| Revision as of 12:47, 15 February 2012 editBeetstra (talk | contribs)Edit filter managers, Administrators172,031 edits Saving copy of the {{chembox}} taken from revid 473029878 of page Zinc_gluconate for the Chem/Drugbox validation project (updated: ''). |
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{{ambox | text = This page contains a copy of the infobox ({{tl|chembox}}) taken from revid of page ] with values updated to verified values.}} |
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{{chembox |
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| verifiedrevid = 470636370 |
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| verifiedrevid = 476996384 |
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| ImageFile = Zinc gluconate structure.svg |
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| ImageFile = Zinc gluconate structure.svg |
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| ImageSize = 300px |
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| ImageSize = 300px |
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| IUPACName = |
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| IUPACName = |
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| OtherNames = |
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| OtherNames = zincum gluconicum |
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| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers |
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| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} |
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| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} |
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| ChemSpiderID = 391659 |
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| ChemSpiderID = 391659 |
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| InChI = 1/2C6H12O7.Zn/c2*7-1-2(8)3(9)4(10)5(11)6(12)13;/h2*2-5,7-11H,1H2,(H,12,13);/q;;+2/p-2/t2*2-,3-,4+,5-;/m11./s1 |
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| InChI = 1/2C6H12O7.Zn/c2*7-1-2(8)3(9)4(10)5(11)6(12)13;/h2*2-5,7-11H,1H2,(H,12,13);/q;;+2/p-2/t2*2-,3-,4+,5-;/m11./s1 |
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| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} |
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| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} |
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| CASNo = 4468-02-4 |
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| CASNo = 4468-02-4 |
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| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|changed|FDA}} |
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| UNII = U6WSN5SQ1Z |
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| SMILES = .C(=O)(O)(O)(O)(O)CO.C(=O)(O)(O)(O)(O)CO |
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| PubChem = 20543 |
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| EC_number = 224-736-9 |
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| DrugBank = DB11248 |
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| KEGG = D02390 |
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| ChEBI = 29708 |
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| ChEMBL = 3833377 |
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| SMILES = .C(=O)(O)(O)(O)(O)CO.C(=O)(O)(O)(O)(O)CO |
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|Section2={{Chembox Properties |
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| Formula = C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>22</sub>O<sub>14</sub>Zn |
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| MolarMass = 455.685 g/mol |
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| MeltingPtC = 172 to 175 |
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|Section6={{Chembox Pharmacology |
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| ATCCode_prefix = A12 |
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| ATCCode_prefix = A12 |
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| ATCCode_suffix = CB02 |
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| ATCCode_suffix = CB02 |
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| Formula = C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>22</sub>O<sub>14</sub>Zn |
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| MolarMass = 455.685 g/mol |
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| MeltingPt = 172-175 °C |
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'''Zinc gluconate''' is the ] ] of ]. It is an ] ] consisting of two ]s of gluconate for each zinc(II) ]. Zinc gluconate is a popular form for the delivery of zinc as a ] providing 14.35% elemental zinc by weight. |
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Gluconic acid is found naturally, and is industrially made by the ] of ], typically by '']'', but also by other ], e.g. '']'', or by ], e.g. '']'', '']'' and '']''.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Sumitra Ramachandran, Pierre Fontanille, Ashok Pandey and Christian Larroche|title=Gluconic Acid: A Review|journal=Food Technology and Biotechnology|volume=44|issue=2|pages=185–195|year=2006|url=http://www.ftb.com.hr/44/44-185.pdf|access-date=2006-12-06|archive-date=2018-03-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311100244/http://www.ftb.com.hr/44/44-185.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> In its pure form, it is a white to off-white powder. It can also be made by electrolytic oxidation,<ref>{{cite journal|author=Henk G.J. de Wilt|title=Part I: The oxidation of Glucose to Gluconic Acid|journal=Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev.|volume=11|issue=4|page=370|year=1972|doi=10.1021/i360044a002}}</ref> although this is a more expensive process. The advantages are a lower microbiological profile, and a more complete reaction, yielding a product with a longer shelf life. |
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==Zinc gluconate and the common cold== |
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Zinc gluconate has been used in ]. However, controlled trials with lozenges which include ] have found it has the greatest effect on the duration of colds.<ref name=Eby2004>{{cite journal|url = http://george-eby-research.com/html/common-cold.pdf|last = Eby|first = George A.|year = 2004|title = Zinc lozenges: cold cure or candy? Solution chemistry determinations|journal = ]|volume = 24|issue = 1|pages = 23–39|pmid = 15499830|doi = 10.1023/B:BIRE.0000037754.71063.41|pmc = 7087920|citeseerx = 10.1.1.498.6625|access-date = 2013-10-31|archive-date = 2013-10-29|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131029213933/http://george-eby-research.com/html/common-cold.pdf|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1 = Hemilä|first1 = Harri|last2 = Petrus|first2 = Edward J.|last3 = Fitzgerald|first3 = James T.|last4 = Prasad|first4 = Ananda|title = Zinc acetate lozenges for treating the common cold: An individual patient data meta-analysis|journal = ]|volume = 82|issue = 5|pages = 1393–1398|doi = 10.1111/bcp.13057|year = 2016|pmid = 27378206|pmc = 5061795}}</ref> Zinc has also been administered nasally for treating the common cold, but has been reported to cause ] in some cases.<ref>{{cite journal|journal = ]|year = 2004|volume = 18|issue = 3|pages = 137–141|title = Anosmia after intranasal zinc gluconate use|last1 = Jafek|first1 = Bruce W.|last2 = Linschoten|first2 = Miriam R.|last3 = Murrow|first3 = Bruce W.|url = http://www.george-eby-research.com/anosmia/jafek-zicam-anosmia.pdf|pmid = 15283486|doi = 10.1177/194589240401800302|s2cid = 12554540}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1 = Alexander|first1 = Thomas H.|last2 = Davidson|first2 = Terence M.|title = Intranasal zinc and anosmia: The zinc-induced anosmia syndrome|journal = ]|year = 2006|volume = 116|issue = 2|pages = 217–220|url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7306169|pmid = 16467707|doi = 10.1097/01.mlg.0000191549.17796.13|s2cid = 39830031}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal = ]|year = 2009|volume = 1|issue = 2|pages = 134–139|title = Is intranasal zinc effective and safe for the common cold? A systematic review and meta-analysis|last1 = D'Cruze|first1 = Hubert|last2 = Arroll|first2 = Bruce|last3 = Kenealy|first3 = Tim|url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/45535007|doi = 10.1071/HC09134|pmid = 20690364|doi-access = free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal = ]|year = 2010|volume = 136|issue = 7|pages = 673–676|doi = 10.1001/archoto.2010.111|title = The Bradford Hill criteria and zinc-induced anosmia: A causality analysis|last1 = Davidson|first1 = Terence M.|last2 = Smith|first2 = W. M.|url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/297312265|pmid = 20644061|doi-access = free}}</ref> |
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==Safety concerns== |
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<!-- This section, ], is direct-linked to by the ] article in a discussion of Zicam. Please do not change the section title without fixing the link--> |
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Instances of anosmia (loss of smell) have been reported with intranasal use of some products containing zinc gluconate. In September 2003, ] faced lawsuits from users who claimed that the product, a nasal gel containing zinc gluconate and several inactive ingredients, negatively affected their sense of smell and sometimes taste. Some plaintiffs alleged experiencing a strong and very painful burning sensation when they used the product. Matrixx Initiatives, Inc., the maker of Zicam, responded that only a small number of people had experienced problems and that anosmia can be caused by the common cold itself. In January 2006, 340 lawsuits were settled for $12 million.<ref> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070622070819/http://zicam.vanosteen.com/ |date=June 22, 2007 }}</ref> |
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The U.S. ] (FDA) considers zinc gluconate to be ] (GRAS) when used in accordance with good manufacturing practice, although this does not constitute a finding by the FDA that the substance is a useful dietary supplement.<ref>{{cite web|title=Title 21, Part 182 Substances Generally Recognized as Safe (21CFR182)|website=United States ]|publisher=], ]|url =http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_03/21cfr182_03.html|access-date=2007-07-09}}</ref> On 16 June 2009 the FDA "warned consumers to stop using and discard three zinc-containing Zicam intranasal products. The products may cause a loss of sense of smell. ... FDA is concerned that the loss of sense of smell may be permanent."<ref name="fda.gov">{{cite web |url=http://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm166931.htm |title=Warnings on Three Zicam Intranasal Zinc Products |website=www.fda.gov |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090617182326/http://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm166931.htm |archive-date=17 June 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm167065.htm |title=FDA Advises Consumers Not to Use Certain Zicam Cold Remedies |website=www.fda.gov |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090617185322/http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm167065.htm |archive-date=17 June 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Matrixx responded that the FDA's allegations were "unfounded and misleading", citing a lack of evidence from ] tests that Zicam causes anosmia.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/HEALTH/06/16/zicam.fda.warning/index.html|work=CNN|title=FDA warns against using 3 popular Zicam cold meds|access-date=2010-04-29|date=2009-06-16}}</ref> In its warning, the FDA stated, "This warning does not involve oral zinc tablets and lozenges taken by mouth. Dietary zinc is also not subject to this warning."<ref name="fda.gov"/> |
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==Veterinary use== |
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A zinc gluconate-based product, also containing ], is used as a veterinary ] drug. For dogs, the product is injected directly into the testicles.<ref name="Macpherson 2012">{{cite book|editor1-last=Macpherson|editor1-first=CNL|editor2-last=Meslin|editor2-first=F-X|editor3-last=Wandeler|editor3-first=AI|title=Dogs, zoonoses and public health|date=2012|publisher=CABI|location=Wallingford, Oxfordshire|isbn=9781845938352|page=265|edition=2nd|chapter=Chemosterilants}}</ref> It has been sold under various brand names, including ] and Esterilsol.<ref name="Macpherson 2012"/> |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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==External links== |
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* {{ATC|A12|CB02}} |
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{{Dietary supplement}} |
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{{Mineral supplements}} |
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