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{{expert-subject|Chemistry|date=January 2007}} |
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{{chembox |
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{{chembox |
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| Verifiedfields = changed |
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| verifiedrevid = 414434868 |
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| Watchedfields = changed |
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| Name = Thulium(III) oxide |
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| verifiedrevid = 428987369 |
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| ImageFile = Tl2O3structure.jpg |
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| ImageName = Thulium(III) oxide |
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| Name = Thulium(III) oxide |
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| ImageFile = Tl2O3structure.jpg |
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| OtherNames = Thulium oxide, thulium sesquioxide |
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| ImageName = Thulium(III) oxide |
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| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers |
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| OtherNames = Thulium oxide, thulium sesquioxide |
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| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite}} |
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| IUPACName = Thulium(III) oxide |
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| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers |
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| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} |
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| CASNo = 12036-44-1 |
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| CASNo = 12036-44-1 |
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| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} |
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| UNII = DZJ5EE05EB |
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| EC_number = 234-851-6 |
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| PubChem = 159411 |
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| InChI = 1S/3O.2Tm/q3*-2;2*+3 |
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| SMILES = .... |
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| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties |
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| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties |
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| Formula = Tm<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> |
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| Formula = Tm<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> |
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| MolarMass = 385.866 g/mol |
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| MolarMass = 385.866 g/mol |
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| Appearance = greenish-white ] crystals |
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| Appearance = greenish-white ] crystals |
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| Density = 8.6 g/cm<sup>3</sup> |
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| Density = 8.6 g/cm<sup>3</sup> |
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| Solubility = slightly soluble in acids |
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| Solubility = |
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| SolubleOther = Slightly soluble in acids |
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| MeltingPt = 2341°C |
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| MeltingPtC = 2341 |
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| BoilingPt = 3945°C<ref name="hand">{{Citation |
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| BoilingPtC = 3945 |
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| last = Lide| first = David R. | year = 1998 |
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| MagSus = +51,444·10<sup>−6</sup> cm<sup>3</sup>/mol |
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| title = Handbook of Chemistry and Physics |
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| edition = 87 | publication-place = Boca Raton, FL | publisher = CRC Press | isbn = 0-8493-0594-2 |
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| pages = 447}}</ref> |
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| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure |
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| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure |
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| CrystalStruct = ], ] |
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| CrystalStruct = ], ]<ref name="Lee"></ref> |
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| SpaceGroup = Ia-3, No. 206 |
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| SpaceGroup = Ia-3, No. 206<ref name="Lee"></ref> |
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| LattConst_a = 10.49 Å<ref name="Lee"></ref> |
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| UnitCellFormulas = 16<ref name="Lee"></ref> |
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| Section4 = {{Chembox Thermochemistry |
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| Thermochemistry_ref = |
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| HeatCapacity = 2.515 °C<sub>p</sub><ref name="Justice" /> (25 °C) |
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| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards |
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| ExternalSDS = |
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| GHSPictograms = {{GHS07}} |
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| Section9 = {{Chembox Related |
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| OtherAnions = ] |
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| OtherCations = ]<br>] |
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'''Thulium(III) oxide''' is a pale green solid compound, with the formula ]<sub>2</sub>]<sub>3</sub>. It was first isolated in 1878 from an impure sample of ] by ], who named it ''thulia''. |
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'''Thulium(III) oxide''' is a pale green crystalline compound, with the formula ]<sub>2</sub>]<sub>3</sub>. It was first isolated in 1879, from an impure sample of ], by ] ] ], who named it ''thulia''. |
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== Synthesis == |
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Thulium(III) oxide has been made in the laboratory using various methods. One method involves burning ] metal or its various salts in air.<ref name="Housecroft">{{cite book |author1=Catherine E. Housecroft |title=Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd Edition |author2=Alan G. Sharpe |publisher=Pearson |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-13-175553-6 |page=864 |chapter=Chapter 25: The ''f''-block metals: lanthanoids and actinoids}}</ref><ref name="Justice">{{Cite journal |last1=Justice |first1=Bruce |last2=Westrum |first2=Edgar |last3=Chang |first3=Elfreda |last4=Radebaugh |first4=Ray |date=February 1, 1969 |title=Thermophysical properties of the lanthanide oxides. IV. Heat capacities and thermodynamic properties of thulium(III) and lutetium(III) oxides. Electronic energy levels of several lanthanide(III) ions |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100722a010 |journal=Journal of Physical Chemistry |volume=2 |issue=73 |pages=333–340 |doi=10.1021/j100722a010 |via=ACSPublications}}</ref> |
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Thulium(III) oxide can be made using a hydrothermal method where ] is mixed with an ] solution, which causes thulium(III) oxide to precipitate as a white solid.<ref name="Lee">{{Cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Sung Woo |last2=Park |first2=Seong Kyun |last3=Min |first3=Bong-Ki |last4=Kang |first4=Jun-Gill |last5=Sohn |first5=Youngku |date=July 2014 |title=Structural/spectroscopic analyses and H2/O2/CO responses of thulium(III) oxide nanosquare sheets |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0169433214009234 |journal=Applied Surface Science |language=en |volume=307 |pages=736–743 |doi=10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.04.149}}</ref> |
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==Properties== |
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Thulium(III) oxide (Tm₂O₃) is a pale green, thermally stable powder with a high melting point of 2,341 °C and a density of 8.6 g/cm³, typically forming a cubic crystal structure.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.stanfordmaterials.com/blog/thulium-oxide-properties-and-applications.html |title=Thulium Oxide: Properties and Applications of This Rare Earth Compound |last=Loewen |first=Eric |website=Standford Advanced Materials |access-date=Oct 30, 2024}}</ref> It is resistant to oxidation and dissolves in strong acids like ], allowing it to form soluble ] salts.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mitrovic |first1=I.Z. |last2=Hall |first2=S |year=2015 |title=Atomic-layer deposited thulium oxide as a passivation layer on germanium |journal=Journal of Applied Physics |volume=117 |issue=21 |page=21404 |doi=10.1063/1.4922121 |
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|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01720449/file/1.4922121.pdf }}</ref> Due to its unique f-electron configuration, Tm₂O₃ has notable optical properties.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chaneliere |first1=T |last2=Ruggiero |first2=J |year=2008 |title=Tm3+:Y2O3 investigated for a quantum light storage application |journal= Physical Review B|volume=77 |issue=24 |page=245127 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevB.77.245127}}</ref> Thulium oxide (Tm₂O₃) is considered fibrogenic; it has the potential to induce tissue injury and ] when inhaled or otherwise introduced to biological tissue.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Thulium-oxide |title=PubChem Compound Summary for CID 159411, Thulium oxide |year=2024 |website=National Center for Biotechnology Information |access-date=Oct 30, 2024}}</ref> |
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==References== |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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{{reflist}} |
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{{inorganic-compound-stub}} |
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{{Thulium compounds}} |
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{{Thulium compounds}} |
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{{Oxides}} |
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