| Revision as of 15:20, 7 December 2010 editBeetstra (talk | contribs)Edit filter managers, Administrators172,031 edits Script assisted update of identifiers from ChemSpider, CommonChemistry and FDA for the Chem/Drugbox validation project - Updated: InChI1->InChI StdInChI StdInChIKey.← Previous edit |
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{{Short description|Insecticide}} |
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{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}} |
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{{chembox |
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{{chembox |
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| verifiedrevid = 401063623 |
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| Name = Spinosyn A |
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| Name = Spinosyns |
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| ImageFile = Spinosyn_A.png |
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| ImageFile = Spinosyn A v2.svg |
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| ImageSize = |
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| ImageSize = 200px |
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| ImageCaption =Spinosyn A |
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| ImageFile1 = Spinosyn D v2.svg |
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| ImageSize1 = 200px |
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| ImageCaption1 = Spinosyn D |
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| IUPACName = |
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| IUPACName = |
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| OtherNames = |
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| OtherNames = |
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| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers |
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|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers |
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| Identifiers_ref = |
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| InChI = 1/C42H67NO10.C41H65NO10/c1-11-26-13-12-14-35(53-37-16-15-34(43(6)7)24(4)49-37)23(3)38(45)33-20-31-29(32(33)21-36(44)51-26)17-22(2)28-18-27(19-30(28)31)52-42-41(48-10)40(47-9)39(46-8)25(5)50-42;1-10-26-12-11-13-34(52-36-17-16-33(42(5)6)23(3)48-36)22(2)37(44)32-20-30-28(31(32)21-35(43)50-26)15-14-25-18-27(19-29(25)30)51-41-40(47-9)39(46-8)38(45-7)24(4)49-41/h17,20,23-32,34-35,37,39-42H,11-16,18-19,21H2,1-10H3;14-15,20,22-31,33-34,36,38-41H,10-13,16-19,21H2,1-9H3/t23-,24-,25+,26+,27-,28+,29-,30-,31-,32+,34+,35+,37+,39+,40-,41-,42+;22-,23-,24+,25-,26+,27-,28-,29-,30-,31+,33+,34+,36+,38+,39-,40-,41+/m11/s1 |
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<!-- indexlabeling--> |
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| InChIKey = JFLRKDZMHNBDQS-SGSTVUCEBI |
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| index_label = |
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| StdInChI = 1S/C42H67NO10.C41H65NO10/c1-11-26-13-12-14-35(53-37-16-15-34(43(6)7)24(4)49-37)23(3)38(45)33-20-31-29(32(33)21-36(44)51-26)17-22(2)28-18-27(19-30(28)31)52-42-41(48-10)40(47-9)39(46-8)25(5)50-42;1-10-26-12-11-13-34(52-36-17-16-33(42(5)6)23(3)48-36)22(2)37(44)32-20-30-28(31(32)21-35(43)50-26)15-14-25-18-27(19-29(25)30)51-41-40(47-9)39(46-8)38(45-7)24(4)49-41/h17,20,23-32,34-35,37,39-42H,11-16,18-19,21H2,1-10H3;14-15,20,22-31,33-34,36,38-41H,10-13,16-19,21H2,1-9H3/t23-,24-,25+,26+,27-,28+,29-,30-,31-,32+,34+,35+,37+,39+,40-,41-,42+;22-,23-,24+,25-,26+,27-,28-,29-,30-,31+,33+,34+,36+,38+,39-,40-,41+/m11/s1 |
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| index1_label = A |
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| StdInChIKey = JFLRKDZMHNBDQS-SGSTVUCESA-N |
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| index2_label = D |
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| CASNo = 131929-63-0 |
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| indexlist_caption = |
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| PubChem = 183094 |
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| index_comment = |
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| ChemSpiderID=16736513 |
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| index1_comment = |
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| index2_comment = |
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| CASNo = 168316-95-8 |
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| CASNo_Comment = |
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| CASNo1 = 131929-60-7 |
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| CASNo1_Comment = |
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| CASNo2 = 131929-63-0 |
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| CASNo2_Comment = |
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| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} |
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| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} |
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| ChEBI = 39211 |
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| ChEBI_Comment = |
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| ChEBI1_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} |
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| ChEBI1 = 9230 |
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| ChEBI1_Comment = |
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| ChEBI2 = 9232 |
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| ChEBI2_Comment = |
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| ChEMBL = 4297065 |
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| ChEMBL_Comment = |
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| ChEMBL1 = 501411 |
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| ChEMBL1_Comment = |
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| ChEMBL2 = 503450 |
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| ChEMBL2_Comment = |
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| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} |
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| ChemSpiderID = 16736513 |
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| ChemSpiderID_Comment = |
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| ChemSpiderID1 = 391358 |
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| ChemSpiderID1_Comment = |
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| ChemSpiderID2 = 159214 |
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| ChemSpiderID2_Comment = |
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| DrugBank = DB08823 |
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| DrugBank_Comment = |
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| DrugBank1 = |
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| DrugBank1_Comment = |
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| DrugBank2 = |
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| DrugBank2_Comment = |
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| IUPHAR_ligand = |
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| IUPHAR_ligand_Comment = |
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| IUPHAR_ligand1 = |
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| IUPHAR_ligand1_Comment = |
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| IUPHAR_ligand2 = |
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| IUPHAR_ligand2_Comment = |
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| KEGG = D09384 |
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| KEGG_Comment = |
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| KEGG1 = C11054 |
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| KEGG1_Comment = |
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| KEGG2 = C11056 |
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| KEGG2_Comment = |
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| PubChem = |
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| PubChem_Comment = |
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| PubChem1 = 443059 |
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| PubChem1_Comment = |
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| PubChem2 = 183094 |
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| PubChem2_Comment = |
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| SMILES = |
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| SMILES = |
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| SMILES_Comment = |
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| ATCvet = yes |
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| SMILES1 = O(1C2(3((4(C(=C3)C(=O)(C)(O5O(C)(N(C)C)CC5)CCC(CC)OC(=O)C4))(C=C2(C1)))))6(OC)(OC)(OC)(C)O6 |
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| ATCCode_prefix = P53 |
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| SMILES1_Comment = |
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| ATCCode_suffix = BX03}} |
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| SMILES2 = CC1=C2((3(1(C(O4(OC)(OC)(OC)(C)O4)C3)))(C=C52(CC(=O)O(CC)CCC(O6O(C)(N(C)C)CC6)(C)C5=O))) |
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| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties |
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| Formula = |
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| SMILES2_Comment = |
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| MolarMass = |
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| Appearance = |
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| Density = |
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| MeltingPt = |
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| BoilingPt = |
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| Solubility = }} |
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| Section3 = {{Chembox Hazards |
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| MainHazards = |
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| FlashPt = |
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| Autoignition = }} |
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}} |
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| InChI1 = 1S/C41H65NO10/c1-10-26-12-11-13-34(52-36-17-16-33(42(5)6)23(3)48-36)22(2)37(44)32-20-30-28(31(32)21-35(43)50-26)15-14-25-18-27(19-29(25)30)51-41-40(47-9)39(46-8)38(45-7)24(4)49-41/h14-15,20,22-31,33-34,36,38-41H,10-13,16-19,21H2,1-9H3/t22-,23-,24+,25-,26+,27-,28-,29-,30-,31+,33+,34+,36+,38+,39-,40-,41+/m1/s1 |
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{{chembox |
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| InChI1_Comment = |
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| Name = Spinosyn D |
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| InChIKey1 = SRJQTHAZUNRMPR-UYQKXTDMSA-N |
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| ImageFile = Spinosyn_D.png |
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| InChI2 = 1S/C42H67NO10/c1-11-26-13-12-14-35(53-37-16-15-34(43(6)7)24(4)49-37)23(3)38(45)33-20-31-29(32(33)21-36(44)51-26)17-22(2)28-18-27(19-30(28)31)52-42-41(48-10)40(47-9)39(46-8)25(5)50-42/h17,20,23-32,34-35,37,39-42H,11-16,18-19,21H2,1-10H3/t23-,24-,25+,26+,27-,28+,29-,30-,31-,32+,34+,35+,37+,39+,40-,41-,42+/m1/s1 |
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| ImageSize = |
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| IUPACName = |
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| InChI2_Comment = |
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| InChIKey2 = RDECBWLKMPEKPM-PSCJHHPTSA-N |
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| OtherNames = |
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| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} |
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| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers |
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| CASNo = 131929-60-7 |
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| UNII = XPA88EAP6V |
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| UNII_Comment = |
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| PubChem = 443059 |
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| ATCvet = yes |
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| UNII1 = OY0L59V61N |
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| UNII1_Comment = |
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| UNII2 = 78G4631RTT |
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| UNII2_Comment = |
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}} |
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|Section2={{Chembox Properties |
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| Formula = C<sub>41</sub>H<sub>65</sub>NO<sub>10</sub> (A)<br>C<sub>42</sub>H<sub>67</sub>NO<sub>10</sub> (D) |
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| MolarMass = 731.968 g·mol<sup>−1</sup> (A)<br>745.995 g·mol<sup>−1</sup> (D) |
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| Appearance = |
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| Density = |
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| MeltingPt = |
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| BoilingPt = |
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| Solubility = |
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}} |
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| Section6 = {{Chembox Pharmacology |
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| Pharmacology_ref = |
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| ATCCode_prefix = P53 |
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| ATCCode_prefix = P53 |
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| ATCCode_suffix = BX03 |
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| ATCCode_suffix = BX03 |
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| ATC_Supplemental = |
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| SMILES = }} |
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| ATCvet = yes |
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| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties |
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| Formula = |
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| Licence_EU = |
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| MolarMass = |
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| INN = |
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| Appearance = |
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| INN_EMA = |
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| Density = |
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| Licence_US = |
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| MeltingPt = |
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| Legal_status = |
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| BoilingPt = |
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| Legal_AU = |
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| Legal_AU_comment = |
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| Solubility = }} |
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| Legal_CA = Rx-only |
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| Section3 = {{Chembox Hazards |
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| Legal_CA_comment = |
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| MainHazards = |
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| FlashPt = |
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| Legal_NZ = |
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| Legal_NZ_comment = |
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| Autoignition = }} |
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| Legal_UK = |
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| Legal_UK_comment = |
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| Legal_US = Rx-only |
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| Legal_US_comment = <ref>{{cite web | title=Natroba- spinosad suspension | work = DailyMed | publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine | date=28 April 2021 | url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=fa90ccc8-2df0-49f7-8878-2b33e34cd272 | access-date=1 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Spinosad suspension | work = DailyMed | publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine | date=31 May 2023 | url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=8e87bd3b-db25-4e97-bf57-96c875f67ce1 | access-date=1 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Comfortis- spinosad tablet, chewable | work = DailyMed | publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine | date=1 July 2021 | url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=d3489ebc-9900-4377-9a8b-98ae7c38ebd2 | access-date=1 July 2023}}</ref> |
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| Legal_EU = |
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| Legal_EU_comment = |
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| Legal_UN = |
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| Legal_UN_comment = |
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| Pregnancy_category = |
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| Pregnancy_AU = |
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| Pregnancy_AU_comment = |
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| Dependence_liability = |
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| AdminRoutes = ], ] |
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| Bioavail = |
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| ProteinBound = |
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| Metabolism = |
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| Metabolites = |
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| OnsetOfAction = |
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| HalfLife = |
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| DurationOfAction = |
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| Excretion = |
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}} |
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|Section7={{Chembox Hazards |
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| MainHazards = |
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| FlashPt = |
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| AutoignitionPt = |
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}} |
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}} |
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}} |
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{{Infobox drug |
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'''Spinosad''' (spinosyn A and spinosyn D) are a new chemical class of ] that are registered by the ] (EPA) to control a variety of insects. The active ingredient is derived from a naturally occurring soil dwelling bacterium called ''Saccharopolyspora spinosa'', a rare ] reportedly collected from soil in an abandoned rum distillery on a Caribbean Island in 1982 by a scientist on vacation<ref>http://www.dowagro.com/PublishedLiterature/dh_005f/0901b8038005f580.pdf</ref> |
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| drug_name = |
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. It has not been found in nature since that time, and was subsequently described as a new species. The bacteria produce compounds (metabolites) while in a fermentation broth. The first fermentation-derived compound was formulated in 1988. Spinosad has since been formulated into insecticides that combine the efficacy of a synthetic insecticide with the benefits of a ] organism. |
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| INN = |
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| type = <!-- empty --> |
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| image = |
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| width = |
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| alt = |
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| caption = |
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<!-- Clinical data --> |
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==Mode of action== |
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| pronounce = |
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Spinosad kills susceptible species by causing rapid excitation of the insect ]. Due to this unique mode of action, Spinosad is valued in resistance management programs. Spinosad must be ingested by the insect, therefore it has little effect on non-target predatory insects. It is highly effective used as an oral anti-flea medication for dogs, and apparently has the potential for killing any blood-sucking insect. |
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| tradename = |
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| Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|monograph|spinosad}} |
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| MedlinePlus = |
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| licence_CA = <!-- Health Canada may use generic or brand name (generic name preferred) --> |
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| licence_EU = <!-- EMA uses INN (or special INN_EMA) --> |
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| DailyMedID = <!-- DailyMed may use generic or brand name (generic name preferred) --> |
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| licence_US = <!-- FDA may use generic or brand name (generic name preferred) --> |
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| pregnancy_AU = <!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X --> |
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| pregnancy_AU_comment = |
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| pregnancy_category = |
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| routes_of_administration = |
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| class = |
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| ATCvet = |
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| ATC_prefix = <!-- 'none' if uncategorised --> |
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| ATC_suffix = |
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| ATC_supplemental = |
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<!-- Legal status --> |
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Spinosad is relatively fast acting. The insect dies within 1 to 2 days after ingesting the active ingredient. There appears to be 100% mortality. |
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| legal_AU = <!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled --> |
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| legal_AU_comment = |
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| legal_BR = <!-- OTC, A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, D1, D2, E, F --> |
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| legal_BR_comment = |
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| legal_CA = <!-- OTC, Rx-only, Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII --> |
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| legal_CA_comment = |
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| legal_DE = <!-- Anlage I, II, III or Unscheduled --> |
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| legal_DE_comment = |
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| legal_NZ = <!-- Class A, B, C --> |
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| legal_NZ_comment = |
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| legal_UK = <!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, CD Lic, CD POM, CD No Reg POM, CD (Benz) POM, CD (Anab) POM or CD Inv POM / Class A, B, C --> |
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| legal_UK_comment = |
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| legal_US = <!-- OTC / Rx-only / Schedule I, II, III, IV, V --> |
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| legal_US_comment = |
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| legal_EU = |
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| legal_EU_comment = |
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| legal_UN = <!-- N I, II, III, IV / P I, II, III, IV --> |
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| legal_UN_comment = |
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| legal_status = <!-- For countries not listed above --> |
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<!-- Pharmacokinetic data --> |
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==Use== |
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| bioavailability = |
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It is used to control a variety of insect pests, including ], ], ]s, ], ], ], ], and ] larvae. Spinosad is recommended for use in an ] program for commercial greenhouses since it will not harm most beneficial insects or predatory mites. Spinosad does not significantly affect ]s including ], ], minute ], and predatory ]. |
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| protein_bound = |
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| metabolism = |
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| metabolites = |
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| onset = |
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| elimination_half-life = |
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| duration_of_action = |
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| excretion = |
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<!-- Identifiers --> |
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==Products== |
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| CAS_number = |
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Spinosad has been formulated into two commercial products registered for use in commercial agriculture, including DowAgros' Conserve SC, and Entrust. Entrust is approved for use on ] ] produce. |
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| CAS_supplemental = |
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| PubChem = |
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| IUPHAR_ligand = |
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| DrugBank = |
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| ChemSpiderID = |
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| UNII = |
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| KEGG = |
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| ChEBI = |
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| ChEMBL = |
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| NIAID_ChemDB = |
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| PDB_ligand = |
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| synonyms = |
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<!-- Chemical and physical data --> |
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There are several home garden products manufactured for use in the United States including Monterey Garden Insect Spray manufactured by Lawn and Garden Products, Inc. and 'Borer, Bagworm, Tent Caterpillar & Leafminer Spray' manufactured by Ferti-Lome. Bonide Products has introduced spinosad in its Captain Jacks Dead Bug Brew insect control product line. |
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| IUPAC_name = |
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| chemical_formula_ref = |
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| chemical_formula = |
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| C= | H= | Ag= | Al= | As= | Au= | B= | Bi= | Br= | Ca= | Cl= | Co= | F= | Fe= | Gd= | I= |
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| K= | Li= | Mg= | Mn= | N= | Na= | O= | P= | Pt= | S= | Sb= | Se= | Sr= | Tc= | Zn= | charge= |
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| molecular_weight = |
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| SMILES = |
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| StdInChI = |
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| StdInChIKey = |
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| density = |
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| density_notes = |
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| melting_point = |
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| melting_high = |
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| melting_notes = |
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| boiling_point = |
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| solubility = |
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| sol_units = |
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| specific_rotation = |
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}} |
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'''Spinosad''' is an ] based on chemical compounds found in the bacterial species '']''. The genus '']'' was discovered in 1985 in isolates from crushed ]. The bacteria produce yellowish-pink aerial ], with bead-like chains of spores enclosed in a characteristic hairy sheath.<ref name=one>{{cite journal| vauthors = Mertz F, Yao RC |title=Saccharopolyspora spinosa sp. nov. Isolated from soil Collected in a Sugar Mill Rum Still|journal=International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology |date=Jan 1990 |volume=40|issue=1|pages=34–39|doi=10.1099/00207713-40-1-34|doi-access=free}}</ref> This genus is defined as aerobic, Gram-positive, nonacid-fast ] with fragmenting substrate mycelium. ''S. spinosa'' was isolated from soil collected inside a nonoperational sugar mill rum still in the ]. Spinosad is a mixture of ] in the spinosyn family that has a generalized structure consisting of a unique tetracyclic ring system attached to an ] (<small>D</small>-forosamine) and a neutral sugar (tri-''Ο''-methyl-<small>L</small>-rhamnose).<ref name=four>{{cite journal | vauthors = Snyder DE, Meyer J, Zimmermann AG, Qiao M, Gissendanner SJ, Cruthers LR, Slone RL, Young DR | display-authors = 6 | title = Preliminary studies on the effectiveness of the novel pulicide, spinosad, for the treatment and control of fleas on dogs | journal = Veterinary Parasitology | volume = 150 | issue = 4 | pages = 345–351 | date = December 2007 | pmid = 17980490 | doi = 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.09.011 }}</ref> Spinosad is relatively nonpolar and not easily dissolved in water.<ref name=seven>{{cite journal | vauthors = Crouse GD, Sparks TC, Schoonover J, Gifford J, Dripps J, Bruce T, Larson LL, Garlich J, Hatton C, Hill RL, Worden TV, Martynow JG | display-authors = 6 | title = Recent advances in the chemistry of spinosyns | journal = Pest Management Science | volume = 57 | issue = 2 | pages = 177–185 | date = February 2001 | pmid = 11455648 | doi = 10.1002/1526-4998(200102)57:2<177::AID-PS281>3.0.CO;2-Z }}</ref> |
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The products have practically no odor. Its soil absorption is moderately strong and it degrades rapidly in the environment primarily through ]. |
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Spinosad is a novel mode-of-action insecticide derived from a family of natural products obtained by fermentation of ''S. spinosa''. Spinosyns occur in over 20 natural forms, and over 200 synthetic forms (spinosoids) have been produced in the lab.<ref name=five>{{cite journal| vauthors = Watson G |title=Actions of Insecticidal Spinosyns on γ-Aminobutyric Acid Responses for Small-Diameter Cockroach Neurons|journal=Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology|date=31 May 2001|volume=71|issue=1 |pages=20–28|doi=10.1006/pest.2001.2559|bibcode=2001PBioP..71...20W }}</ref> Spinosad contains a mix of two spinosoids, spinosyn A, the major component, and spinosyn D (the minor component), in a roughly 17:3 ratio.<ref name=one /> |
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Spinosad is also the active ingredient in Comfortis<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/Eli_Lilly_and_Company</ref>, a chewable flea medication for pets.<ref>http://comfortis4dogs.com</ref> |
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== Mode of action == |
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==Safety== |
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Spinosad is highly active, by both contact and ingestion, in numerous insect species.<ref name=three>{{cite journal| vauthors = Hertlein M, Thompson GD, Subramanyam B, Athanassiou CG |title=Spinosad: A new natural product for stored grain protection|journal=Stored Products|date=12 January 2011|volume=47|issue=3|pages=131–146 |doi=10.1016/j.jspr.2011.01.004}}</ref> Its overall protective effect varies with insect species and life stage. It affects certain species only in the adult stage, but can affect other species at more than one life stage. The species subject to very high rates of mortality as larvae, but not as adults, may gradually be controlled through sustained larval mortality.<ref name=three /> The mode of action of spinosoid insecticides is by a neural mechanism.<ref name=two>{{cite journal| vauthors = Orr N, Shaffner AJ, Richey K, Crouse GD |title=Novel mode of action of spinosad: Receptor binding studies demonstrating lack of interaction with known insecticidal target sites|journal=Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology|date=30 April 2009|volume=95|issue=1 |pages=1–5|doi=10.1016/j.pestbp.2009.04.009|bibcode=2009PBioP..95....1O }}</ref> The spinosyns and spinosoids have a novel mode of action, primarily targeting binding sites on ]s (nAChRs) of the insect nervous system that are distinct from those at which other insecticides have their activity. Spinosoid binding leads to disruption of acetylcholine neurotransmission.<ref name=four /> Spinosad also has secondary effects as a γ-amino-butyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter agonist.<ref name=four /> It kills insects by hyperexcitation of the insect nervous system.<ref name=four /> Spinosad has proven not to cause ] to any other known insecticide.<ref name=six>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sparks TC, Crouse GD, Durst G | title = Natural products as insecticides: the biology, biochemistry and quantitative structure-activity relationships of spinosyns and spinosoids | journal = Pest Management Science | volume = 57 | issue = 10 | pages = 896–905 | date = October 2001 | pmid = 11695182 | doi = 10.1002/ps.358 }}</ref> |
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Its "Caution" signal word indicates a reduced risk to applicators and workers. There are no specific worker protection requirements, even though applicators and handlers should wear a long-sleeved shirt, long pants, shoes and socks. |
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== Uses == |
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Spinosad shows low toxicity when ingested by mammals (male rat {{LD50}} = 3738 mg/kg) and no additional adverse effects from chronic exposure. Studies on spinosad show slight toxicity to birds, moderate toxicity to fish, and slight to moderate toxicity to aquatic invertebrates. However, it is highly toxic to bees (honey bee ] = 11.5 ppm) and is highly toxic to oysters and other marine mollusks. Applications to areas where bees are actively foraging should be avoided. After the residues have dried, it is much less toxic to bees. |
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Spinosad has been used around the world for the control of a variety of insect pests, including ], ], ], ], ], and ], and many others.<ref name=eight>{{cite journal| vauthors = Sparks T, Dripps JE, Watson GB, Paroonagian D |title=Resistance and cross-resistance to the spinosyns- A review and analysis|journal=Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology|volume=102|date=6 November 2012|issue=1 |pages=1–10|url=http://www.elsevier.com/locate/pest|access-date=17 November 2011|doi=10.1016/j.pestbp.2011.11.004|bibcode=2012PBioP.102....1S }}</ref> It was first registered as a pesticide in the United States for use on crops in 1997.<ref name=eight /> Its labeled use rate is set at 1 ppm (1 mg a.i./kg of grain) and its maximum residue limit (MRL) or tolerance is set at 1.5 ppm. Spinosad's widespread commercial launch was deferred, awaiting final MRL or tolerance approvals in a few remaining grain-importing countries. It is considered a natural product, thus is approved for use in organic agriculture by numerous nations.<ref name=three /> Two other uses for spinosad are for pets and humans. Spinosad has been used in oral preparations (as Comfortis) to treat '']'', the cat flea, in canines and felines; the optimal dose set for canines is reported to be 30 mg/kg.<ref name=four /> |
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Spinosad is sold under the brand names, Comfortis, Trifexis, and Natroba.<ref>{{cite web | title=Spinosad international brands | website=Drugs.com | date=3 January 2020 | url=https://www.drugs.com/international/spinosad.html | access-date=30 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Spinosad US brands | website=Drugs.com | date=3 January 2020 | url=https://www.drugs.com/ingredient/spinosad.html | access-date=30 January 2020}}</ref> Trifexis also includes ]. Comfortis and Trifexis brands treat adult fleas on pets; the latter also prevents ].<ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Merchant M |url=https://citybugs.tamu.edu/factsheets/biting-stinging/others/ent-3001/ |title=Safer Flea Control | Insects in the City |publisher=Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service |access-date=20 October 2012}}</ref> |
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It is important to note that toxicity is based on the active ingredient tested; formulations of spinosad in common use today have a very small amount of spinosad active ingredient. In addition, non-target sensitivity is mitigated by the environmental characteristics of spinosad, including rapid dissipation in the water column, sorption and binding of residues with sediment and lack of bioaccumulation in living tissues. |
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Natroba is sold for treatment of human head lice.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/ingredient/spinosad.html |title=Spinosad - brand name list from |publisher=Drugs.com |access-date=20 October 2012}}</ref> Spinosad is also commonly used to kill ].<ref>{{cite report | vauthors = Bethke JA, Dreistadt SH, Varela LG, Phillips PA, O'Donnell CA | title = Thripsm | work = University of California Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program. UCANR Publication. | date = May 2014 | series = Integrated Pest Management for Home Gardeners and Landscape Professionals | url = https://ipm.ucanr.edu/legacy_assets/pdf/pestnotes/pnthrips.pdf }}</ref> |
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Comfortis and Trifexis were withdrawn in the European Union.<ref>{{cite web | title=Comfortis EPAR | website=European Medicines Agency | date=26 June 2023 | url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/veterinary/EPAR/comfortis | access-date=3 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Trifexis EPAR | website=European Medicines Agency | date=5 November 2020 | url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/veterinary/EPAR/trifexis | access-date=3 July 2023}}</ref> |
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Beneficial ] and ] wasps are harmed by the chemical, but it has much less effect on such insects as ]s and beetles like the ] and spares predatory bugs such as ] and the ].<ref></ref> |
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== Spinosyn A == |
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Spinosad does not have any ] on ornamentals {{Citation needed|date=February 2008}} and is non-phytotoxic for most crops. It has a 4-hour ] reentry interval (REI). |
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Spinosyn A does not appear to interact directly with known insecticidal-relevant target sites, but rather acts via a novel mechanism.<ref name=two /> Spinosyn A resembles a ] and is comparable to the effect of ] on insect neurons.<ref name=five /> Spinosyn A is highly active against neonate ]e of the tobacco budworm, '']'', and is slightly more biologically active than {{Vanchor|Spinosyn D|text=spinosyn D}}. In general, spinosyns possessing a methyl group at C6 (spinosyn D-related analogs) tend to be more active and less affected by changes in the rest of the molecule.<ref name= six /> Spinosyn A is slow to penetrate to the internal fluids of larvae; it is also poorly metabolized once it enters the insect.<ref name=six /> The apparent lack of spinosyn A metabolism may contribute to its high level of activity, and may compensate for the slow rate of penetration.<ref name=six /> |
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== Resistance == |
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Do not apply Spinosad more than 10 times in a 12 month period inside a ] to prevent possible insect ]. |
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Spinosad resistance has been found in ''],''<ref name="pmid10985042">{{cite journal | vauthors = Liu N, Yue X | title = Insecticide resistance and cross-resistance in the house fly (Diptera: Muscidae) | journal = Journal of Economic Entomology | volume = 93 | issue = 4 | pages = 1269–1275 | date = August 2000 | pmid = 10985042 | doi = 10.1603/0022-0493-93.4.1269 | s2cid = 26611971 }}</ref><ref name="Beneficial"/> '']'',<ref name="pmid15307676">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sayyed AH, Omar D, Wright DJ | title = Genetics of spinosad resistance in a multi-resistant field-selected population of Plutella xylostella | journal = Pest Management Science | volume = 60 | issue = 8 | pages = 827–832 | date = August 2004 | pmid = 15307676 | doi = 10.1002/ps.869 }}</ref><ref name="Beneficial"/> '']'',<ref name="pmid16813333">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hsu JC, Feng HT | title = Development of resistance to spinosad in oriental fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) in laboratory selection and cross-resistance | journal = Journal of Economic Entomology | volume = 99 | issue = 3 | pages = 931–936 | date = June 2006 | pmid = 16813333 | doi = 10.1603/0022-0493-99.3.931 | s2cid = 182038998 | url = http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/207290/1/a.pdf }}</ref><ref name="Beneficial"/> '']'',<ref name="pmid17598556">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bielza P, Quinto V, Fernandez E, Grávalos C, Contreras J | title = Genetics of spinosad resistance in Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) | journal = Journal of Economic Entomology | volume = 100 | issue = 3 | pages = 916–920 | date = June 2007 | pmid = 17598556 | doi = 10.1603/0022-0493(2007)1002.0.co;2 | doi-broken-date = 16 November 2024 | s2cid = 25560262 }}</ref><ref name="Beneficial"/> and '']''.<ref name="pmid17665366">{{cite journal | vauthors = Reyes M, Franck P, Charmillot PJ, Ioriatti C, Olivares J, Pasqualini E, Sauphanor B | title = Diversity of insecticide resistance mechanisms and spectrum in European populations of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella | journal = Pest Management Science | volume = 63 | issue = 9 | pages = 890–902 | date = September 2007 | pmid = 17665366 | doi = 10.1002/ps.1421 }}</ref><ref>See for continued updates: {{cite web | vauthors = Mota-Sanchez D, Wise JC | collaboration = ] | url = http://www.pesticideresistance.org/ | title = Arthropod Pesticide Resistance Database | publisher = Michigan State University }}</ref><ref name="Beneficial">{{cite journal | vauthors = Biondi A, Mommaerts V, Smagghe G, Viñuela E, Zappalà L, Desneux N | title = The non-target impact of spinosyns on beneficial arthropods | journal = Pest Management Science | volume = 68 | issue = 12 | pages = 1523–1536 | date = December 2012 | pmid = 23109262 | doi = 10.1002/ps.3396 | publisher = ] (]) }}</ref> |
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== Safety and ecotoxicology == |
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==Sources== |
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Spinosad has high efficacy, a broad insect pest spectrum, low mammalian toxicity, and a good environmental profile, a unique feature of the insecticide compared to others currently used for the protection of grain products.<ref name=three /> It is regarded as ]-based, and approved for use in organic agriculture by numerous national and international certifications.<ref name=eight /> Spinosad residues are highly stable on grains stored in bins, with protection ranging from 6 months to 2 years.<ref name=three />{{clarify|date=June 2014}} |
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*Dow AgroSciences LLC. Conserve SC InfoSheet. Indianapolis IN. |
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] parameters have been reported for spinosad, and are:<ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Brunner JF |title=Codling Moth and Leafroller Control Using Chemicals |url=http://entomology.tfrec.wsu.edu/jfbhome/growerarticles/newchems/newchems.pdf | work = Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center | publisher = Washington State University | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20030803114827/http://entomology.tfrec.wsu.edu/jfbhome/growerarticles/newchems/newchems.pdf | archive-date = 3 August 2003 |access-date=20 October 2012}}</ref> |
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*"A review of Spinosad" Tam Tran. University of California, Irvine. |
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* in rat ('']'' {{small|(Bergenhout, 1769)}}), acute oral: {{LD50}} >5000 mg/kg (nontoxic) |
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*Extension Toxicology Network. Pesticide Information Profiles. EPA Pesticide Programs. |
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* in rat (''R. norvegicus''), acute dermal: LD<sub>50</sub> >2000 mg/kg (nontoxic) |
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*Bio-Itegral Resource Center. |
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* in California quail ('']'' {{small|(Shaw, 1798)}}), oral toxicity: LD<sub>50</sub> >2000 mg/kg (nontoxic) |
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* in duck ('']'' {{small|(Linnaeus, 1758)}}), dietary toxicity: LC<sub>50</sub> >5000 mg/kg (nontoxic) |
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* in ] (''Oncorhynchus mykiss'' {{small|(Walbaum, 1792)}}), LC<sub>50-96h</sub> = 30.0 mg/L (slightly toxic) |
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* in honeybee ('']'' {{small|(Linnaeus, 1758)}}), LD<sub>50</sub> = 0.0025 mg/bee (highly toxic if directly sprayed on and of dried residues). |
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Chronic exposure studies failed to induce tumor formation in rats and mice; mice given up to 51 mg/kg/day for 18 months resulted in no tumor formation.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Stebbins KE, Bond DM, Novilla MN, Reasor MJ | title = Spinosad insecticide: subchronic and chronic toxicity and lack of carcinogenicity in CD-1 mice | journal = Toxicological Sciences | volume = 65 | issue = 2 | pages = 276–287 | date = February 2002 | pmid = 11812932 | doi = 10.1093/toxsci/65.2.276 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Similarly, administration of 25 mg/kg/day to rats for 24 months did not result in tumor formation.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Yano BL, Bond DM, Novilla MN, McFadden LG, Reasor MJ | title = Spinosad insecticide: subchronic and chronic toxicity and lack of carcinogenicity in Fischer 344 rats | journal = Toxicological Sciences | volume = 65 | issue = 2 | pages = 288–298 | date = February 2002 | pmid = 11812933 | doi = 10.1093/toxsci/65.2.288 | doi-access = free }}</ref> |
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==References== |
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<references /> |
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== References == |
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{{Reflist}} |
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== Further reading == |
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{{refbegin}} |
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* {{cite journal | vauthors = Mayes MA, Thompson GD, Husband B, Miles MM | title = Spinosad toxicity to pollinators and associated risk | journal = Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology | volume = 179 | issue = | pages = 37–71 | date = 2003 | pmid = 15366583 | doi = 10.1007/0-387-21731-2_2 | isbn = 978-0-387-00620-8 }} |
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{{refend}} |
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{{Insecticides}} |
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