User:220 of Borg/Engelandvaarder

< User:220 of BorgRedirect page

Redirect to:

Engelandvaarder

Numbers

The exact number Engelandvaarders can never be determined. The official registration was often patchy and had no grip on the many Engelandvaarders indirectly arrived in England. Agnes Dessing started in 2004 in her thesis from that there were 1700 Engelandvaarders, a number that corresponds to the estimation of Loe de Jong . Among them, at least 48 were women. Nearly 1,000 people have arranged their own escape, the others had contacts to get away. Using existing escape routes

Furthermore Dessing think at least 783 people never arrived, but it is not known how many people have ventured an attempt. Many went through the Swedish or Swiss Avenue others through France and over the Pyrenees to Spain. The minority tried to enter the North Sea to England. In a (folding) canoe 32 men ventured the crossing, only 8 reached England, including the Peteri brothers.

Estimated number Engelandvaarders from other countries:

30,000 from France 18,000 from Denmark 6000 from Belgium 3 from Italy

Definitions

The definition of "Engelandvaarder" used in the title was determined by the Fellowship Foundation Engelandvaarders (Patron of the Society was the late HRH Prince Bernhard ).

The definition used by the National Archives, where the records of Engelandvaarders are stored, reads:

Quotation Stabbing open Under Engelandvaarder means the then Dutch or Dutch nationals after the capitulation of the Netherlands on May 14, 1940 (New Zealand a few days later), and no later than June 6, 1944 (D-Day) against the will of the enemy from any occupied territory belonging to the Kingdom of the Netherlands as saying that at the outbreak of the Second World War has stretched, or any other occupied by the enemy or enemy territory has left with the intention of a personal contribution to the Allied war.

Stabbing closing quotation

Frank Visser, a Engelandvaarder, defined a "Engelandvaarder" as "one who is against the will of the enemy fled his / during WWII to Allied territory with the intention to propose to the hair itself occupied by the enemy country employed Allied forces for the remainder of the world and that this objective has made acceptance of any resultant personal consequences. "known to the Allies

Reasons

The reasons for departing from England were legion:

some wanted to participate actively in the resistance against the German occupation;

others were wanted by the German authorities;

Jewish Dutch did not wait for their deportation;

soldiers felt, despite the capitulation, obliged to continue the fight;

Students sought adventure;

The government in exile was indispensable people and took them to England.

Routes

Over the North Sea

In a variety of boats is attempted. Crossing to England To the extent known, about 95 attempts to shoot from about 40 departures the crossing. There are 31 successful crossings where at least 204 people were involved, including seven foreigners, that is, three shot down pilots and four Georgians , the Georgians Uprising on Texel had fled.

The first attempts were made to big boats, so they were stuck on sandbars or were seen by the Germans. The later boats were smaller and were provided with a motor. That meant that there had to be stolen. Fuels There was also strong manpower on board to eradicate. Through the surf Also seasickness, sunburn, food and drinks were a big problem.

Sailed to England from Cocksdorp , the Hondsbossche Dam , IJmuiden , Noordwijk , Katwijk , the Wassenaar , Scheveningen , Hoek van Holland and Holland and Zeeland rivers. For this, especially vissersscheepen, lifeboats and rescue boats, vletjes and even canoes. Besides the shortest route over the North Sea were also routes through southern Europe and through Sweden.

In 2012 Ben Chair and Chiel van Bakel in a canoe crossed to England, as a tribute to the crossing of the brothers Peteri.

Southern route

The southern route went through Belgium and France to Spain (some went through France and Germany to Switzerland and from there to Spain). It is said that this route was safer than the route across the English Channel . It was safer to go through the "southern route" and there were no special equipment required such as boats or anything else. The biggest problem was the border. In the beginning there were special papers are forged, but later two groups of people smuggled across the border. There were also disadvantages in, so the group could be betrayed by one of the fellow travelers. Sometimes it went wrong when the group of mutually Dutch speaking in front of strangers. Another problem was that some people do not speak a word of French or French for example, did not have money. A brilliant solution to the lack of knowledge of the French language was that of a boy who had printed that he was deaf so that no Frenchman was talking to him. His passport Another disadvantage of the southern route was that it took so long. Also if you had arrived in Spain sometimes took months to fly over to England. The shortest time was five days to three months in Spain and to England. So fast it went rarely. The average was a year and three months, but it could take up to two years. Usually, use was made of the train. It came as a problem that a lot has been checked at the border. It was against a lot of creativity exercised. There were people who were lying under sacks of potatoes. Others were located in the wheel housings of trains. There were people who got out at the border, along corrupt customs across the border and then boarded the train. The most difficult point for Europe to come through was the boundary between the occupied part of France and not occupied. The border was a river and each bridge was a German patrol. Many people went swimming in Vichy France .

If all that had happened you had to see in Spain to come. For Spain you needed a Spanish visa and that you could only get it if you showed. Visa for France But because the first was already expired or because they have never had, they could not come in Spain. One solution to this problem was to make false papers. If you had these papers you had to cross the Pyrenees. This was usually done with 30 men and accompanied by a guide who again asked for money. The people were even going to pitch three kilometers, because the lower part of the Pyrenees was controlled by German soldiers. In Spain they were still often arrested and in a camp in Miranda de Ebro housed. If they were free in Spain they could choose to go to Gibraltar or going to neutral Portugal. From here there is left a KLM flight. A ferry crossing was possible.

See among others Bodo Sandberg , Pierre Louis d'Aulnis the Bourouill , Gerrit Jan van Heuven Goedhart , Daniel Moulin , Rudi Hemmes , Reijerzoon Abraham Grisnigt , Louis Bossche , Garrelt of Borssum Buisman , Peter Tazelaar , Maarten Cieremans , Jan de Hartog .

Via Sweden

Another way to arrive in England was to travel. Via Sweden This was the safest route. The people who did this went by ship to Sweden. But when they arrived in Sweden, it took forever to get in England. The plane did not fly directly to England but long detours had to be made. Some of these routes were through Moscow , Tehran , Mumbai , Cape Town and Canada to England. Or via Moscow, Vladivostok , Japan and Canada. It was only when the Soviet Union remained neutral. In the beginning of the war was not so bad to get on a ship, a place, but the longer the war lasted, the better was the control. Tactics of the Germans was to threaten the skippers with their family, and what to do if they had Engelandvaarders aboard them. Sometimes people were lucky if they arrived in Sweden. This had them as an American bomber pilots came to pick up stranded. However, normal people never came into conflict with it, because the people who had important information were given priority.

Scheveningen fisherman boys Adrie Pronk and Gerrit Ball in 1942 by the Dutch consul in Norrköping with a plane fled to England. Both were boarded on the Dutch frigate Hr. Ms. Johan Maurits of Nassau . The story of Adrie Pronk is recorded in the book: Engelandvaarder Adrie Pronk, fishing boy to sailor . ISBN 978-90-815442-1-4 (2010)

By air

Fokker G.1

The fastest route was by air. The record is held by 1st Lt. pilot TH Leegstra and Ir PJC Vos (1903-1947). Both had been imprisoned in Zeist, and then had to choose between the German Labor Service or their former jobs. They chose to Fokker return. The plant breeder at the Papaverweg had been taken over by the Germans. Leegstra was responsible for the country at Fokker aircraft. Peter Fox worked as a director at the airport and had many contacts with the Germans.

On weekends they played golf on the then ten-year-old Amsterdamse Golf Club , there Leegstra told his friend that he wanted to leave Monday, May 6, as Fox meewilde, he had to arrange that he was at the airport. Together they got on May 5, 1941 approval of the Germans for a test flight in a G.1 , a yacht cruiser Fokker take off., The regular German test pilot Emil Meinecke would go in the other G.1. They did some stunts over the IJsselmeer and then Leegstra got the chance, he flew into a cloud and disappeared to England. Meinecke lost him and thought he was killed. The Germans were looking for the lost plane and heard the family Leegstra without result.

The G.1 was painted with German swastikas, which brought confusion on the English coast. Leegstra dodged three Hurricanes but was later fired from the ground by hail. After their landing Leegstra and Fox were arrested and sent to prison in Lowestoft charged. Their voyage had lasted only 40 minutes.

On May 6, 1941 was 2nd Lt. pilot Govert Stone , J. Wijbert Lindeman (aircraft mechanic at Fokker), Jhr Beelaerts Jan van Blokland and Boomsma a Fokker T.8 seaplane from Minervahaven hijacked. About Hembrug they left the harbor. On the Dutch coast, they were shot at but not hit. Upon approaching the white cliffs at Dover the T.8 was shot again and hit it. They landed as soon as possible. Their journey of 240 kilometers had lasted 45 minutes. When leaving their plane, they waved the Dutch flag to avoid mistakes. Lindeman received the Bronze Cross . Govert Stone was pilot in 129 Squadron Fighter Command and died on June 5, 1942 at Octeville in France . Beelaerts became commander of the Princess Irene Brigade .

Other possibilities

Erik Hazelhoff Roelfzema and Peter Tazelaar have been lucky to escape aboard the St Cerque , who was in Rotterdam. On board they found Bram van der Stok , who had hidden.

Arrival in England

The British wanted to be very sure that there are no spies were in the land. So everyone was prolonged interrogated by British intelligence service, MI5 . Many people were expecting to be received with cheers, but they could have no contact with the outside world. This was a big disappointment for many. Above was also that all possessions were taken and were closely monitored. If all this it was real. Began interrogating only This happened in their own language: Dutch so. They were questioned about their trip to England and this was checked. If this has not been answered satisfactorily, questions were asked about details. If someone had come very easily in England arose soon distrust by the interrogator.

If someone came easily in England, he could still get the check, but mostly he was then shunned by his countrymen because it was still thought that he might be a spy. Some people did this procedure, which lasted seven days, not to. They could equally by. These were people whose Brits certainly knew they were not spies, including downed pilots and people with secret information for the British government.

After the British government was ready with the control, the Dutch government was doing the same. She was particularly interested in the Dutch collaborators and resistance fighters in the Netherlands. There were three people who were seen as unreliable. Two were members of the NSB . They were no longer in the military or work on a ship. The third was suspected that he was a spy and had been executed immediately.

The Engelandvaarders had great respect for Queen Wilhelmina and were invited to visit her, initially beginning each separately, but later they were admitted in groups. Queen Wilhelmina poured himself tea and bowed to the Engelandvaarders. This again shows how much Wilhelmina respected them.

Many Engelandvaarders were soldiers who were classified. Arrival in England as soon as possible with their arms For the others, there were more opportunities. Those with the military age were to enlist in the Princess Irene Brigade , which was also used in the liberation of the Netherlands. Others were included in the KNIL or have been otherwise used for the Dutch warfare. Others were conscripted into the Intelligence Bureau (BI) or the Special Assignments Office (PDO), the two services that volunteers sent to the Netherlands as secret agents.

Not all Engelandvaarders came here incidentally considered. There were many who were not eligible for military service or active intelligence: they were rejected because of their age or for other reasons. For them there was work in the English war industry and the Dutch government in exile, which also made them indispensable to the war.

Accomplishments

The Engelandvaarders did not come to England for nothing. They wanted to actively participate in the war. Most went into military service. Some were placed in a department by training and their background. They provided a special service to the Secret Service. 108 Engelandvaarders were dropped in the Netherlands as a secret agent for the English secret service. The Engelandvaarders were perfectly suited for because they were Dutch and they are therefore very familiar Netherlands. Many of the Engelandvaarders were used in the invasion of Normandy during D-Day. They did this while they were in the Princess Irene Brigade employed. They have done a lot of good work for the liberation of the Netherlands and they are therefore still honored today.

Failure by betrayal

The betrayal of 12 Engelandvaarders on Sunday, January 4th, 1942 is incorporated by Agnes Dessing its publication Unsuccessful attempts , perhaps because of a general lack of knowledge thereof or by the lack of details. It was Albert Brook, Philip Brook, Jan de Brabander, Eddie Diamond, brothers Leo and Simon Fonteijn Fonteijn, Jan Willem de Korver, Albert Levy, Alexander Mazei, Siegfried Seemann, Simon van Wieringen and his father Willem van Wieringen. Only two of them survived the concentration camps. Noteworthy is the fact that these two young men, Jan de Brabander and Jan Willem de Korver, were not Jewish, but this does not mean that they result survived. They have also suffered severely.

The trap was set up by a traitor, and this with the help of two policemen Hague. Father Van Wieringen had contacted Aalbert de Jong, a Scheveninger who married Käthe Weiss, a former German maid of later Jewish family living in Scheveningen Van Wieringen. De Jong was the traitor by hand to settle on which the twelve men that night could be boarded before departure while in the harbor of Scheveningen a ship at the request of Van Wieringen De Jong on the other hand the German henchmen Marten Slagter and Leo Poos of this departure from the suggested height. The sailors were also arrested by the 'Oranje Hotel' Scheveningen deported to various German concentration camps.

Memorial

Plaque Engelandvaarders

Monument Englandspiel in Van Stolk Park in The Hague

In Scheveningen is a plaque commemorating the landings Engelandvaarders made. The plaque was very polluted and was cleaned by the municipality of The Hague in 2008. The text is in English and recalls the work of Erik Hazelhoff Roelfzema , Credit Chris and Peter Tazelaar in 1941 and 1942. The plaque is mounted on the railing of the promenade, near the Kurhaus , where they performed several landings to bring. radio equipment on land So contact could be improved between the Dutch government in London and the resistance in the Netherlands. The plaque was unveiled on April 24, 2003 by the president of the Society Foundation Engelandvaarders, Major-General RW Hemmes and Erik Hazelhoff Roelfszema, the and is also a tribute to all the other Engelandvaarders.

Regarding the Englandspiel (see picture) the following. This was personified not only by people from the ranks of Engelandvaarders as it is believed by some. It is certain that numbers of them have been involved in this espionage network and thereby betrayed have lost their lives.

Museum

In 2014, the Engelandvaarders Museum opened in Noordwijk on the initiative of Jos Teunissen of Heritage Leidschendam and Engelandvaarder Eddie Jonker , who went by boat to England in 1943 and then at the RAF came. The museum is in a former ammunition bunker of the Atlantic Forest road to the complex. The Atlantic Wall Museum Noordwijk use this bunker until that time, but moved in 2014 to the bunkers that are a little further and then restored.

External links

UVA: Unsuccessful attempts engelandvaarders1940-1945.nl http://www.allesoverscheveningen.nl/verhalen . The German maid. Piet Spanish Sources, notes and / or references ↑ Dessing , Agnes Margaretha Francisca, Tulips for Wilhelmina: The History of the Engelandvaarders , Bert Bakker, Amsterdam, 2004, "Failed attempts to England Vaart", p. 176 ↑ Piet Spanish : Scheveningen Sperrgebiet . 's seven feathers of the eagle. p. 147 ff ISBN 90800037-1-9 (1983) ↑ Piet Spanish: Yearbook 2011. Historical Society Die Haghe. Treason in Scheveningen. p.112 ff ISSN 0923-2931 (2011). http://www.allesoverscheveningen.nl/verhalen . Audio story Engelandvaarder Hugo Roon.ISBN: 9789081544221, 2004 (Charles Kulk). http://www.allesoverscheveningen.nl/verhalen . Audio story Engelandvaarder Krijn Kleijn. ISBN: 9789081544221, 2004 (Charles Kulk). Engelandvaarder Adrie Pronk, "From fisher boy to Marineman. 'ISBN: 9789081544214. In 2010. (Charles Kulk) Engelandvaarders, dvd presentation audio CD stories Hugo van Roon and Krijn Kleijn.ISBN: 9,789,081,544,245.2005. (Karel Kulk)

Misplaced Pages