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{{Distinguish|Trisodium phosphate}} |
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{{Distinguish|Trisodium phosphate}} |
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{{chembox |
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| verifiedrevid = 448021434 |
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| ImageFile = sodium tripolyphosphate.png |
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| verifiedrevid = 450509626 |
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| ImageSize = 200px |
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| ImageFile = Sodium tripolyphosphate.svg |
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| IUPACName = Pentasodium triphosphate |
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| IUPACName = Pentasodium triphosphate |
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| OtherNames = sodium tripolyphosphate, polygon, STPP |
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| OtherNames = sodium tripolyphosphate, polygon, STPP |
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| Section1= {{Chembox Identifiers |
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|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers |
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| CASNo = 7758-29-4 |
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| CASNo = 7758-29-4 |
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| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} |
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| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} |
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| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|changed|FDA}} |
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| PubChem = 517047 |
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| RTECS = YK4570000 |
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| UNII = 9SW4PFD2FZ |
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| PubChem = 517047 |
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| RTECS = YK4570000 |
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| Section2= {{Chembox Properties |
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|Section2={{Chembox Properties |
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| Formula = Na<sub>5</sub>P<sub>3</sub>O<sub>10</sub> |
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| Formula = Na<sub>5</sub>P<sub>3</sub>O<sub>10</sub> |
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| MolarMass = 367.864 g/mol |
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| MolarMass = 367.864 g/mol |
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| Appearance = white powder |
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| Appearance = white powder |
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| Density = 2.52 g/cm<sup>3</sup> |
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| Density = 2.52 g/cm<sup>3</sup> |
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| MeltingPt = 622 °C |
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| MeltingPtC = 622 |
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| BoilingPt = |
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| BoilingPt = |
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| Solubility = 14.5 g/100 mL (25 °C) |
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| Solubility = 14.5 g/100 mL (25 °C) |
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| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards |
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|Section7={{Chembox Hazards |
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| EUIndex = Not listed |
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| NFPA-H = 2 |
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| MainHazards = |
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| NFPA-H = 2 |
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| NFPA-F = 0 |
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| NFPA-F = 0 |
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| NFPA-R = 0 |
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| NFPA-R = 0 |
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| FlashPt = Non-flammable |
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| FlashPt = Non-flammable |
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| Section8 = {{Chembox Related |
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| OtherAnions = ]<br/>]<br/>] |
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| OtherCations = ] |
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|Section8={{Chembox Related |
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| OtherAnions = ]<br/>]<br/>] |
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| OtherCations = ] |
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'''Sodium triphosphate''' (STP, sometimes STPP or sodium tripolyphosphate or TPP,<ref name="Danish EPA 615 2001" />) is an ] with formula Na<sub>5</sub>P<sub>3</sub>O<sub>10</sub>. It is the ] salt of the ] penta-anion, which is the conjugate base of ]. It is produced on a large scale as a component of many domestic and industrial products, especially detergents. Environmental problems associated with ] is attributed to its widespread use. |
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'''Sodium triphosphate''' (STP), also '''sodium tripolyphosphate''' (STPP), or '''tripolyphosphate''' (TPP),<ref name="Danish EPA 615 2001">, , {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824063106/http://mst.dk/English/ |date=2017-08-24 }}, Accessed 2008-07-15</ref>) is an ] with formula Na<sub>5</sub>P<sub>3</sub>O<sub>10</sub>. It is the ] salt of the ] penta-anion, which is the ] of ]. It is produced on a large scale as a component of many domestic and industrial products, especially detergents. Environmental problems associated with ] are attributed to its widespread use.<ref name=GE/> |
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==Preparation and properties== |
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==Preparation and properties== |
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Sodium tripolyphosphate is produced by heating a stoichiometric mixture of ], Na<sub>2</sub>HPO<sub>4</sub>, and ], NaH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>, under carefully controlled conditions.<ref>{{Greenwood&Earnshaw}}</ref> |
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Sodium tripolyphosphate is produced by heating a stoichiometric mixture of ], Na<sub>2</sub>HPO<sub>4</sub>, and ], NaH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>, under carefully controlled conditions.<ref name=GE>{{Greenwood&Earnshaw}}</ref> |
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:2 Na<sub>2</sub>HPO<sub>4</sub> + NaH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> → Na<sub>5</sub>P<sub>3</sub>O<sub>10</sub> + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O |
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:2 Na<sub>2</sub>HPO<sub>4</sub> + NaH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> → Na<sub>5</sub>P<sub>3</sub>O<sub>10</sub> + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O |
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In this way, approximately 2 million tons are produced annually. |
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In this way, approximately 2 million tons are produced annually.<ref name=Ullmann/> |
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STPP is a colourless salt, which exists both in ] form and as the hexahydrate. The anion can be described as the pentanionic chain <sup>5-</sup>.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Corbridge | first1 = D. E. C. | title = The crystal structure of sodium triphosphate, Na5P3O10, phase I | journal = Acta Crystallographica | volume = 13 | pages = 263 | year = 1960 | doi = 10.1107/S0365110X60000583}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Davies | first1 = D. R. | last2 = Corbridge | first2 = D. E. C. | title = The crystal structure of sodium triphosphate, Na5P3O10, phase II | journal = Acta Crystallographica | volume = 11 | pages = 315 | year = 1958 | doi = 10.1107/S0365110X58000876}}</ref> Many related di-, tri-, and polyphosphates are known including the cyclic triphosphate P<sub>3</sub>O<sub>9</sub><sup>3-</sup>. It binds strongly to metal cations as both a bidentate and tridentate chelating agent]]. |
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STPP is a colourless salt, which exists both in ] form and as the hexahydrate. The anion can be described as the pentanionic chain <sup>5−</sup>.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Corbridge |first1=D. E. C. |title=The crystal structure of sodium triphosphate, Na<sub>5</sub>P<sub>3</sub>O<sub>10</sub>, phase I |journal=Acta Crystallographica |date=1 March 1960 |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=263–269 |doi=10.1107/S0365110X60000583 |bibcode=1960AcCry..13..263C }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Davies |first1=D. R. |last2=Corbridge |first2=D. E. C. |title=The crystal structure of sodium triphosphate, Na<sub>5</sub>P<sub>3</sub>O<sub>10</sub>, phase II |journal=Acta Crystallographica |date=1 May 1958 |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=315–319 |doi=10.1107/S0365110X58000876 |doi-access=free |bibcode=1958AcCry..11..315D }}</ref> Many related di-, tri-, and polyphosphates are known including the cyclic triphosphate (e.g. ]). It binds strongly to metal cations as both a ] and ] ]. |
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==Uses== |
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==Uses== |
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===In detergents=== |
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The majority of STPP is consumed as a component of commercial ]s. It serves as a "builder," industrial jargon for a water softener. In hard water (water that contains high concentrations of Mg<sup>2+</sup> and Ca<sup>2+</sup>), detergents are deactivated. Being a highly charged ], TPP<sup>5-</sup> binds to dications tightly and prevents them from interfering with the sulfonate detergent.<ref name=Ullmann>Klaus Schrödter, Gerhard Bettermann, Thomas Staffel, Friedrich Wahl, Thomas Klein, Thomas Hofmann "Phosphoric Acid and Phosphates" in ''Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry'' 2008, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. {{DOI|10.1002/14356007.a19_465.pub3}}</ref> |
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===Food Applications=== |
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===Detergents=== |
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The majority of STPP is consumed as a component of commercial ]s. It serves as a "builder", industrial jargon for a water softener. In hard water (water that contains high concentrations of Mg<sup>2+</sup> and Ca<sup>2+</sup>), detergents are deactivated. Being a highly charged ], TPP<sup>5−</sup> binds to ] tightly and prevents them from interfering with the sulfonate detergent.<ref name=Ullmann>{{cite book |doi=10.1002/14356007.a19_465.pub3 |chapter=Phosphoric Acid and Phosphates |title=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry |year=2008 |last1=Schrödter |first1=Klaus |last2=Bettermann |first2=Gerhard |last3=Staffel |first3=Thomas |last4=Wahl |first4=Friedrich |last5=Klein |first5=Thomas |last6=Hofmann |first6=Thomas |isbn=978-3527306732 |s2cid=94458523 }}</ref> |
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STPP is a ] for seafood, meats, poultry, and ]s.<ref name=Ullmann/> It is common in food production as ] '''E451'''. In foods, STPP is used to retain moisture. Many governments regulate the quantities allowed in foods, as it can substantially increase the sale weight of seafood in particular. The United States ] lists STPP as "].". |
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===Other uses=== |
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===Food=== |
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STPP is a ] for seafood, meats, poultry, and ]s.<ref name=Ullmann/> It is common in food production as ] '''E451'''. In foods, STPP is used as an ] and to retain moisture. Many governments regulate the quantities allowed in foods, as it can substantially increase the sale weight of seafood in particular. The United States ] lists STPP as ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cfsanappsexternal.fda.gov/scripts/fdcc/index.cfm?set=FoodSubstances&id=SODIUMTRIPOLYPHOSPHATE|title=Substances Added to Food (Formerly EAFUS)}}</ref> |
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Other uses (hundreds of thousands of tons/year) include "ceramics, leather tanning (as masking Agent and Synthetic Tanning Agent-SYNTAN), anticaking, setting retarders, flame retardants, paper, anticorrosion pigments, textiles, rubber manufacture, fermentation, antifreeze."<ref name=Ullmann/> |
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===Other=== |
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Other uses (hundreds of thousands of tons/year) include ] (decrease the viscosity of glazes up to a certain limit), ] (as masking agent and synthetic tanning agent - SYNTAN), ]s, setting retarders, ]s, ], ] ], ], ] manufacture, ], ]."<ref name=Ullmann/> TPP is used as a polyanion crosslinker in polysaccharide based ].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Calvo |first1=P. |last2=Remuñán-López |first2=C. |last3=Vila-Jato |first3=J. L. |last4=Alonso |first4=M. J. |title=Novel hydrophilic chitosan-polyethylene oxide nanoparticles as protein carriers |journal=Journal of Applied Polymer Science |date=3 January 1997 |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=125–132 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19970103)63:1<125::AID-APP13>3.0.CO;2-4 }}</ref> ] may contain sodium triphosphate.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Saxton |first1=C. A. |last2=Ouderaa |first2=F. J. G. |title=The effect of a dentifrice containing zinc citrate and Triclosan on developing gingivitis |journal=Journal of Periodontal Research |date=January 1989 |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=75–80 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0765.1989.tb00860.x |pmid=2524573 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lobene |first1=RR |last2=Weatherford |first2=T |last3=Ross |first3=NM |last4=Lamm |first4=RA |last5=Menaker |first5=L |title=A modified gingival index for use in clinical trials. |journal=Clinical Preventive Dentistry |date=1986 |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=3–6 |pmid=3485495 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lobene |first1=RR |last2=Soparkar |first2=PM |last3=Newman |first3=MB |title=Use of dental floss. Effect on plaque and gingivitis. |journal=Clinical Preventive Dentistry |date=1982 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=5–8 |pmid=6980082 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mankodi |first1=Suru |last2=Bartizek |first2=Robert D. |last3=Leslie Winston |first3=J. |last4=Biesbrock |first4=Aaron R. |last5=McClanahan |first5=Stephen F. |last6=He |first6=Tao |title=Anti-gingivitis efficacy of a stabilized 0.454% stannous fluoride/sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice. A controlled 6-month clinical trial |journal=Journal of Clinical Periodontology |date=January 2005 |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=75–80 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-051X.2004.00639.x |pmid=15642062 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mankodi |first1=S |last2=Petrone |first2=DM |last3=Battista |first3=G |last4=Petrone |first4=ME |last5=Chaknis |first5=P |last6=DeVizio |first6=W |last7=Volpe |first7=AR |last8=Proskin |first8=HM |title=Clinical efficacy of an optimized stannous fluoride dentifrice, Part 2: A 6-month plaque/gingivitis clinical study, northeast USA. |journal=Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry |date=1997 |volume=18 Spec No |pages=10–5 |pmid=12206029 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mallatt |first1=Mark |last2=Mankodi |first2=Suru |last3=Bauroth |first3=Karen |last4=Bsoul |first4=Samer A. |last5=Bartizek |first5=Robert D. |last6=He |first6=Tao |title=A controlled 6-month clinical trial to study the effects of a stannous fluoride dentifrice on gingivitis |journal=Journal of Clinical Periodontology |date=September 2007 |volume=34 |issue=9 |pages=762–767 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-051X.2007.01109.x |pmid=17645550 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lang |first1=Niklaus P. |title=Epidemiology of periodontal disease |journal=Archives of Oral Biology |date=1990 |volume=35 |pages=S9–S14 |doi=10.1016/0003-9969(90)90125-t |pmid=2088238 }}</ref> |
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==Health effects== |
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==Health effects== |
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High serum phosphate concentration has been identified as a predictor of cardiovascular events and mortality. Whilst phosphate is present in the body and food in organic forms, inorganic forms of phosphate such as sodium triphosphate are readily adsorbed and can result in elevated phosphate levels in serum.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ritz |first1=Eberhard |last2=Hahn |first2=Kai |last3=Ketteler |first3=Markus |last4=Kuhlmann |first4=Martin K |last5=Mann |first5=Johannes |title=Phosphate Additives in Food—a Health Risk |journal=Deutsches Ärzteblatt International |date=2012 |volume=109 |issue=4 |pages=49–55 |doi=10.3238/arztebl.2012.0049 |pmid=22334826 |pmc=3278747 }}</ref> Salts of polyphosphate anions are moderately irritating to skin and mucous membranes because they are mildly alkaline.<ref name="Danish EPA 615 2001" /> |
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Polyphosphates are hydrolyzed into simpler phosphates, which in moderate amounts are nutritious. For example, ], a related derivative of triphosphate, is essential for life. Thus, the toxicity of polyphosphates is low, as the lowest LD50 after oral administration is >1,000 mg/kg body weight.<ref name="Danish EPA 615 2001">, , , Accessed 2008-07-15</ref> {{Clarify|date=May 2010}} Similarly, no mutagenic or carcinogenic effects nor reproductive effects have been noted.<ref name="Danish EPA 615 2001" /> Salts of polyphosphate anions are moderately irritating to skin and mucous membrane because they are mildly alkaline.<ref name="Danish EPA 615 2001" /> |
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==Environmental Effects== |
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==Environmental effects== |
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Because it is very ], STPP is not significantly removed by ]. STPP hydrolyses to ], which is assimilated into the natural ]. Detergents containing phosphorus contribute to the ] of many fresh waters.<ref name="Danish EPA 615 2001" /> |
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In 2000, the worldwide consumption of STPP was estimated to be approximately 2,000,000 tonnes.<ref name=Ullmann/> Because it is very ], it is not significantly transferred to sewage sludge, and therefore to soil by sludge spreading. No environmental risk related to STPP use in detergents is indicated in soil or air. As an ingredient of household cleaning products, STPP present in domestic waste waters is mainly discharged to the aquatic compartment, directly, via waste water treatment plants, via septic tanks, infiltration or other autonomous waste water systems. |
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] of the ], caused from phosphate run-off, is evident from the bright green bloom of ].]] |
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As STPP is an inorganic substance, ] studies are not applicable. However, STPP can be hydrolysed, finally to ], which can be assimilated by ] and/or by micro-organisms. STPP thus ends up being assimilated into the natural ]. Reliable published studies confirm ] understanding, showing that STPP is progressively hydrolysed by biochemical activity in contact with waste waters (in sewerage pipes and within sewage works) and also in the natural ]. This information enabled the calculation of “worst case” PEC (Predicted Environmental Concentrations) using the ] model and the ] detergent scenario. A default regional release of 10 % was applied instead of the 7 % regional release indicated in the HERA detergent scenario. Reliable acute aquatic ] studies are available which show that STPP is not toxic to aquatic organisms: all EC/LC50 are above 100 mg/l ('']'', fish, algae). Because of this, and because of the only temporary presence of STPP in the aquatic environment (due to hydrolysis), no studies have been carried out to date concerning the chronic effects of STPP on these aquatic organisms. ]s (PNECs) were therefore calculated for the aquatic environment and sediments on the basis of the acute aquatic ecotoxicity results. |
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==See also== |
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===Effects of wastewater containing phosphorus=== |
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* ], a cyclic triphosphate |
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Detergents containing phosphorus contribute together with other sources of phosphorus to the ] of many fresh waters.<ref name="Danish EPA 615 2001" /> Eutrophication is an increase in chemical nutrients—typically compounds containing nitrogen or phosphorus—in an ecosystem. It may occur on land or in water. The term is however often used to mean the resultant increase in the ecosystem's primary productivity (excessive plant growth and decay), and further effects including lack of oxygen and severe reductions in water quality, fish, and other animal populations. |
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* ] |
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Phosphorus can theoretically generate its weight 500 times in algae (Wetzel 1983). Whereas the primary production in marine waters is mainly nitrogen limited, freshwaters are considered to be phosphorus limited. A large part of the sewage effluents in many countries is released untreated into freshwater recipients, and here the use of phosphorus as complexing agents is still an environmental concern.<ref name="Danish EPA 615 2001" /> |
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==References== |
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==Notes & references== |
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{{reflist}} |
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<references/> |
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== See also == |
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* ] |
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{{Sodium compounds}} |
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{{Sodium compounds}} |
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