|
|
| MeltingPt_notes = (decomposes) |
|
| Section8 = {{Chembox Related |
|
|
|
| RefractIndex = 1.467 |
|
| OtherAnions = ]<br/>]<br/>] |
|
|
|
}} |
|
| OtherCations = ] |
|
|
|
|Section3={{Chembox Structure |
|
| OtherFunctn = |
|
|
|
| CrystalStruct = triclinic |
|
| Function = |
|
|
|
}} |
|
| OtherCpds = |
|
|
|
|Section7={{Chembox Hazards |
|
}} |
|
|
|
| ExternalSDS = |
|
|
| GHSPictograms = {{GHS03}} {{GHS07}} {{GHS08}} |
|
|
| GHSSignalWord = '''DANGER''' |
|
|
| HPhrases = {{H-phrases|272|302|315|317|319|334|335|371}} |
|
|
| PPhrases = {{P-phrases|220|261|280|305+351+338|342+311}} |
|
|
| NFPA-H = 2 |
|
|
| NFPA-F = 0 |
|
|
| NFPA-R = 1 |
|
|
| NFPA-S = OX |
|
|
| FlashPt = Non-flammable |
|
|
| PEL = |
|
|
| LD50 = 802 mg/kg (oral, rat)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chem.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/rn/7727-21-1|title=ChemIDplus - 7727-21-1 - USHAGKDGDHPEEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L - Potassium persulfate|first=Michael|last=Chambers|website=chem.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref> |
|
|
}} |
|
|
|Section8={{Chembox Related |
|
|
| OtherAnions = ]<br/>]<br/>] |
|
|
| OtherCations = ]<br/>] |
|
|
| OtherFunction = |
|
|
| OtherFunction_label = |
|
|
| OtherCompounds = |
|
|
}} |
|
}} |
|
}} |
|
|
'''Potassium persulfate''' is the ] with the formula ]]. Also known as '''potassium peroxydisulfate''', it is a white solid that is sparingly soluble in cold water, but dissolves better in warm water. This salt is a powerful oxidant, commonly used to initiate ]s. |
|
:''Not to be confused with ].'' |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
==Structure== |
|
'''Potassium persulfate''' (]]]) (also '''potassium peroxydisulfate''' or KPS) is a ]. |
|
|
|
The sodium and potassium salts are very similar. In the potassium salt, the O-O distance is 1.495{{nbsp}}Å. The individual sulfate groups are tetrahedral, with three short S-O distances near 1.43 and one long S-O bond at 1.65{{nbsp}}Å.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Zhurnal Strukturnoi Khimii|year=1997|volume=38|page=922-929|last1=Naumov |first=D.Yu. |last2=Virovets |first2=A.V. |last3=Podberezskaya |first3=N.V. |last4=Novikov |first4=P.B. |last5=Politov |first5=A.A. |title=Redetermination of the Crystal Structure of Potassium Peroxodisulfate (K2S2O8)}}</ref> |
|
|
|
|
==Uses== |
|
|
It is a ] and it is used in ] as an ] for instance in the ], and in hair dye substances as whitening agent with hydrogen peroxide. It takes also an important role as initiator for ]. |
|
|
|
|
|
For a review of its uses in organic chemistry, see Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, vol. 1, pp 193-197(1995). |
|
|
|
|
|
|
==Preparation== |
|
==Preparation== |
|
|
Potassium persulfate can be prepared by ] of a cold solution ] in ] at a high current density.<ref name="Georg">{{cite book|last=Brauer|first=Georg|title=Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry |volume=1 |edition=2nd |year=1963 |publisher=Academic Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0121266011 |page=392 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TLYatwAACAAJ&q=Handbook+of+Preparative+Inorganic+Chemistry}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Girolami |first1=G. S.|last2= Rauchfuss|first2= T. B. |last3=Angelici|first3= R. J.|title= Synthesis and Technique in Inorganic Chemistry|publisher= University Science Books|location= Mill Valley, CA|date= 1999|ISBN=0935702482}}</ref> |
|
Potassium persulfate can be prepared by ] of a mixture between ] and ] at a high current density. |
|
|
: 2 KHSO<sub>4</sub> → K<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>8</sub> + H<sub>2</sub> |
|
: 2 KHSO<sub>4</sub> → K<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>8</sub> + H<sub>2</sub> |
|
|
|
|
|
It can also be prepared by adding ] (KHSO<sub>4</sub>) to an electrolyzed solution of ] (NH<sub>4</sub>HSO<sub>4</sub>). |
|
It can also be prepared by adding potassium bisulfate (KHSO<sub>4</sub>) to a solution of the more soluble salt ] (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>8</sub>. In principle it can be prepared by chemical oxidation of ] using ]. Several million kilograms of the ammonium, sodium, and potassium salts of peroxydisulfate are produced annually. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
==Uses== |
|
Another reaction of its formation is the following (although the practical use of it outside of clandestine chemistry is doubtable). |
|
|
|
This salt is used to ] polymerization of various alkenes leading to commercially important polymers such as ] and ] and related materials. In solution, the dianion dissociates to give radicals:<ref name = Ullmann>{{Ullmann | title = Peroxo Compounds, Inorganic |author=Harald Jakob |author2=Stefan Leininger |author3=Thomas Lehmann |author4=Sylvia Jacobi |author5=Sven Gutewort | doi = 10.1002/14356007.a19_177.pub2}}</ref> |
|
|
:<sup>2−</sup> {{eqm}} 2 <sup>•−</sup> |
|
|
|
|
|
|
It is used in ] as an ],<ref>''Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis'', vol. 1, pp. 193–197(1995)</ref> for instance in the ] of ]s and the ] of ]s. |
|
I<sub>2</sub> + 2KHSO<sub>4</sub> → K<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>6</sub>(O<sub>2</sub>) + 2HI |
|
|
|
|
|
|
As a strong yet stable ] it also finds use in various hair bleaches and lighteners. Such brief and non-continuous use is normally hazard free, however prolonged contact can cause skin irritation.<ref name=safety>{{cite journal|title=Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Ammonium, Potassium, and Sodium Persulfate|journal=International Journal of Toxicology|date=January 2001|volume=20|issue=3|doi=10.1080/10915810152630710|pmid=11766134 | last1 = Pang | first1 = S | last2 = Fiume | first2 = MZ|pages=7–21|s2cid=25763799}}</ref> |
|
|
It has been used as an ] for flour with the ] E922, although it is no longer approved for this use within the EU. |
|
|
|
|
|
==Precautions== |
|
==Precautions== |
|
|
The salt is a strong oxidant and is incompatible with organic compounds. Prolonged skin contact can result in irritation.<ref name=safety /> |
|
Conditions/substances to avoid are: ], ]s, ] sources, powdered metals, ], ]s, ], ], ]s and ]s. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
==References== |
|
==References== |
| Line 74: |
Line 96: |
|
|
|
|
|
{{Potassium compounds}} |
|
{{Potassium compounds}} |
|
|
{{Persulfates}} |
|
{{E number infobox 920-929}} |
|
{{E number infobox 920-929}} |
|
|
|
|
| Line 80: |
Line 103: |
|
] |
|
] |
|
] |
|
] |
|
|
|
|
] |
|
|
] |
|
|
] |
|
|
] |
|
|
] |
|
|
] |
|
|
] |
|
|
] |
|
|
] |
|