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| verifiedrevid = 410570041 |
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| verifiedrevid = 447560035 |
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| Name = Yttrium(III) oxide |
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| Name = Yttrium(III) oxide |
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| ImageFile =Tl2O3structure.jpg |
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| ImageFile = Tl2O3structure.jpg |
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| ImageName = Yttrium(III) oxide |
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| ImageName = Yttrium(III) oxide |
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| IUPACName = Yttrium(III) oxide. |
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| IUPACName = Yttrium(III) oxide. |
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| OtherNames = Yttria,<br />diyttrium trioxide, <br /> yttrium sesquioxide |
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| OtherNames = Yttria,<br />diyttrium trioxide, <br /> yttrium sesquioxide |
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| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers |
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|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers |
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| PubChem = 518711 |
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| StdInChI=1S/3O.2Y |
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| StdInChIKey = SIWVEOZUMHYXCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
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| SMILES =O=O=O |
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| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} |
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| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} |
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| CASNo = 1314-36-9 |
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| CASNo = 1314-36-9 |
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| RTECS = ZG3850000}} |
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| RTECS = ZG3850000 |
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| UNII = X8071685XT |
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| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties |
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| EINECS = 215-233-5 |
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| ChemSpiderID = 140159 |
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}} |
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|Section2={{Chembox Properties |
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| Formula = Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> |
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| Formula = Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> |
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| MolarMass = 225.81 g/mol |
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| MolarMass = 225.81 g/mol |
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| Appearance = White solid. |
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| Appearance = White solid. |
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| Density = 5.010 g/cm³, solid |
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| Density = 5.010 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, solid |
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| MeltingPt = 2425 °C |
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| MeltingPtC = 2425 |
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| MeltingPt_notes = |
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| BoilingPt = 4300 °C |
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| BoilingPtC = 4300 |
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| MagSus = +44.4·10<sup>−6</sup> cm<sup>3</sup>/mol<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://hbcp.chemnetbase.com/faces/contents/ContentsSearch.xhtml |title=Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 102nd Edition |publisher=]}}</ref> |
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| BoilingPt_notes = |
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| Solubility = insoluble |
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| Solubility = insoluble |
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| Solvent = ] <br> ] |
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|Section3={{Chembox Structure |
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| SolubleOther = soluble |
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| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure |
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| Coordination = Octahedral |
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| Coordination = Octahedral |
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| CrystalStruct = ] (bixbyite), ]<ref>{{cite journal | journal = Phys. Rev. | volume = B56 | pages = 14993–15000 | year = 1997 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevB.56.14993 | title = Electronic, structural, and optical properties of crystalline yttria | author = Yong-Nian Xu; Zhong-quan Gu; W. Y. Ching | issue = 23}}</ref> |
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| CrystalStruct = ] (bixbyite), ]<ref>{{cite journal | journal = Phys. Rev. | volume = B56 | pages = 14993–15000 | year = 1997 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevB.56.14993 | title = Electronic, structural, and optical properties of crystalline yttria |author1=Yong-Nian Xu |author2=Zhong-quan Gu |author3=W. Y. Ching | issue = 23|bibcode = 1997PhRvB..5614993X }}</ref> |
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| SpaceGroup = Ia-3, No. 206 |
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| SpaceGroup = Ia{{overline|3}} (No. 206) |
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| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards |
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| Section4 = {{Chembox Thermochemistry |
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| DeltaGf = -1816.609 kJ/mol <ref name=usgs>R. Robie, B. Hemingway, and J. Fisher, “Thermodynamic Properties of Minerals and Related Substances at 298.15K and 1bar Pressure and at Higher Temperatures,” US Geol. Surv., vol. 1452, 1978. </ref> |
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| EUClass = None listed. |
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| DeltaHc = |
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| RPhrases = Not hazardous |
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| DeltaHf = -1905.310 kJ/mol <ref name=usgs /> |
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| SPhrases = {{S24/25}} |
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| Entropy = 99.08 J/mol·K <ref name=usgs /> |
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| EUClass = None listed. |
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| HeatCapacity = |
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| Section8 = {{Chembox Related |
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|Section7={{Chembox Hazards |
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| OtherAnions = |
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| LDLo = >10,000 mg/kg (rat, oral)<br/> >6000 mg/kg (mouse, oral)<ref>{{IDLH|7440655|Yttrium compounds (as Y)}}</ref> |
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| OtherCations = ],<br />] |
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| OtherCpds = ] |
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|Section8={{Chembox Related |
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| OtherAnions = ] |
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| OtherCations = ],<br />] |
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| OtherCompounds = ] |
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'''Yttrium oxide''' is ]<sub>2</sub>]<sub>3</sub>. It is an air-stable, white solid substance. ] oxide is used as a common starting material for both ] as well as ]s. |
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'''Yttrium oxide''', also known as '''yttria''', is ]<sub>2</sub>]<sub>3</sub>. It is an air-stable, white solid ]. |
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The ] of yttrium oxide is 27 W/(m·K).<ref>{{cite journal |author1=P. H. Klein |author2=W. J. Croft |name-list-style=amp |title=Thermal conductivity, Diffusivity, and Expansion of Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, Y<sub>3</sub>Al<sub>5</sub>O<sub>12</sub>, and LaF<sub>3</sub> in the Range 77-300 K |journal=] |volume=38 |page=1603 |year=1967 |doi=10.1063/1.1709730 |issue=4|bibcode = 1967JAP....38.1603K }}</ref> |
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==Uses== |
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===Materials science=== |
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==Applications== |
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It is the most important yttrium compound and is widely used to make YVO<sub>4</sub> ] and Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> europium ] that give the red color in color TV picture tubes. Yttrium oxide is also used to make ]s, which are very effective ] filters. |
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===Phosphors=== |
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] oxide is widely used to make ] and Eu:Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> ] that give the red color in color TV picture tubes. |
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===Yttria lasers=== |
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Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> is used to make the ] YBa<sub>2</sub>Cu<sub>3</sub>O<sub>7</sub>, known as "1-2-3" to indicate the ratio of the metal constituents: |
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Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> is a prospective ] material. In particular, lasers with ] as ] allow the efficient operation both in ]<ref name="cw">{{cite journal |
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| author = J. Kong |author2=D.Y.Tang |author3=B. Zhao |author4=J.Lu |author5=K.Ueda |author6=H.Yagi |author7=T.Yanagitani |title=9.2-W diode-pumped Yb:Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> ceramic laser |journal=Applied Physics Letters |
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| volume = 86 |year=2005 |doi=10.1063/1.1914958 |page=161116 |
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| issue = 16 |bibcode=2005ApPhL..86p1116K|doi-access=free }}</ref> and in pulsed regimes.<ref name="pulsed">{{cite journal |
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| author = M.Tokurakawa |author2=K.Takaichi |author3=A.Shirakawa |author4=K.Ueda |author5=H.Yagi |author6=T.Yanagitani |author7=A.A. Kaminskii |title=Diode-pumped 188 fs mode-locked Yb<sup>3+</sup>:Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> ceramic laser |journal=Appl. Phys. Lett. |volume=90 |
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| pages = 071101 |year=2007 |doi=10.1063/1.2476385 |
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| issue = 7 |bibcode=2007ApPhL..90g1101T |
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}}</ref> At high concentration of excitations (of order of 1%) and poor cooling, the quenching of emission at laser frequency and avalanche broadband emission takes place.<ref name="bi">{{cite journal |author=J.-F.Bisson |author2=D.Kouznetsov |author3=K.Ueda |author4=S.T.Fredrich-Thornton |author5=K.Petermann |author6=G.Huber |title=Switching of emissivity and photoconductivity in highly doped Yb<sup>3+</sup>:Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and Lu<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> ceramics |
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| journal = Appl. Phys. Lett. |volume=90 |pages=201901 |year=2007 |doi=10.1063/1.2739318 |issue=20 |bibcode=2007ApPhL..90t1901B |
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}}</ref> (Yttria-based lasers are not to be confused with YAG lasers using ], a widely used crystal host for rare earth laser dopants). |
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===Gas lighting=== |
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: 2 Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + 8 BaO + 12 CuO + O<sub>2</sub> → 4 YBa<sub>2</sub>Cu<sub>3</sub>O<sub>7</sub> |
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The original use of the mineral yttria and the purpose of its extraction from mineral sources was as part of the process of making gas mantles and other products for turning the flames of artificially-produced gases (initially hydrogen, later coal gas, paraffin, or other products) into human-visible light. This use is almost obsolete - thorium and cerium oxides are larger components of such products these days. |
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===Dental ceramics=== |
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This synthesis is typically conducted at 800 °C. |
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Yttrium oxide is used to stabilize the ] in late-generation porcelain-free metal-free dental ceramics. This is a very hard ceramic used as a strong base material in some full ceramic restorations.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Shen|editor-first1=James|title=Advanced ceramics for dentistry|date=2013|publisher=Elsevier/BH|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-0123946195|page=271|edition=1st}}</ref> The zirconia used in dentistry is ] which has been stabilized with the addition of ]. The full name of zirconia used in dentistry is "yttria-stabilized zirconia" or YSZ. |
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===Microwave filters=== |
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The ] of yttrium oxide is 27 W/(m·K).<ref>{{cite journal |author=P. H. Klein and W. J. Croft |title=Thermal conductivity , Diffusivity, and Expansion of Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, Y<sub>3</sub>Al<sub>5</sub>O<sub>12</sub>, and LaF<sub>3</sub> in the Range 77-300 K |url= |journal=] |volume=38 |page=1603 |year=1967 |doi=10.1063/1.1709730 |issue=4}}</ref> |
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Yttrium oxide is also used to make ]s, which are very effective ] filters. |
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===Superconductors=== |
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Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> is used to make the ] YBa<sub>2</sub>Cu<sub>3</sub>O<sub>7</sub>, known as "1-2-3" to indicate the ratio of the metal constituents: |
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: 2 Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + 8 BaO + 12 CuO + O<sub>2</sub> → 4 YBa<sub>2</sub>Cu<sub>3</sub>O<sub>7</sub> |
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This synthesis is typically conducted at 800 °C. |
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===Inorganic synthesis=== |
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===Inorganic synthesis=== |
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Yttrium oxide is an important starting point for inorganic compounds. For organometallic chemistry it is converted to ] in a reaction with concentrated ] and ]. |
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Yttrium oxide is an important starting point for inorganic compounds. For organometallic chemistry it is converted to ] in a reaction with concentrated ] and ]. |
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=== High-temperature coatings === |
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===Lasers=== |
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Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> is used in specialty coatings and pastes that can withstand high temperatures and act as a barrier for reactive metals such as uranium.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Padmanabhan |first1=P. V. A. |last2=Ramanathan |first2=S. |last3=Sreekumar |first3=K. P. |last4=Satpute |first4=R. U. |last5=Kutty |first5=T. R. G. |last6=Gonal |first6=M. R. |last7=Gantayet |first7=L. M. |date=2007-12-15 |title=Synthesis of thermal spray grade yttrium oxide powder and its application for plasma spray deposition |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0254058407003975 |journal=Materials Chemistry and Physics |volume=106 |issue=2 |pages=416–421 |doi=10.1016/j.matchemphys.2007.06.027 |issn=0254-0584}}</ref> |
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Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> ]s is a prospective ] material. In particular, lasers with ] as ] allow the efficient operation both in ] operation <ref name="cw">{{cite journal |
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|author=J. Kong |coauthors=D.Y.Tang, B. Zhao, J.Lu, K.Ueda, H.Yagi and T.Yanagitani |title=9.2-W diode-pumped Yb:Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> ceramic laser |journal=Applied Physics Letters |
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=== Heat radiators === |
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|volume=86 |year=2005 |doi=10.1063/1.1914958 |page=161116 |
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NASA developed a material it dubbed Solar White that it is exploring for use as a radiator in deep space, where it is expected to reflect more than 99.9% of the sun’s energy (low solar radiation absorption and high infrared emittance).<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Wilhite |first1=Jarred |last2=Wendell |first2=Jason |title=SOLAR WHITE THERMAL COATING FOR CRYOGENIC PROPULSION SYSTEMS |url=https://tfaws.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/TFAWS2020-CT-103-Wilhite-Paper.pdf |website=nasa.gov}}</ref> A sphere covered with a 10 mm coating sited far from the Earth and 1 ] from the sun could keep temperatures below 50 K. One use is long-term cryogenic storage.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Youngquist |first=Robert |date=2016-05-13 |title=Cryogenic Selective Surfaces - NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/general/cryogenic-selective-surfaces/ |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=nasa.gov |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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|issue=16 |bibcode=2005ApPhL..86p1116K}}</ref> |
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and in pulsed regimes.<ref name="pulsed">{{cite journal |
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=== Optical Industry === |
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|author=M.Tokurakawa |coauthors=K.Takaichi, A.Shirakawa, K.Ueda, H.Yagi, T.Yanagitani, and A.A. Kaminskii |title=Diode-pumped 188 fs mode-locked Yb<sup>3+</sup>:Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> ceramic laser |journal=Appl.Phys.Lett. |volume=90 |
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Yttrium Oxide is used to produce ], which are very effective microwave filters.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.stanfordmaterials.com/yttrium-oxide.html |title=Yttrium oxide |website=Stanford Advanced Materials |access-date=Aug 11, 2024}}</ref> It's also used to create red ] for LED screens and TV tubes, as well as in anti-reflective coatings to enhance light transmission.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Behrsing |first1=T. |last2=Deacon |first2=G.B. |year=2014 |title=Rare Earth-Based Corrosion Inhibitors |publisher=Woodhead Publishing |chapter=Chapter 1 - The chemistry of rare earth metals, compounds, and corrosion inhibitors |pages=1–37 |isbn=978-0-85709-347-9}}</ref> Yttrium is required in production of ] lasers, which are widely used in industrial and medical applications.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lu |first1=Jianren |last2=Ueda |first2=Ken |year=2002 |title=Neodymium doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Y3Al5O12) nanocrystalline ceramics—a new generation of solid state laser and optical materials |journal=Journal of Alloys and Compounds |volume=341 |issue=1–2 |pages=220–225 |doi=10.1016/S0925-8388(02)00083-X}}</ref> |
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|pages=071101 |year=2007 |doi=10.1063/1.2476385 |
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|issue=7 |bibcode=2007ApPhL..90g1101T |
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==Natural occurrence== |
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}}</ref> |
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], approved as a new mineral species in 2010, is the natural form of yttria. It is exceedingly rare, occurring as inclusions in native ] particles in a ] of the Bol’shaja Pol’ja ({{Langx|ru|Большая Полья}}) river, Prepolar ], ]. As a chemical component of other minerals, the oxide yttria was first isolated in 1789 by ], from rare-earth minerals in a mine at the Swedish town of ], near ].<ref>Mindat, http://www.mindat.org/min-40471.html</ref> |
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At high concentration of excitations (of order of 1%) and poor cooling, the quenching of emission at laser frequency and avalanche broadband emission takes place.<ref name="bi">{{cite journal |author=J.-F.Bisson |coauthors=D.Kouznetsov, K.Ueda, S.T.Fredrich-Thornton, K.Petermann, G.Huber |title=Switching of emissivity and photoconductivity in highly doped Yb<sup>3+</sup>:Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and Lu<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> ceramics |
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|journal=Appl.Phys.Lett. |volume=90 |pages=201901 |year=2007 |doi=10.1063/1.2739318 |issue=20 |
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==See also== |
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==References== |
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