User talk:Montanabw/Horse welfare sandbox

Machine translate from French Misplaced Pages: Original article: https://fr.wikipedia.org/Bien-être_du_cheval

To all sandbox participants

The goal here is to translate the main sections of this French article into usable English. Some things may not be applicable to En wiki, but the goal here is to translate what is, not to create the en.wiki article yet. So whatever anyone wants to tackle, go for it. Anything already human translated that can be translated better, go for it! As I've gone through the (poor) machine translation (I don't speak French) I put at points in the "human translation" section where I don't get what the right word should be. I used hidden text to highlight any content issues but am not changing them here, yet. Just translating for now. {

Little things and discuss

Internationalization

(don't hesitate to corrige my orthograph) It's always very difficult to have an article fully-internationalized. I'm quite sure there's a lot of stuff about horse welfare in german. But I don't speak this language. And it's so difficult to find some reliable sources about horse condition in countries like China, Moyen-Orient, etc. --Tsaag Valren (talk) 21:53, 3 February 2015 (UTC)

My thinking for China, etc., that, rather like Horses in Warfare, where we once had an editor start a huge fight over whether horses were used in warfare in Sub-Saharan Africa outside of South Africa, we can't discuss what we can't source. (and the answer was "not much" - horses aren't very useful in a jungle...sigh). I'm not too worried about Germany vs. France because the FEI and EU rules help create at least the appearance of unity. Also, the content for viewpoints in the USA needs a lot of work, so my opinion is that we do what we can source and people can add more later as sources are found. Montanabw 04:46, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

Scientific sources priority

Hello all. I began (or begun ?) to source the fr-page with this book, but there's a lot of sources in the fr-article coming from the equestrian press. I think it's better to remplace (replace ?) with scientific ones when it's possible. --Tsaag Valren (talk) 21:53, 3 February 2015 (UTC)

I'd say that we aren't writing a medical or veterinary article here so WP:RS applies. I'd rather use a book than comb through dozens of research articles, though when research articles are found, it's nice to link them too. But I'd rather see the material in the article with an OK source than not in the article due to the absence of a perfect source. Just IMHO. Sometimes books that accurately summarize studies are better than the studies themselves -- we have to be careful to avoid WP:SYNTH and cautious in our use of WP:PRIMARY material that is too new to be subject to much discussion. As we say, let's not make the perfect the enemy of the good. Montanabw 04:46, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

Ok --Tsaag Valren (talk) 10:32, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

Something else

Others artists or people of XIXe century show a real empathy for horses. A very known passage of Friedrich Nietzsche's life is the 3rd of january 1889, while he was ill and retired in Turin. Voyant un cheval d'attelage couché à terre et frappé par son meneur, il accourt vers l'animal, enlace son encolure et se met à gémir et hurler de désespoir. Nietzsche sombre ensuite dans une folie dont il ne se remet jamais. Story of « horse of Turin » nourrit l'imaginaire de nombreux artistes et de commentateurs. Il représente symboliquement un rejet de la théorie de l'animal-machine. This can be a geste de compassion du philosophe, qui s'identifie à l'animal battu à mort..

too hard to translate :/ --Tsaag Valren (talk) 15:32, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

Cool! Found this. Led me to The Turin Horse. See Montanabw 23:32, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

Hmmm. Am I close here: "Seeing a horse lying on the ground and beaten by its master, he ran towards the animal, wrapped his arms around its neck and started to moan and scream in despair. Nietzsche then sinks into madness from which he never recovers. The story of "the horse of Turin" feeds the imagination of many artists and commentators. It symbolically represents a rejection of the theory of the "animal machine" (]Bête machine). This can be a philosopher's gesture of compassion, who identifies with the animal being beaten to death.

Thank you :) I linked Animal-machine (fr) with bête machine (en) in Wkdata, btw. Perhaps we could put this article online now ? --Tsaag Valren (talk) 23:11, 6 February 2015 (UTC)

Let me look it over. Some parts are not accurate for the USA (PETA and SHARK are WP:FRINGE groups here, regarded a extreme). But close, yes. Montanabw 03:05, 8 February 2015 (UTC)

Raw French wiki markup

for those who speak French
<span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">{{main\|Bien-être animal}} ] Le '''bien-être du cheval''' désigne les conditions de vie et d'utilisation acceptables ] domestiquée, par opposition à toute mise en souffrance volontaire ou involontaire, que ce soit par le biais de coups, de mutilations, de négligences ou de soins mal adaptés.</span> {{Main article \| Animal Welfare}} ] The '' 'well-being Horse '' 'means the conditions of life and acceptable use ] domesticated, as opposed to any setting voluntary or involuntary suffering, whether through beatings, mutilations, negligence or unsuitable treatment.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Les débats autour du bien-être et des maltraitances chez le cheval sont récents.</span> Debates about the welfare and abuse in the horse are recent.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Au XIXe siècle, alors que la mort de chevaux au travail est monnaie courante, une première vague de sensibilisation naît avec la '']'' puis la parution du roman '']'' en ].</span> In the 19th century, while the horse died at work is commonplace, a first wave of awareness is born with the '' ] '' and the publication of the novel '' ] '' by ].</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">La France suit le mouvement avec la création de la ] et la ] en 1850. Des préoccupations similaires touchent les États-Unis.</span> France is following suit with the creation of the ] and ] in 1850. Similar concerns affecting the United States.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Le débat s'intensifie et s'étend à tout l'occident au siècle suivant, en ce qui concerne l'], la fin de sa présence dans les villes, son entraînement sportif, l'] ou encore ses conditions d'] et de détention.</span> The debate intensifies and extends throughout the West in the next century regarding the ], the end of its presence in cities his sports training, the ] or its conditions of ] and detention.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Les États-Unis ratifient le ] pour mettre un terme au ''{{lang\|en\|]}}'' et au ''{{lang\|en\|]}}''.</span> The United States ratify the ] to end the {{lang \| en \| ]}} '' and '' {{lang \| en \| ]}} ''.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Au début du XXIe siècle éclatent de nouvelles polémiques, en particulier autour de l'entraînement en ], de l'] et de la circulation des ].</span> At the beginning of the 21st century break out new controversies, especially around the drive in ] of ] and the movement of ].</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">La notion de bien-être est complexe en ce qui concerne le cheval.</span> The notion of well-being is complex as regards the horse.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Longtemps considéré comme ] dans le monde occidental, cet animal est très silencieux et il ne manifeste que peu de signes de son éventuel mal-être, ce qui rend sa détection particulièrement difficile.</span> Long considered ] in the Western world, this animal is very quiet and it shows only few signs of its eventual discomfort, which makes its detection particularly difficult.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Sociable, le cheval a besoin de se dépenser et passe la majeure partie de son temps à se nourrir dans la nature.</span> Sociable, the horse needs to spend and spend most of their time feeding in nature.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Il souffre des confinements prolongés en écurie, des isolements et de l'impossibilité de ].</span> He suffers prolonged confinement in stable isolates and the inability of ].</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">La ] interdit désormais le ] et le rollkur.</span> The ] now prohibits ] and Rollkur.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Plusieurs pays, notamment la ], ont adopté des lois pour protéger les chevaux.</span> Several countries, including ], have passed laws to protect horses.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">La ], les transports trop longs et les aides artificielles lors des compétitions de sports équestres ou ] font l'objet d'interdictions ou de limitations nationales ou européennes.</span> The ], too long transport and artificial aids in equestrian sports competitions or ] are subject to bans or national or European limitations.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Les transports vers les ]s sont réglementés.</span> Transport to the ] s are regulated.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Dans le cadre d'une recherche accrue de bien-être pour le cheval, de nouvelles pratiques telles que l'], la mise « pieds nus », voire le refus de l'équitation se sont développées.</span> In the context of increased research welfare for the horse, new practices such as the ], setting "barefoot" even refusal of riding developed.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Elles laissent présager une préoccupation majeure pour le bien-être du cheval à l'avenir.</span> They suggest a major concern for the welfare of the horse in the future.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">== Histoire == ]'' d'après une gravure de ] au XIVe siècle : ce divertissement anglais consiste à faire combattre un cheval contre un ou plusieurs autres animaux, généralement des chiens.\|alt=Gravure représentant un cheval à droite, attaqué par deux chiens eux même encouragés par deux hommes à gauche.]] La ] a permis à l'Homme d'utiliser cet animal pour une foule de tâches : labour, transport, guerre... l'utilisation même du cheval, d'un point de vue ], relève de la mise de l'espèce en ] et au travail ouvrier.</span> == History == ] from an engraving of ] in the 14th century: this English entertainment is to fight a horse against one or more other animals, usually dogs \| alt= Engraving of a horse right, attacked by two dogs themselves encouraged by two men. . left]] The ] allowed the man to use this animal for a variety of tasks: plowing, transport, war ... the very use of the horse, from a point of view ], is the last of the species ] and the workers work.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Le cheval devenu inutile peut même être abattu et transformé en source de nourriture pour les humains.</span> The horse may become useless even slaughter and processing food source for humans.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Pierre Enoff estime que globalement, cette situation est plus proche d'un asservissement qui impose des conditions de vie « carcérales » au cheval, que d'une symbiose entre l'homme et l'animal<ref>{{harvsp\|Enoff\|2014\|p=13-23}}</ref>.</span> Pierre Enoff believes that overall, this is closer to a drive that imposes conditions of life "prison" to the horse, as a symbiosis between man and animal <ref> {{harvsp \| Enoff \| 2014 \| p = 13-23}} </ ref>.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">L'ethnologue italien Sergio Dalla Bernardina explique cette situation du cheval par le désir d'une partie de la population humaine d'être « Maître » et de « tyranniser des êtres vivants » : {{citation\|Ceux qui aiment la soumission totale préfèrent les ]s ou les chevaux.</span> Italian anthropologist Sergio Dalla Bernardina explains this horse by the desire of a part of the human population to be "Master" and "bully living beings": {{quote \| Those who enjoy total submission prefer ] s or horses.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Les adeptes de la soumission ''{{lang\|en\|light}}'' choisissent les ]s}}<ref group="S">{{cite book\|author=Sergio Dalla Bernardina\|year=2006\|title=L'éloquence des bêtes\|sous-title=quand l'homme parle des animaux\|publisher=Métailié\|pages=184}}</ref>.</span> The followers of submission {{lang \| en \| Light}} '' choose ] s}} <ref group = "S"> {{cite book\| author = Sergio Dalla Bernardina \| year = 2006 \| title = Eloquence animals \| caption = when man talking animals \| publisher = Métailié \| page = 184}} </ ref>.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Des blessures volontaires, des mutilations et des mises à mort de chevaux (en témoignent les ], l'], le ] et l'organisation de ]) sont largement documentés dans de nombreuses régions du monde.</span> Volunteers injuries, mutilations and horses kills (witness the ], the ], the ] and organization ]) are well documented in many parts of the world.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Les chevaux sont couramment ], ], taillés d'une oreille pour être reconnus plus vite<ref>Entre autres, un édit promulgué en 1756 en ] ordonne de couper ou de tailler une oreille aux ] de qualité supérieure.</span> Horses are commonly ], ], cut from ear to be recognized faster <ref> Among other things, an edict promulgated in 1756 by ] ordered to cut or carve out an ear to the ] of superior quality.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Voir {{cite book\|title=Origines du cheval breton.</span> See {{cite book\| title = Origin Breton horse.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Le Haras de Langonnet.</span> Haras de Langonnet.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Les Dépôts de Lamballe et d'Hennebont.</span> Deposits from Lamballe and Hennebont.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Le Dépôt de remonte de Guingamp\|last1=Saint-Gal de Pons\|first1=Antoine-Auguste (commandant)\|publisher=Celjoarion\|location=Quimper\|year=1931\|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6550412c\|pages=37}}</ref>, ]<ref>La cruauté des éperons du Moyen Âge a vraisemblablement donné l'expression populaire « chevaucher à pointe d'éperon » en français.</span> The deposit goes from Guingamp \| name1 = Saint-Gal de Pons \| Firstname1 = Antoine-Auguste (commander) \| publisher = Celjoarion \| Quimper place = \| year = 1931 \| read online = http: //gallica.bnf.fr/ ark: / 12148 / bpt6k6550412c \| page = 37}} </ ref> ] <ref> The cruelty of the spurs of the Middle Ages has likely given the popular expression "ride to spur cutting edge" in French.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Voir : {{cite book\|first1=Brigitte\|last1=Prévot\|first2=Bernard\|last2=Ribémont\|title=Le Cheval en France au Moyen Âge : sa place dans le monde médiéval ;</span> See {{cite book\| Firstname1 = Brigitte \| name1 = Prévot \| first2 = Bernard \| name2 = Ribémont \| title = The Horse in France in the Middle Ages: its place in the medieval world;</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">sa médecine, l'exemple d'un traité vétérinaire du XIVe siècle, la Cirurgie des chevaux\|publisher=Paradigme\|location=Caen\|year=1994\|volume=10 de Medievalia\|pages totales=522\|isbn=9782868780720\|présentation en ligne=http://books.google.com/books?id=22seAQAAIAAJ\|pages=155-156}}</ref>, ou encore ] (amputés de leur queue) à partir du XVIIe siècle<ref name="Caudbelg"/>, pour empêcher que la queue ne se coince entre leurs harnais<ref name="tail61" group="S"/>.</span> his medicine, the example of a veterinarian treated XIV century The Cirurgie horses \| publisher = Paradigm \| Caen place = \| year = 1994 \| volume = 10 Medievalia \| Total pages = 522 \| isbn = 9782868780720 \| online presentation = http: //books.google.com/books id = 22seAQAAIAAJ \| page = 155-156}} </ ref>, or ] (amputees them? tail) from the XVIIe siècle <ref name = "Caudbelg" />, to prevent the tail trapping between their harnesses <ref name = "tail61" group = "S" />.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">La prise en compte d'une notion de bien-être du cheval est récente dans l'Histoire.</span> The consideration of a concept of well-being of the horse is recent in history.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">La conception religieuse et philosophique des animaux dans le ] leur a longtemps dénié toute sensibilité à la douleur (et donc la possibilité de ressentir un mal-être), suivant la théorie de l'] énoncée par ] au XVIIe siècle<ref name="Chapou" group="S">{{citation\|author=]\|title=Le respect de l'animal dans ses racines historiques : de l'animal-objet à l'animal sensible\|journal=Bull.</span> Religious and philosophical conception of animals in the ] them has long denied any pain sensitivity (and therefore the ability to feel a malaise), according to the theory of ] stated by ] in XVIIe siècle <ref name = "Chapou" group = "S"> {{citation \| author = ] \| title = Respect for animal in its historical roots: the animal-object to the sensitive animal \| = periodic Bull.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Acad.</span> Acad.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Vet.</span> Vet.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">France\|year=2009\|volume=162\|number=1\|pages=5-12}}</ref>.</span> France \| year = 2009 \| volume = 162 \| issue = 1 \| page = 5-12}} </ ref>.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Cependant, la civilisation de l'] témoigne au même moment d'un grand respect pour le cheval, en lui accordant (entre autres) la possibilité de passer la nuit sous la tente de son maître<ref name="BirthWelf">{{harvsp\|Reeve\|Biggs\|2011\|p="The Birth of Equine Welfare" (livre numérique)}}</ref>.</span> However, the civilization of ] testifies at a time of great respect for the horse, granting it (among others) the opportunity to spend the night in the tent of his master <ref name = "BirthWelf "> {{harvsp \| Reeve \| Biggs \| 2011 \| p =" The Birth of Equine Welfare "(eBook)}} </ ref>.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Au début du XXIe siècle, le cheval est largement reconnu par les biologistes (et par le monde scientifique en général) comme étant un « être sensible »<ref name="Chapou" group="S"/>.</span> At the beginning of XXIe siècle, the horse is widely recognized by biologists (and the scientific world in general) as a "sentient" <ref name = "Chapou" group = "S" / >.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Cette évolution accompagne celle de toute la société occidentale, entrée depuis le milieu du XX century dans un mouvement de bienveillance à l'égard des animaux domestiques, avec une reconnaissance croissante de leur individualité<ref name="Equip" group="PF"/>.</span> This change accompanies that of any Western society input from the middle of XX century in a benevolent movement against pets, with a growing recognition of their individuality <ref name = " Equip "group =" FP "/>.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Une erreur commune est la croyance selon laquelle les avancées en matière de respect du bien-être du cheval proviennent des considérations éthiques et scientifiques.</span> A common mistake is the belief that advances in respect for the well-being of the horse from the ethical and scientific considerations.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">En réalité, ces avancées ont été presque essentiellement obtenues grâce aux demandes de militants et du grand public<ref name="1Wel" group="S"/>.</span> In reality, these advances have been almost exclusively obtained by the demands of activists and the general public <ref name = "1Wel" group = "S" />.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">=== XIX century === {{see also\|Cheval au XIXe siècle{{!}}Cheval au XIX{{e}} siècle}} ==== En Angleterre ==== {{see also\|Black Beauty}} Les premiers mouvements de sensibilisation à la cause des chevaux naissent en Angleterre à la fin du XVIIIe siècle.</span> === XIXe siècle {{=== Related Product \| Horse in the nineteenth century {{}} {Horse in the nineteenth century {e}}}} === ==== In England = {{related article \| Black Beauty}} The first movement awareness to the cause of the horses born in England at the end of the XVIIIe siècle.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Une loi interdisant de battre volontairement les chevaux est proposée dans les ], mais non adoptée<ref group="S">{{harvsp\|Favre\|1993\|p=3-4}}</ref>.</span> A law prohibits willfully beat the horse is proposed in ], but not adopted <ref group = "S"> {{harvsp \| Favre \| 1993 \| p = 3-4}} </ ref>.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">La '']'' est créée en 1824 à ], en réaction à cette souffrance animale.</span> The ] '' was created in 1824 to ], in response to this animal suffering.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Son logo représente un ] venu châtier un homme qui frappe son cheval<ref group="S">{{cite book\|language=en\|title=Horses at Work: Harnessing Power in Industrial America\|first1=Ann Norton\|last1=Greene\|publisher=Harvard University Press\|year=2009\|isbn10=0674037901\|isbn=9780674037908\|pages totales=336\|pages=252}}</ref>.</span> Its logo is a ] came to punish a man strikes his horse <ref group = "S"> {{cite book\| language = en \| title = Horses at Work: Harnessing Power in Industrial America \| Firstname1 = Ann Norton \| name1 = Greene \| publisher = Harvard University Press \| year = 2009 \| 0674037901 ISBN10 = \| isbn = 9780674037908 \| Total pages = 336 \| page = 252}} </ ref>.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Le roman '']'', publié en 1877 dans l'Angleterre victorienne, est connu comme le premier ouvrage qui s'intéresse au sujet du bien-être du cheval<ref name="BritWelf">{{harvsp\|Reeve\|Biggs\|2011\|p=Welfare efforts in Britain}}</ref>.</span> The novel '' ] '', published in 1877 in Victorian England, is known as the first book that focuses on the welfare of the horse <ref name = "BritWelf"> {{ harvsp \| Reeve \| Biggs \| 2011 \| p = Welfare efforts in Britain}} </ ref>.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Son originalité est de laisser la parole à plusieurs chevaux qui y racontent leur souffrance quotidienne, sous forme d'une ]<ref name="autob">{{cite book\|lang=en\|title=Speaking for Animals: Animal Autobiographical Writing\|author=Margo DeMello\|publisher=Routledge\|year=2012\|isbn=0415808995\|isbn2=9780415808996\|pages=introduction ;</span> Its originality is to defer to several horses who recount their daily suffering, as a ] <ref name = "autob"> {{cite book\| lang = en \| title = Speaking for Animals: Animal Autobiographical Writing \| author = Margo DeMello \| publisher = Routledge \| year = 2012 \| isbn = 0415808995 \| isbn2 = 9780415808996 \| page = introduction;</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">224}}</ref>.</span> 224}} </ ref>.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Il entraîne une forte sensibilisation pour cette cause des chevaux.</span> It results in a high awareness for this cause horses.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">L'auteur ] se montre très en avance sur son temps en matière de ], son roman prend parti contre l'] en attelage, les ]s et la ].</span> The author ] is very ahead of its time in terms of ], the novel takes sides against the ] in tow, the ] s and the ].</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">D'après Amélie Tsaag Valren, il {{citation\|préfigure d'une certaine manière la disparition du cheval en ville.</span> According Amélie Tsaag Valren it {{Citation \| foreshadows somehow missing the horse in town.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Anna Sewell montre que cet animal de chair et de sang, qui ressent la douleur et la tristesse, n'a pas sa place dans l'environnement urbain et la société industrielle de ]}}<ref</span> Anna Sewell shows that animal flesh and blood, who feels pain and sorrow, has no place in the urban environment and industrial society ]}} <ref</span> group="PF">{{citation\|url=http://www.cheval-savoir.com/1642-black-beauty-roman-pour-cause-chevaux\|title=Black <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Beauty, un roman pour la cause des chevaux\|first1=Amélie\|last1=Tsaag Valren\|month=mars\|year=2014\|journal=]}}</ref>.</span> Beauty, a novel for the cause of the horses \| Firstname1 = Amélie \| name1 = Tsaag Valren \| month = March \| year = 2014 \| Periodic = ]}} </ ref>.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Ce roman provoque une controverse en ] à sa sortie.</span> This novel causes controversy ] at its output.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Ce n'est qu'au fil du temps qu'il devient un ].</span> It is that over time it becomes a ].</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Anna Sewell, décédée cinq mois après sa publication, affirme que son but était d'améliorer le sort des chevaux dans ce pays<ref>{{cite book\|lang=en\|author=Merriam-Webster\|year=1995\|pages=entrée « Black Beauty »\|title=Merriam Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature\|isbn=0877790426\|isbn2=9780877790426}}</ref>.</span> Anna Sewell, died five months after its publication, says his goal was to improve the lot of horses in this country <ref> {{cite book\| lang = en \| author = Merriam-Webster \| year = 1995 \| page = Input " Black Beauty "\| title = Merriam Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature \| isbn = 0877790426 \| 9780877790426 isbn2 =}} </ ref>.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Le résultat est au-delà de ses espérance, puisque la sortie du roman aux États-Unis dans un contexte de souffrance équine omniprésente permet au débat de s'implanter dans ce pays.</span> The result is beyond his expectation, since the output of the novel in the United States in a pervasive suffering equine context allows debate to settle in this country.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Les multiples traductions de ce roman ont même entraîné des débats dans toute l'Europe<ref name="autob"/>.</span> Multiple translations of the novel have even led to debates in Europe <ref name = "autob" />.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">==== Aux États-Unis ==== ].\|alt=Une calèche tirée par un cheval qui ouvre grand la bouche et semble s'être figé sur place]] Les documents américains relatent plusieurs cas d'exploitation du cheval donnant lieu à des maltraitances, notamment dans les compagnies d'omnibus et de ]s<ref group="S">{{harvsp\|Favre\|1993\|p=19-20}}</ref>.</span> In the United States ==== ==== ]. \| alt= A carriage pulled by a horse that opens her mouth wide and seems to have frozen in place]] The US documents relate several cases of exploitation of the horse resulting in of abuse, particularly in the bus companies and ] s <ref group = "S"> {{harvsp \| Favre \| 1993 \| p = 19-20}} </ ref>.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Ces véhicules hippomobiles sont souvent surchargés, les chevaux qui les tractent sont battus et soumis à un travail pénible<ref group="S">{{harvsp\|Favre\|1993\|p=29-30}}</ref>.</span> These horse-drawn vehicles are often overloaded, horses towing an implement them are beaten and subjected to hard labor <ref group = "S"> {{harvsp \| Favre \| 1993 \| p = 29-30}} </ ref>.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Les premières définitions d'une notion de maltraitance du cheval s'orientent sur leur privation de nourriture et de soin, et le fait de les frapper<ref group="S">{{harvsp\|Favre\|1993\|p=25-26}}</ref>.</span> Early definitions of a notion of abuse of horses are moving on their deprivation of food and care, and hitting the <ref group = "S"> {{harvsp \| Favre \| 1993 \| p = 25-26 }} </ ref>.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">La cour de ] est pionnière, publiant une loi qui punit ceux qui tuent ou torturent volontairement un animal (dont le cheval) dès 1829. La cour de l'État du ] traite le cas d'un homme ayant battu son cheval à mort en 1858, mais conclut que rien n'interdit de frapper son propre cheval en dépit du problème que pose un tel spectacle en public<ref group="S">{{harvsp\|Favre\|1993\|p=5}}</ref>.</span> The court of ] is a pioneer, publishing a law that punishes those who deliberately kill or torture an animal (including horses) 1829. The court of the State of ] addresses the case a man who beat his horse to death in 1858, but found nothing illegal to hit his own horse in spite of the problem with such a public spectacle <ref group = "S"> {{harvsp \| Favre \| 1993 \| p = 5}} </ ref>.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">En 1860, l'État de ] condamne ceux qui battent un cheval à une amende maximale de deux cent dollars, le double de ce que risque une mère qui battrait son enfant de moins de sept ans.</span> In 1860, the State of ] condemns those who beat a horse to a fine of two hundred dollars, double what risk a mother who beat her child under seven years.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Le ] et la mutilation d'animaux appartenant à autrui sont sévèrement sanctionnés, témoignant de motivations essentiellement financières et « sociétales ».</span> The ] and animals belonging to another mutilation are severely punished, reflecting mainly financial incentives and 'societal'.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Battre son cheval sans raisons est considéré comme étant « mal » et contraire aux bonnes mœurs, mais la souffrance ressentie par l'animal n'est pas prise en compte.</span> Beat his horse without reason is considered "evil" and immoral, but the pain felt by the animal is not taken into account.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">La punition de ceux qui maltraitent leurs propres chevaux n'est pas immédiatement à l'ordre du jour<ref group="S">{{harvsp\|Favre\|1993\|p=7-11}}</ref>, la loi ne pouvant être appliquée que si une preuve est apportée que le cheval a été battu avec de réelles « mauvaises intentions »<ref group="S">{{harvsp\|Favre\|1993\|p=14-15}}</ref>.</span> The punishment of those who abuse their own horses is not immediately on the agenda <ref group = "S"> {{harvsp \| Favre \| 1993 \| p = 7-11}} </ ref>, the law can only be applied if evidence is provided that the horse was beaten with real "bad intentions" <ref group = "S"> {{harvsp \| Favre \| 1993 \| p = 14-15}} </ ref> .</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">La notion de « ] » des animaux est introduite dans le droit américain à la fin du XIXe siècle, par le cas d'un homme ayant appliqué de l'acide sur les sabots de ses chevaux<ref group="S">{{harvsp\|Favre\|1993\|p=28}}</ref>.</span> The concept of "]" of animals was introduced into US law in the late XIXe siècle, for the case of a man who used acid on the hoofs of his Horse <ref group = "S"> {{harvsp \| Favre \| 1993 \| p = 28}} </ ref>.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">L'évolution se fait également sentir par des procès mettant en cause des meneurs d'omnibus accusés de surexploiter les chevaux<ref group="S">{{harvsp\|Favre\|1993\|p=30-31}}</ref>.</span> The trend is also being felt by lawsuits involving omnibus leaders accused of over-exploiting the horses <ref group = "S"> {{harvsp \| Favre \| 1993 \| p = 30-31}} </ ref> .</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">==== En France ==== ] Au début du XIX century, la maltraitance est très commune, en particulier pour les ] à l'époque de la ].</span> ==== ==== In France ] At the beginning of XIX century., child abuse is very common, especially for ] at the time of the ].</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Le côté frustre des charretiers, prompts à manier le fouet et à hurler sur leurs chevaux, laisse en héritage l'expression {{citation\|jurer comme un charretier}}.</span> The side frustrates carters, quick to use the whip and scream their horses, leaves behind the expression {{Citation \| swear like a trooper}}.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Lorsqu'un cheval tombe entre ses harnais, le charretier tente le plus souvent de le faire se relever à coups de pied dans le ventre<ref name="Sangdesbetes" group="S">{{citation\|last1=Agulhon\|first1=Maurice\|title=Le sang des bêtes.</span> When a horse falls into his harness, Carter tries mostly to do is raise kicked in the stomach <ref name = "Sangdesbetes" group = "S"> {{citation\| last1 = Agulhon \| first1 = Maurice \| title = The blood of beasts.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Le problème de la protection des animaux en France au XIX{{ème}} siècle\|journal=Romantisme\|number=31\|lire en</span> The problem of animal protection in France in the nineteenth {{}} th century \| Romance periodic = \| year = 1981 \| issue = 31 \|pages = 81-110 \| read</span> ligne=http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/roman_0048-8593_1981_num_11_31_4475\|consulté <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">le=20 janvier 2015}}</ref>.</span> on January 20, 2015 =}} </ ref>.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Il est fréquent que des chevaux meurent d'épuisement au travail, en pleine rue<ref name="Jez44" group="S">{{harvsp\|Jez\|2014\|p=44}}</ref>.</span> Often horses die of exhaustion at work, in the street <ref name = "Jez44" group = "S"> {{harvsp \| Jez \| 2014 \| p = 44}} </ ref>.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">De multiples témoignages, y compris un poème de ] écrit en 1838, attestent l'omniprésence de cette maltraitance publique des chevaux de travail<ref name="Sangdesbetes" group="S"/>.</span> Multiple evidence, including a poem by ] written in 1838 demonstrate the pervasiveness of this public abuse work horses <ref name = "Sangdesbetes" group = "S" />.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Le développement du ] pousse à des traitement cruels, en particulier lorsque le cheval incapable de travailler est envoyé chez l'].</span> The development of the ] grows to cruel treatment, especially when the horse unable to work is sent to the ].</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Considérés comme inutiles, ces chevaux attendent parfois des jours avant d'être abattus et agonisent sous l'effet de la faim et de la soif.</span> Considered useless, these horses sometimes wait for days before being shot and dying as a result of hunger and thirst.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Ce contraste entre la condition des chevaux de travail et celle des chevaux de la bourgeoisie et des classes riches provoque un malaise dans la société française<ref name="Sangdesbetes" group="S"/>.</span> This contrast between the condition of the working horses and the horses of the middle class and the wealthy classes causes discomfort in French society <ref name = "Sangdesbetes" group = "S" />.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">En 1845, la ] voit le jour pour protéger les chevaux des abus<ref name="Jez44" group="S"/>.</span> In 1845, the ] was born to protect horses from abuse <ref name = "Jez44" group = "S" />.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">], ancien officier de ], créé la ] en 1850 et fait voter la ] la même année, interdisant la maltraitance volontaire des animaux.</span> ], a former officer of ], created the ] in 1850 and made the vote ] the same year, prohibiting the deliberate abuse of animals.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Un débat agite cependant la France à la fin du siècle pour ce qui concerne la ] (et notamment les ]s de chevaux), contraire à la loi Grammont<ref name="Sangdesbetes" group="S"/>.</span> A debate however agitated France at the end of the century regarding the ] (including ] s horses), contrary to the law Grammont <ref name = "Sangdesbetes" group = " S "/>.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">==== Autres pays ==== ] publie en 1885 la nouvelle '']'', qui laisse la parole à un cheval pie nommé l'Arpenteur.</span> ==== ==== Other Countries ] published in 1885 the new '' ] '', which leaves the floor to a piebald horse named Surveyor .</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Il raconte notamment sa ], ses débuts sous le harnais, attelé et ses capacités à la course, jusqu'à sa mort, saigné par l']<ref group="PF">{{lien</span> In particular, it tells its ], debuting in harness, harnessed and capabilities in the race until his death, bled by the ] <ref group = "PF"> { {link</span> web\|url=http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/actualites/20090108.BIB2757/tolstoi-retrouve.html\|author=DF\|title=Tolstoï <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">retrouvé\|date=8 janvier 2008\|éditeur=Le Nouvel Observateur\|consulté le=21 janvier 2015}}</ref>.</span> found \| date = January 8, 2008 \| publisher = Le Nouvel Observateur \| accessed January 21, 2015 =}} </ ref>.</span> <div class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><div class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">{{clr}} === XXe siècle === {{see also\|Cheval au XXe siècle{{!}}Cheval au XXe siècle}} {{<nowiki>Encadré</nowiki> \|title=], '']'' (1932) \|contenu= je ne puis voir un cheval tomber dans la rue sans éprouver à ce spectacle le besoin impérieux d'aider l'animal<ref name="MortAp-mid">] (trad. René Daumal), '']'', éditions Gallimard, 2012, {{ISBN\|2072447712}}, {{ISBN\|9782072447716}}, p.</span> {{Clr}} === XXe siècle {{=== Related Product \| Horse in the twentieth century {Horse in the twentieth century {e}}}} {{Box \| title = ], ] '' (1932) \| content = I can not see a horse fall into the street without feeling this show the urgent need to help the animal <ref name = "MortAp-mid"> ] (trans. René Daumal) ] '', Gallimard , 2012 {{ISBN\|2072447712}}, {{ISBN\|9782072447716}}, p.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">1-6</span></span></ref>.}} Il y a davantage de changements dans la perception du bien-être du cheval depuis la seconde moitié du XXe siècle qu'au cours de toute l'Histoire passée<ref name="1Wel" group="S">{{harvsp\|McIlwraith\|Rollin\|2011\|p=chap.</span> . 1-6 </ ref>}} There are more changes in the perception of well-being of the horse since the second half of the 20th century than in any past history < ref name = "1Wel" group = "S"> {{harvsp \| McIlwraith \| Rollin \| 2011 \| p = c.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">1 - Equine Welfare and Ethics, Bernard Rollin}}</ref>.</div> 1 - Equine Welfare and Ethics, Bernard Rollin}} </ ref>.</div> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">D'après ], la sensibilité envers le traitement réservé aux chevaux passe du respect à un véritable ]<ref name="Digard183" group="S">{{harvsp\|Digard\|2007\|p=183}}</ref>, entraînant avec elle une nouvelle problématique.</span> According to ], sensitivity to the treatment of horses pass respect to a real ] <ref name = "Digard183" group = "S"> {{harvsp \| Digard \| 2007 \| p = 183}} </ ref>, bringing with it a new problem.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Alors que les maltraitances étaient généralement le fait de personnes qui exploitaient physiquement des chevaux par le passé, le XXe siècle voit naître des maltraitances par ignorance des besoins de l'animal, toute personne pouvant devenir propriétaire d'un cheval notamment pour le loisir<ref name="Jez44" group="S"/>.</span> While abuse were usually the result of people who physically exploited horses in the past, the 20th century saw the birth of abuse ignorance of the animal's needs, anyone can become the owner of including a horse for leisure <ref name = "Jez44" group = "S" />.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Jean-Pierre Digard pense aussi que la féminisation du monde de l'équitation contribue pour beaucoup au développement du phénomène<ref name="Digard183" group="S"/>.</span> Jean-Pierre Digard also think that the feminization of the equestrian world contributes significantly to the development of the phenomenon <ref name = "Digard183" group = "S" />.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">==== Mouvements anti-caudectomie ==== L'opposition à la ] naît aux États-Unis au début du siècle, lorsque les automobiles remplacent les chevaux pour le transport.</span> ==== ==== Anti-docking Movements Opposition to the ] born in the United States at the beginning of the century, when automobiles replaced horses for transportation.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Les premières lois d'État américaines sont créées pour l'interdire en arguant qu'il s'agit d'une pratique cruelle et devenue inutile, qui empêche le cheval de pouvoir chasser les insectes avec sa ]<ref name="tail61-62" group="S">{{harvsp\|Tozzini\|2003\|p=161-162}}</ref>.</span> The first US state laws are created to ban, arguing that it is a cruel practice and become useless, which prevents the horse to hunt insects with its ] <ref name = "tail61-62" group = "S"> {{harvsp \| Tozzini \| 2003 \| p = 161-162}} </ ref>.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Elle est progressivement interdite ou sévèrement découragée dans plusieurs pays.</span> It is progressively banned or severely discouraged in many countries.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">La France en limite les possibilités d'usage en 1996, à l'instigation de ].</span> France to limit the possibilities of use in 1996, at the instigation of ].</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">] approuve alors une « série d'actions destinées à faire respecter un code de bonne conduite à l'égard des animaux »<ref name="apopln" group="S">{{cite book\|author=Arouna P. Ouédraogo et Pierre Le Neindre\|title=L'homme et l'animal : Un débat de société\|publisher=éditions Quae\|year=1999\|pages=146-148\|isbn=2738008585\|isbn2=9782738008589}}</ref>.</span> ] then approves a "series of actions to enforce a code of conduct towards animals" <ref name = "apopln" group = "S"> {{cite book\| author = Arouna P. Ouedraogo and Pierre Le Neindre \| title = Man and animal: A social debate \| publisher = Quæ editions \| year = 1999 \| page = 146-148 \| isbn = 2738008585 \| isbn2 9782738008589 =}} </ ref>.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">==== Mouvements anti-abattage et anti-hippophagie ==== {{see also\|Wild and free-roaming horses and burros act de 1971}} L'] devient la cible de critiques de plus en plus nombreuses.</span> ==== Anti-slaughter movements and anti-hippophagie ==== {{related article \| Wild and free-roaming horses and burros act 1971}} The ] becomes the target of criticism more numerous.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Alors que dans les ], cette consommation est habituelle pour les Français<ref group="S">{{cite book\|first1=Ghislaine\|last1=Bouchet\|title=Le cheval à Paris de 1850 a 1914\|publisher=Librairie Droz\|location=Paris\|year=1993\|isbn=9782600045360\|url=http://books.google.fr/books?id=oaNQ__BglQ0C\|pages=227}}.</ref>, elle diminue sur la seconde moitié du siècle.</span> While in ], this consumption is common for French <ref group = "S"> {{cite book\| Firstname1 = Ghislaine \| name1 = Bouchet \| title = The horse in Paris 1850 1914 \| publisher Librairie Droz = \| location = Paris \| year = 1993 \| isbn = 9782600045360 \| read online = http:. //books.google.fr/books id = oaNQ__BglQ0C \| page = 227}} </ ref>, it decreases on the second half of the century.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Un ] touche aussi la viande de cheval dans le ]<ref name="Dibie">{{cite book\|title=La Passion du regard : essai contre les sciences froides\|collection=Traversées\|first1=Pascal\|last1=Dibie\|publisher=Éditions Métailié\|year=1998\|isbn=9782864242895\|pages totales=186\|pages=141}}.</ref>.</span> A ] also affects horse meat in the ] <ref name = "Dibie"> {{cite book\| title = The Passion of the eyes: Test against cold Sciences \| collection = Crossings \| Firstname1 = Pascal \| name1 = Dibie \| publisher = Métailié Publishing \| year = 1998 \| isbn = 9782864242895 \| total pages = 186 \| page = 141}} </ ref>..</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">En Angleterre, le mouvement du « ''{{lang\|en\|Horse welfare}}'' » voit apparaître sa première grande activiste, Ada Cole, au début du siècle.</span> In England, the movement of "{{lang \| en \| Horse Welfare}} '' 'his first major emerging activist Ada Cole at the beginning of the century.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Émue par le sort des chevaux de travail britanniques, exploités toute leur vie avant d'être exportés en ] et abattus pour leur viande, elle créé en 1927 l''']''.</span> Moved by the plight of the British working horses, exploited their whole lives before being exported ] and slaughtered for their meat, it created in 1927 the '' ] ''.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Elle parvient à faire voter l'interdiction de l'export des chevaux britanniques vivants pour la viande dix ans plus tard.</span> It succeeds in passing the ban on the export of live horses for meat British ten years later.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">L'organisme qu'elle a fondé, renommé depuis '']'', continue ses campagnes de protection du cheval dans le monde entier<ref name="BritWelf"/>.</span> The organization she founded, since renamed '' ] '', continued his horse protection campaigns worldwide <ref name = "BritWelf" />.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">En 1947, la '']'' créée au Royaume-Uni intègre la protection du cheval (« ''{{lang\|en\|welfare}}'' ») parmi ses missions<ref name="Our Mission">{{cite web\|publisher=The British Horse Society\|title=Our Mission\|lang=en\|url=http://www.bhs.org.uk/our-charity/our-purpose/our-mission}}</ref>.</span> In 1947 the '' ] '' created in the UK includes the protection of the horse ("{{lang \| en \| welfare}} '' ') among its missions <ref name =" Our Mission "> {{link web \| publisher = The British Horse Society \| title = Our Mission \| lang = en \| url = http: //www.bhs.org.uk/our-charity/our-purpose/our-mission }} </ ref>.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">La grande figure de la défense des équidés au milieu du siècle est cependant l'américaine ], dite « Wild Horse Annie ».</span> The great figure of the defense equine mid-century, however, is the US ], known as "Wild Horse Annie".</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Née en 1912, elle se met à militer en 1950 pour que cessent les déplacements et les abattages des ] et des ânes sauvages sous la pression des colons.</span> Born in 1912, she began to campaign in 1950 to end the movement and slaughtering ] and wild donkeys under pressure from settlers.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Selon son propre témoignage, cet engagement provient du jour où elle a découvert, sur la route, un camion dégoulinant du sang de mustangs en route pour l'abattoir.</span> According to his testimony, this commitment comes the day when she found out on the road, a truck mustangs dripping blood on the way to the slaughterhouse.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">En 1959, son action pousse le gouvernement américain à publier une loi fédérale qui interdit l'abattage des mustangs sur les terres appartenant aux États.</span> In 1959, its action pushes the US government to issue a federal law that prohibited the slaughter of mustangs on state-owned lands.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Jugeant cette victoire insuffisante, Velma Bronn Johnston parvient à faire adopter le '']'' en 1971 par ], qui interdit toute maltraitance envers les mustangs<ref name="USAWelt">{{harvsp\|Reeve\|Biggs\|2011\|p="Welfare efforts in America" (livre numérique)}}</ref>.</span> Considering this lack of victory, Velma Bronn Johnston manages to adopt the '' ] '' in 1971 by ] which prohibits mistreatment of mustangs <ref name = "USAWelt"> {{harvsp \| Reeve \| Biggs \| 2011 \| p = "Welfare efforts in America" (eBook)}} </ ref>.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">À l'inverse, l'] n'adopte aucune loi particulière en faveur de ses ] introduits à la fin du XVIIIe siècle pour répondre aux besoins des colons, ni des ânes.</span> Conversely, the ] takes no special law for its ] introduced at the end of the 18th century to meet the needs settlers nor donkeys.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Depuis les années 1980 jusqu'en 2013, l'abattage de ces animaux depuis des ]s suscite l'indignation de nombreux défenseurs des animaux.</span> From the 1980s until 2013, the slaughter of these animals for ] s sparks outrage many animal advocates.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">La viande des Brumbies sert ensuite à fabriquer de la pâtée pour chiens<ref</span> Meat Brumbies then used to make the mash dog <ref</span> group="PF">{{citation\|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/planete/article/2008/03/13/dans-le-queensland-australien-on-acheve-mal-les-chevaux-sauvages_1022416_3244.html\|title=Dans <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">le Queensland australien, on achève mal les chevaux sauvages\|journal=]\|date=13 March 2008\|author=Marie-Morgane Le Moël}}</ref>{{,}}<ref group="PF">{{citation\|title=Massacre des Brumbies : cela recommence !\|journal=Cheval Savoir\|month=mai\|year=2013\|number=43}}</ref>.</span> Australian Queensland, wild horses is completed evil \| Periodic = ] \| day = 13 \| month = March \| year = 2008 \| author = Marie-Morgane Le Moël}} </ ref> {{}} <ref group = "PF"> {{citation\| title = Massacre Brumbies: it starts \| Horse periodic = Know \| month = May \| year = 2013 \| number = 43}!} </ ref>.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Longtemps saignés vivants, les chevaux abattus pour leur viande en occident sont désormais étourdis avec un ], pour leur épargner la souffrance.</span> Long live bled, horses slaughtered for meat in the West are now stunned with ], to spare them suffering.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">] révèle cependant les conditions de transport des chevaux de boucherie polonais au public en 1983, provoquant un vif émoi.</span> ], however, reveals the conditions of transport of Polish horses for slaughter to the public in 1983, causing a stir.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Les ], qui accueillent une majorité de cavalières, cachent depuis les ] l'envoi des chevaux réformés aux ]s par peur de perdre leur clientèle.</span> The ], which host the majority of riders, hiding from the ] sending horses to reformed ] s for fear of losing customers.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Les premiers centres de sauvetages pour équidés maltraités ou menacés de revente à la boucherie se créent à la même époque<ref name="Digard186" group="S"/>.</span> The first rescue centers for abused or threatened equine resale to the slaughter are created at the same time <ref name = "Digard186" group = "S" />.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">L'hippophagie baisse de 60 % entre ] et ] en France<ref name="Onevoicehear" group="SPA">{{cite web\|url=http://www.onevoice-ear.org/campagnes/chevaux/viande.html\|title=On achève bien les chevaux\|publisher=One Voice\|accessdate=13 January 2010}}</ref>.</span> The hippophagie 60% decrease in ] and ] in France <ref name = "Onevoicehear" group = "SPA"> {{web \| url = http: //www.onevoice-ear org / campaigns / horses / viande.html \| title = They Shoot Horses, Do not They? \| One Voice website = \| = accessed January 13, 2010}} </ ref>.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">==== Réglementation de la corrida en Espagne ==== En Espagne, les fréquents étripements de chevaux dans les arènes de ] poussent ] à imposer en 1928 le caparaçon protecteur, le '']''.</span> ==== Regulation of bullfighting in Spain ==== In Spain, frequent étripements horse in the bullring of ] grow ] in 1928 to impose the protective flank the ' ] ''.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Dès lors, l'] diminue fortement<ref>{{cite book\|author=Élisabeth Hardouin-Fugier\|title=Histoire de la corrida en Europe du XVIIIe au XXIe siècle\|publisher=Connaissances et Savoirs\|year=2005\|pages totales=382\|pages=154-155\|isbn=9782753900493}}</ref>.</span> Therefore, the ] greatly reduces <ref> {{cite book\| author = Elisabeth Hardouin-Fugier \| title = History of bullfighting in the eighteenth to the twenty-first century Europe \| publisher = Knowledge and Knowledge \| year = 2005 \| Total pages = 382 \| page = 154-155 \| isbn = 9782753900493}} </ ref>.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">En 1932, ] évoque dans ''Mort dans l'après-midi'' le côté indéfendable de ces meurtres de chevaux du point de vue de ses contemporains, bien que lui-même leur trouve un côté comique<ref name="MortAp-mid"/>.</span> In 1932, ] writes in '' Death in the Afternoon '' side of the indefensible horses murder from the perspective of his contemporaries, although their finds himself a comic side <ref name = "MortAp-mid" />.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">==== ''Horse protection act'' de 1970 ==== ] d'un cheval aux États-Unis, en 1938.]] {{main\|Horse protection act de 1970}} Aux États-Unis, l''''Animal humane Association'' est créée dans les ] pour s'opposer aux nombreuses morts de chevaux pendant les tournages de films ]<ref name="CMfilms" group="PF"/>.</span> ==== '' Horse protection act '' 1970 ==== ] a horse to USA, in 1938.]] {{detailed article \| Horse protection act 1970}} In the US, the '' 'Animal Humane Association' is created in the ] to oppose the many horses died during film shoots ] <ref name = "CMfilms" group = "FP" />.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Un mouvement d'opinion (majoritairement soutenu par des avocats) dénonce la cruauté de multiples pratiques sur les chevaux : utilisation de mors sévères, usage excessif du ], entraînements avec des ]s, coupures de la langue en ], et plus généralement l'attitude ] d'un vaste secteur de l'industrie équine, selon laquelle il est normal de frapper un cheval pour établir un rapport de dominance et lui montrer {{citation\|qui est le maître}}<ref name="1Wel" group="S"/>.</span> A movement of opinion (mainly supported by lawyers) denounces the cruelty of multiple practices on horses: use of severe jaw, excessive use of ] drives with ] s , cuts of the language in ], and more generally the attitude ] of a large sector of the horse industry, that it is normal to hit a horse for a report of dominance and show {{Citation \| who is the master}} <ref name = "1Wel" group = "S" />.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Ce mouvement aboutit au vote du ], pour interdire le '']'' (compression des sabots sous une cale compensée) et le '']'' (introduction de substances irritantes dans le vagin ou l'anus, pour donner aux chevaux une attitude plus fringante)<ref>{{lien</span> This movement results in the vote ] to prohibit ] '' (compression clogs in a wedge offset) and the '' ] '' (introduction of irritating substances into the vagina or anus, to give the horses a feisty attitude) <ref> {{link</span> web\|lang=en\|url=http://www.aphis.usda.gov/publications/animal_welfare/content/printable_version/FS-HorseProtectionAct-Final.pdf\|title=The <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Horse Protection Act\|éditeur=Animal Care.</span> Horse Protection Act \| publisher = Animal Care.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service\|consulté le=15 mars 2013}}</ref>.</span> Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service \| consulted = 15 March 2013}} </ ref>.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Entre les années 1950 et les années 2010, une douzaine d'associations de protection du cheval sont créées aux États-Unis<ref name="USAWelt"/> ==== Autres polémiques ==== Vers la fin du siècle, de nouvelles ]s apparaissent contre des pratiques telles que le ] (consistant à frapper les jambes d'un cheval qui franchit un obstacle pour les lui faire lever plus haut au saut suivant), le ] rouge (interdit dans plusieurs pays de l'Union européenne), le harnachement des ]s et les parcours d']<ref name="Digard186" group="S">{{harvsp\|Digard\|2007\|p=186}}</ref>.</span> Between the 1950s and 2010s, a dozen horse protection associations are created in the US <ref name = "USAWelt" /> ==== ==== Other controversies Towards the end of the century new ] s appear against practices such as ] (of striking the legs of a horse crossing an obstacle for him to get up earlier the next hop) the ] red (banned in several countries of the European Union), the harnessing of ] s and range of ] <ref name = "Digard186" group = "S"> {{harvsp \| Digard \| 2007 \| p = 186}} </ ref>.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Plusieurs associations américaines tentent d'interdire l'épreuve de cross des ] en 1996, arguant du danger des obstacles fixes pour les chevaux<ref name="Digard186" group="S"/>.</span> Several US associations are trying to ban the event of cross ] in 1996, arguing the danger of fixed obstacles for horses <ref name = "Digard186" group = "S" />.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Le développement de l'] est indissociable de cette sensibilité grandissante envers le cheval à la fin du XXe siècle<ref name="Digard188" group="S">{{harvsp\|Digard\|2007\|p=188}}</ref>.</span> The development of the ] is inseparable from this growing sensitivity to the horse at the end of the 20th century <ref name = "Digard188" group = "S"> {{harvsp \| Digard \| 2007 \| p = 188}} </ ref>.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Les premiers pratiquants sont issus du milieu du ] américain.</span> Early practitioners from the middle of the ] American.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Ils développent cette approche par réaction envers les pratiques traditionnelles des ]s, qui « brisent les chevaux »<ref group="Note">Version originale : ''{{lang\|en\|To break horses}}''.</ref>, afin de proposer une alternative à l'].</span> They develop this reaction approach to the traditional practices of ] s, which "break horses" <ref group = "note"> Original version: {{lang \| en \| To break horses}} . '' </ ref>, to offer an alternative to the ].</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Les pionniers sont ] et ]<ref group="PF">« Tom Dorrance et Ray Hunt, Les premiers chuchoteurs » dans {{citation\|title=Les secrets des chuchoteurs\|journal=]\|publisher=Prest edit\|month=octobre\|year=2003\|number=7 (hors-série)\|lire en</span> The pioneers are ] and ] <ref group = "PF"> "Tom Dorrance and Ray Hunt, The first whisperers" in {{citation\| title = The secret whisperers \| Periodic = ] \| publisher = Prest edit \| month = October \| year = 2003 \| issue = 7 (special issue) \| read</span> ligne=http://www.chevalmag.com/chevalmag/Magazines/Les-hors-series/Cheval-Magazine/2003/n-7-octobre}}</ref>. <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Depuis les ], ce courant s'est imposé progressivement dans le paysage équestre et le savoir qu'il véhicule s'est codifié<ref>], ''Étude du premier traité d'équitation portugais: Livro da ensinança de bem cavalgar toda sela, du roi Dom Duarte'', Éditions L'Harmattan, 2001, {{ISBN\|2747506789}}, {{ISBN\|9782747506786}}, {{p.\|74}}</ref>.</span> Since the ], this current has gradually in the equestrian landscape and know that vehicle is codified <ref> ], '' Consideration of the First Treaty of Portuguese Riding: Livro da ensinança de bem cavalgar toda sela, King Dom Duarte ', Editions L'Harmattan, 2001 {{ISBN\|2747506789}}, {{ISBN\|9782747506786}}, {{p \| 74}.} </ ref>.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Le film à succès de ], '']'' (1998), popularise les principes de l'équitation éthologique auprès d'un large public<ref>{{cite book\|last1=La Cense\|title=Les savoirs d'équitation éthologique: Tome 1, Savoir 1 & 2\|volume=1\|publisher=Le Cherche Midi\|year=2004\|isbn10=2749102081\|isbn=9782749102085\|pages totales=87\|pages=présentation éditeur}}</ref>.</span> The hit movie ], ] '' (1998) popularized the principles of natural horsemanship to a wider audience < ref> {{cite book\| name1 = La Cense \| title = The natural horsemanship knowledge: Part 1 Knowledge 1 & 2 \| volume = 1 \| publisher = Le Cherche Midi \| year = 2004 \| 2749102081 ISBN10 = \| isbn = 9782749102085 \| Total pages = 87 \| page = Editor presentation}} </ ref>.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">=== XXIe siècle === ].\|alt=un cheval marron et noir au milieu d'une route, un gros bout de bois accroché sur une jambe.]] Au XXIe siècle, le souci pour la protection du cheval est toujours aussi présent dans la société occidentale, et s'internationalise de plus en plus.</span> === XXIe siècle === ]. \| alt= brown and black horse in the middle of a road, a big piece of wood hanging on one leg]] In the 21st century, concern for the protection of the horse is still present in Western society, and increasingly internationalized.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Certains ] sont pointés du doigt voire condamnés pour maltraitance.</span> Some ] are singled out or convicted of abuse.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Le cavalier de saut d'obstacle américain Michal Morrissey écope de 5000 € d'amende et trois mois de suspension pour avoir donné 13 coups de cravache à sa monture sur un concours en ] en 2010<ref name="tracescravache" group="PF"/>.</span> The American show jumping rider Michal Morrissey scoop 5000 € fine and three month suspension for having given 13 strokes of the whip on his mount a competition ] in 2010 <ref name = "tracescravache" group = "FP" />.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">La cavalière de ] autrichienne Ulrike Prunthalier a été condamnée à 4000 euros d'amende en 2012 pour avoir entraîné ses chevaux avec des cailloux sous la muserolle et des chocs électriques<ref group="PF">{{citation\|title=La cavalière de dressage Ulrike Prunthaller condamnée pour maltraitance\|journal=] Austrian Ulrike Prunthalier was sentenced to 4000 euro fine in 2012 for having led his horses with pebbles under the noseband and electric shocks < ref group = "PF"> {{citation\| title = The dressage rider Ulrike Prunthaller convicted of abuse \| Periodic = ]\|url=http://www.cheval-savoir.com/1262-cavaliere-autrichienne-dressage-ulrike-prunthaller-condamnee-maltraitrance\|month=février\|year=2013\|number=40\|consulté <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">le=17 janvier 2015}}.</ref>.</span> = the January 17, 2015}}. </ ref>.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Les lois en vigueur pour la protection du cheval en France en 2014 sont considérées par l'INRA comme étant soucieuses du bien-être de l'animal<ref name="Jez65" group="S">{{harvsp\|Jez\|2014\|p=65}}</ref>.</span> Existing laws for the protection of the horse in France in 2014 are considered by INRA as concerned about the well-being of the animal <ref name = "Jez65" group = "S"> {{harvsp \| Jez \| 2014 \| p = 65}} </ ref>.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">La même année, la vidéo d'une cheval battu en ] suscite une vive réaction dans ce pays où l'animal est très choyé<ref group="PF">{{lien</span> The same year, the video of a horse beaten in ] creates a strong reaction in the country where the animal is pampered <ref group = "PF"> {{link</span> web\|url=http://observers.france24.com/fr/content/20140217-video-arabie-saoudite-cheval-droits-animaux-maltraitance\|title=La <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">vidéo d'un cheval battu par des Saoudiens indigne le royaume\|jour=17\|month=février\|year=2014\|éditeur=France24\|consulté le=17 janvier 2015}}</ref>.</span> video of a horse beaten by unworthy Saudi kingdom \| day = 17 \| month = February \| year = 2014 \| publisher = France24 \| accessed January 17, 2015 =}} </ ref>.</span> La ] envisage une préoccupation accrue pour le bien-être du cheval tout au long du XXIe siècle, qui pourrait mener à l'interdiction progressive des ], à une réglementation plus sévère de l'équitation comme de l'apprentissage en ] et à un développement du compagnonnage avec le cheval, du moins en France et dans les pays occidentaux<ref name="Dig188" group="S"/>{{,}}<ref group="S">{{harvsp\|Jez\|2014\|p=74}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="Jez131" "group="S">{{harvsp\|Jez\|2014\|p=131-135}}</ref>. ==== Rollkur ==== {{main\|Rollkur}} La controverse du rollkur débute en 2005 avec la parution d'un article de presse allemand dénonçant les méthodes néerlandaises d'entraînement au ], notamment celle qui consiste à placer le cheval avec le nez dans le poitrail à l'aide d']s. Elle provoque un débat très violent dans le milieu du ], allant jusqu'aux menaces de mort des cavaliers surpris à entraîner leurs chevaux en rollkur, et des organisateurs de compétition qui leur ont permis de le faire. La ] finit par créer une distinction entre le rollkur proprement dit et l'assouplissement dans une position « bas et rond » sans usage de force, en 2010<ref group="S">{{citation\|lang=en\|first1={{Pr}} René\|last1=van Weeren\|title=About Rollkur, or low, deep and round: Why Winston Churchill and Albert Einstein were right\|journal=The Veterinary Journal\|year=2013\|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.04.016\|volume=196\|number=3\|pages=290-3}}</ref>. Malgré cette interdiction officielle, aucune remontrance et aucune sanction n'ont été adressés aux entraîneurs et aux cavaliers de dressage connus pour pratiquer le rollkur<ref>{{cite book\|lang=en\|title=Sport, Animals, and Society\|publisher=Routledge\|first1=James\|last1=Gillett\|first2=Michelle\|last2=Gilbert\|year=2013\|isbn=1135019150\|isbn2=9781135019150\|pages totales=306\|url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=pcNiAgAAQBAJ&dq=rollkur}}</ref>. ==== Controverse sur la fermeture des abattoirs américains ==== Un débat violent agite les États-Unis, autour de la fermeture des ]s aux chevaux. D'abord soutenue et favorisée en 2005, elle est progressivement annulée depuis 2013. L'idée d'origine était de protéger les chevaux d'une mort cruelle, mais dans les faits, cette fermeture des abattoirs sur le sol américain s'est traduite par l'envoi massif de chevaux dont personne ne veut (« ''{{lang\|en\|unwanted horses}}'' ») vers les frontières des États-Unis, d'où ils gagnent les pays voisins<ref group="PA">{{cite web\|language=en\|author=Catrin Einhorn\|date=11 January 2008\|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/11/us/11horse.html?_r=1&oref=slogin&pagewanted=print\|title=Horses Spared in US Face Death Across the Border\|publisher='']''\|accessdate=4 February 2011}}.</ref>. Selon certaines sources américaines, le nombre d'abandons et d'actes de cruauté sur les chevaux a augmenté<ref group="PA">{{cite web\|language=en\|author=Amy Hamilton\|url=http://trib.com/news/state-and-regional/article_97d6bcfc-2298-561e-963c-9b87c2817687.html\|title=Horse Abandonment Rises\|date=24 January 2010\|publisher=trib.com\|accessdate=4 February 2011}}.</ref>{{,}}<ref group="PA">{{cite web\|language=en\|url=http://www.gazette.com/articles/horse-93019-abandonment-junction.html\|title=Cases of horse neglect, abandonment growing in Colorado\|date=24 January 2010\|publisher=Colorado Springs Gazette\|accessdate=4 February 2011}}.</ref>. Le '']'' a rapporté un plus grand nombre d'interventions pour des équidés maltraités en ], où l'abattage des chevaux a été interdit plus tôt que dans les autres États<ref name="suntimes" group="PA">{{cite web\|language=en\|author=Cynthia Wolff\|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20070504204759/http://www.suntimes.com/news/commentary/letters/364678,CST-EDT-VOX01a.article\|publisher='']''\|title=Don't ban horse slaughter in Illinois\|date=1<sup>er</sup> mai 2007}}.</ref>, information cependant contredite par l'], qui affirme ne pas avoir relevé de hausse dans les maltraitances<ref group="SPA">{{cite web\|language=en\|url=http://www.animalpeoplenews.org/07/11/falloutfromhorseslaughterban11_07.htm\|title=Dealing with fallout from horse slaughter ban\|date=November -décembre 2007\|accessdate=3 March 2011\|publisher=Animal People}}.</ref>. Les chevaux non désirés issus du territoire américain sont envoyés au ], au ] et au ] afin d'y être abattus, voyageant sur d'énormes distances et dans des conditions infernales pour atteindre les abattoirs, ce qui signifie pour eux un grand niveau de ]<ref group="PF">{{citation\|language=fr\|first1=\|last1=\|authorlink1=\|title=Odyssée vers la mort\|journal=Cheval magazine\|lien journal=Cheval Magazine\|date= June 2010\|number=463\|pages=26\|issn=\|url texte=\|accessdate=}}.</ref>. La réouverture des abattoirs américains a été préconisée en 2013, pour des raisons de protection<ref name="abam" group="PF">{{citation\|title=Le retour des abattoirs américains\|author=Christa Lesté-Lasserre\|month=octobre\|year=2013\|journal=Cheval magazine\|pages=64-65}}</ref>. Excédé par les menaces des associations de protection du cheval, un salarié d'abattoir équin au ] a publié une vidéo où il abat son propre cheval d'une balle de pistolet. L'abattage de son propre cheval étant légal dans ce pays, il n'a pas eu de condamnation. Cet animal surnommé « Justice » est désormais célébré comme le martyr de l'abattage équin. Cet acte a encore aggravé la controverse autour de l'abattage dans ce pays<ref name="abam" group="PF">{{citation\|title=Le retour des abattoirs américains\|author=Christa Lesté-Lasserre\|month=octobre\|year=2013\|journal=Cheval magazine\|pages=64-65}}</ref>. ==== Circulation des attelages hippomobiles ==== ], en Inde.\|alt=Attelage d'un cheval brun émacié.]] De nombreuses polémiques éclatent en 2013 et 2014 en ce qui concerne l'utilisation de la ] en milieu urbain ou sur les routes<ref group="Note">Par le passé, les interdictions de circulation hippomobiles étaient fréquemment motivées par la sécurité des automobilistes. Sa justification par le bien-être du cheval représente une nouveauté.</ref>. À ], l'interdiction des calèches de ], symboles de la ville depuis un siècle, est proposée par le maire pour des raisons de protection. Cependant, l'enquête montre une possible collusion avec le secteur immobilier<ref group="PF">{{cite web\|url=http://www.sciencesetavenir.fr/nature-environnement/20140306.AFP1613/la-guerre-fait-rage-autour-des-caleches-de-central-park.html\|title=A New York, la guerre fait rage autour des calèches de Central Park\|publisher=]\|date=6 March 2014\|accessdate=17 January 2015}}</ref>. ] devient le premier pays à interdire totalement la circulation des attelages hippomobiles sur les routes et dans les rues de ses villes en 2014, pour lutter contre la maltraitance dont sont victimes les chevaux et les ânes. La seule exception concerne les attelages touristiques<ref group="SPA">{{cite web\|lang=en\|url=http://www.peta.org/blog/israel-becomes-first-country-ban-horse-drawn-carts/\|title=Israel Becomes First Country to Ban Horse-Drawn Carts\|author=Alisa Mullins\|month=Septembre\|day=22\|year=2014\|publisher=PETA\|accessdate=25 January 2015}}</ref>. Cette action s'accompagne d'une marche pacifiste qui rassemble 4000 sympathisants pour les droits des animaux<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Knesset-panel-approves-ban-on-horse-drawn-carts-in-cities-375994\|title=Knesset panel approves ban on horse-drawn carts in cities\|lang=en\|publisher=]\|date=22 September 2014\|author=Sharon Udasin\|accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref>. La mort de chevaux d'attelage voués aux visites touristique dans les rues de ], en Colombie, est dénoncée comme une maltraitance<ref group="PF">{{citation\|title=Le calvaire des chevaux de calèche colombiens\|journal=Cheval magazine\|month=novembre\|year=2014\|number=516\|pages=58}}</ref>, tout comme les conditions de détention des chevaux de calèche à ] en Inde<ref group="SPA">{{cite web\|lang=en\|url=http://www.peta.org/blog/investigation-exposes-mumbais-filthy-horse-stables/\|title=Investigation Exposes Mumbai's Filthy Horse Stables\|publisher=PETA\|mopis=juillet\|year=2013\|accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref>. {{clr}} == Signes et sources de mal-être chez le cheval == ] Pour faciliter une définition de la notion de « bien-être du cheval », l'] conseille de se référer aux « cinq libertés » définies par le '']'' en 1979<ref name="Jez44" group="S"/> : * absence de faim, de soif et de malnutrition ; * absence d'inconfort ; * absence de douleurs physiques, de maladies et de blessures ; * possibilité d'exprimer les comportements normaux de l'espèce ; * absence de peur et d'anxiété. Les trois premiers critères sont assez simples à reconnaître et faire respecter, mais ce n'est que rarement le cas pour les deux derniers<ref name="Jez45" group="S">{{harvsp\|Jez\|2014\|p=45}}</ref>. Contrairement à d'autres espèces animales domestiques comme le chien, le ] exprime très peu de signes de mal-être extérieurs et notamment, il ne crie pas<ref group="PF">{{citation\|first1=Christian\|last1=Carde\|authorlink1=Christian Carde\|first2=Laetitia\|last2=Bataille\|authorlink2=Laetitia Bataille\|title=Le Roll Kur : Que faut-il vraiment en penser ?\|journal=]\|month=novembre\|year=2009\|number=5\|url=http://www.cheval-savoir.com/130-roll-kur}}</ref>. Les fouaillements de queue intempestifs témoignent de son inconfort<ref name="Konig Plos" group="S">{{citation\|title=Prevalence of Different Head-Neck Positions in Horses Shown at Dressage Competitions and Their Relation to Conflict Behaviour and Performance Marks\|author=Kathrin Kienapfel, Yvonne Link et Uta König von Borstel\|date=4 August 2014\|journal=PLoS ONE\|volume=9\|number=8\|url=http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0103140#pone-0103140-g005}}</ref>, mais ils peuvent aussi être un moyen pour lui de chasser les insectes. La ] est simple à détecter, le refus de soulever un membre ou de le laisser être touché peut indiquer une douleur. De manière générale, un cheval qui transpire abondamment, s'agite, se couche et se roule au sol ou encore qui tremble expérimente certainement une souffrance. Le regard vers le ventre est notamment un signe de ]. L'expression de la tête avec les oreilles couchées en arrière forme un précieux renseignement. La ] se manifeste entre autres par un désintéressement profond envers l'environnement, et d'autres symptômes assez proches de ceux d'une ]. Une baisse subite de performances, une raideur dans le travail indiquent un problème physique caché<ref group="PF">{{citation\|title=Quand la douleur se voit\|author=Christa Lesté-Lasserre\|journal=Cheval magazine\|month=novembre\|year=2014\|number=516\|pages=45-48}}</ref>. Si un cheval trop maigre est clairement en souffrance, l'état d'], plus difficile à repérer, génère tout autant de problèmes physiques avec notamment un risque élevé de ]<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.haras-nationaux.fr/information/accueil-equipaedia/alimentation/comprendre-la-nutrition/etat-corporel.html\|title=Estimer l'état corporel\|publisher=Les haras nationaux / IFCE\|author=P. Guérin, M. Le Verger, J. Mos, G. Arnaud, N. Baudoin et L. Marnay\|date=July 2014\|accessdate=20 January 2015}}</ref>. De même, un cheval maigre n'est pas forcément maltraité, la ] impliquant chez lui une sensibilité accrue aux maladies et une difficulté à reprendre du poids<ref>{{cite book\|title=Les maladies du vieux cheval\|titre ouvrage=Maladies des chevaux\|first1=Anne\|last1=Couroucé-Malblanc\|publisher=France Agricole Editions\|year=2010\|isbn=2855571685\|isbn2=9782855571683\|pages=294-302}}</ref>. L'état des ] est également un indice. Un cheval dont les sabots sont très longs (y compris retournés en babouche) ou fendus manque de soins et souffre. {{center\|'''Différents cas problématiques pour le bien-être du cheval'''}} <gallery mode=packed> Polo Schnittverletzung Pferd.JPG\|Blessure résultant d'une partie de ] Pony grazing on Belstone Common, Dartmoor.jpg Obésité Riding 1100453.jpg\|Fouaillement de queue et tentative d'échapper au ] I have a dream.jpg\|Attache douloureuse </gallery> Des facteurs émotionnels sont soupçonnés de pouvoir provoquer un mal-être. Si les chevaux ne manifestent aucun signe d'inconfort selon qu'ils sont regardés dans les yeux ou pas, une étude suggère qu'ils perçoivent l'état émotionnel de l'homme et sont influencés par celui-ci. Leur ] augmente en présence d'une personne qui déclare avoir peur ou ne pas aimer les chevaux, tandis qu'il est normal en présence d'une personne qui déclare aimer cet animal ou être neutre à sa présence<ref group="S">{{citation\|author=H. Hama, M. Yogo et Y. Matsuyama\|year=1996\|title=Effects of stroking horses on both humans' and horses' heart rate responses\|journal=Jpn Psychol. Res.\|volume=38\|pages=66-73}}</ref>. == Pratiques débattues == De nombreuses interrogations se posent quant aux conditions de vie que l'homme impose au cheval domestique. Elles se révèlent souvent éloignées de ]. Le cheval est un animal sociable dans la nature, qui supporte très mal l'isolement. Il peut aller jusqu'à déprimer et cesser de s'alimenter si ses besoins de contact ne sont pas remplis<ref group="SPA">{{cite web\|url=http://lfpc.eu/avoir-un-equide-chez-soi/besoins-physiologiques/le-comportement-social/\|title=Le comportement social\|publisher=]\|accessdate=21 January 2015}}</ref>. Cependant, le cheval peut expérimenter du mal-être sans que l'Homme n'en ait eu l'intention, de nombreux cas résultant d'ignorances ou de négligences. L'Homme a également tendance à considérer que le cheval doit être disponible en permanence<ref>{{harvsp\|Enoff\|2014\|p=65-66}}</ref>. Un déficit dans les conditions de vies offertes aux chevaux entraîne souvent des problèmes de relation homme-cheval<ref group="S">{{harvsp\|Hausberger\|Roche\|Henry\|Visser\|2008\|p=1}}</ref>. === Interventions physiques === Le cheval peut subir diverses interventions physiques, notamment la ], la ] (coupe de la queue), le ] ou encore la coupe des vibrisses. L'atteinte à l'intégrité physique d'un cheval pose un questionnement tant éthique qu'en matière de bien-être. Comme chez d'autres espèces animales, les ]s du cheval sont des organes tactiles (situés autour du nez et de la bouche) qui l'aident à percevoir l'environnement en dehors de son ]. Interdit par la Suisse et l'Allemagne, leur rasage créée un véritable mal-être en diminuant la perception de l'animal, ce qui peut le conduire par exemple à se cogner<ref name="Becker">{{cite web\|url=http://www.drmartybecker.com/this-and-that/whiskers-help-horses-see/\|title=How their whiskers help horses see\|date=18 June 2014\|author=Dr Marty Becker}}</ref>. ==== Castration ==== {{see also\|Castration\|Hongre}} La castration est pratiquée en premier lieu pour le confort des humains, puisqu'elle rend généralement le cheval mâle plus doux et plus facile à manier<ref>{{cite book\|title=Hongre ou étalon ?\|titre ouvrage=Le comportement du cheval\|collection=Les Équiguides\|first1=Julie\|last1=Deutsch\|publisher=Éditions Artemis\|year=2006\|isbn=2844166407\|isbn2=9782844166401}}</ref> et réduit les risques de conflits entre mâles, tout en permettant de contrôler le ] des élevages<ref name="Cherry">{{cite web\|lang=en\|author=Cherry Hill\|url=http://www.horsekeeping.com/horse_health_care/gelding_and_aftercare.htm\|title=Gelding and aftercare\|year=2008\|consulté le 13 juin 2007}}</ref>. Selon Päivi Nussbaumer, vétérinaire à l'Institut suisse de médecine équine (ISME), {{citation\|la castration chirurgicale est astreignante, douloureuse et peut conduire à des complications sévères}}<ref name="agroscope.admin.ch">{{In lang\|de}} {{In lang\|fr}} {{citation\|url=http://www.agroscope.admin.ch/publikationen/einzelpublikation/index.html?aid=30697&lang=fr&pid=30426\|title=Castration - l'étalon devient un hongre : Bureau de conseils\|author=Päivi Nussbaumer\|journal=Le Franches-Montagnes\|number=125\|year=2012\|pages=22-23}}</ref>. ==== Ferrage, ''soring'' et autres interventions sur le pied ==== ] montrant le pied d'un ] victime de ].]] {{see also\|Ferrage (cheval){{!}}Ferrage\|Soring}} Le cas du ] est particulier. À l'origine, c'est une mesure de protection du pied du cheval contre l'usure subie sur les différents types de sols durs. Cependant, son utilité est remise en cause par un nombre croissant de cavaliers qui estiment que la mise « pieds nus » respecte davantage la nature du cheval<ref name="pncm413" group="PF">{{citation\|author=Laure Marandet\|title=Passer aux pieds nus en douceur\|journal=Cheval magazine\|month=avril\|year=2013\|number=497\|pages=48-49}}</ref>. Selon Pierre Enoff, le cheval n'a en réalité pas besoin d'une ferrure, celle-ci contrariant sa ] et sa perception sensitive en le forçant à s'appuyer sur les seules parois du sabot, sans pouvoir utiliser sa sole ni évaluer les difficultés du terrain<ref>{{harvsp\|Enoff\|2014\|p=74-121}}</ref>. La position dominante des professionnels du monde du cheval, et notamment des ], est de voir dans la ferrure un acte de protection pour le sabot. De même, une mise pieds nus trop rapide peut être néfaste pour un cheval qui a longtemps vécu ferré si son pied n'y est pas préparé<ref name="pncm413" group="PF"/>. La pratique du ] dans le ] aux États-Unis est par contre dénoncée sans ambiguïté comme étant une maltraitance, par différents vétérinaires et spécialistes du cheval. Interdite par le ], elle consiste à poser une cale lourdement lestée et fixée pour comprimer les sabots des antérieurs, forçant le cheval à se déplacer d'une manière artificielle. ==== Marquage au fer ==== {{see also\|Marquage au fer}} Le marquage au fer est moins commun que dans le passé. En France et en Allemagne, son but principal est le ] et la promotion des animaux. Le but d'identification, prouver la propriété des animaux perdus ou volés, est devenu caduque avec la généralisation de la ]. L'utilisation du marquage au fer pour identifier les animaux et les prémunir contre le vol est considérée comme peu fiable. D'après une étude réalisée à l'] (2013), les acheteurs sont prêts à payer environ 12 % plus cher pour un cheval marqué<ref name="marfer" group="PF">{{citation\|title=Marqués au fer\|journal=]\|month=janvier\|year=2014\|first1=Christa\|last1=Lessé-Laserre\|number=506\|pages=64-65}} </ref>. Le marquage au fer provoque une vive douleur et peut-être vu comme un acte de cruauté, une « souffrance au nom de la tradition et du marketing ». Le fer rouge entraîne une exposition de la peau à une chaleur de 700 degrés. Le cheval marqué au fer garde une température corporelle plus élevée de 4°C le jour de son marquage, et de 2 à 4°C les six jours suivants. La partie du corps qui a été marquée présente les lésions typiques d'une ] au troisième degrés, avec des chairs nécrosées<ref name="marfer" group="PF"/>. ==== Interventions sur la queue ==== ] belge caudectomisé.\|alt=Gros cheval vu de dos dont la queue coupée a l'apparence d'une boule de poils ronde]] {{see also\|Caudectomie\|Queue du cheval}} Il existe beaucoup d'interventions sur la ], pour des raisons essentiellement esthétiques (les raisons pratiques ayant disparu avec la ] à grande échelle). D'après Sandra Tozzini, ces pratiques vont de l'éthiquement condamnable au « criminel », et toutes génèrent une souffrance « sans raison d'être »<ref name="tail59" group="S">{{harvsp\|Tozzini\|2003\|p=159}}.</ref>. Couper la queue ou la relever artificiellement pousse souvent le cheval à avoir une action plus relevée dans ses ]<ref name="tail60" group="S">{{harvsp\|Tozzini\|2003\|p=160}}.</ref>. La ] (ou caudotomie) est la plus courante des interventions sur la queue. Ablation des dernières vertèbres du ] par sectionnement, elle donne une queue plus courte ou un moignon de forme ronde. La caudectomie concerne presque essentiellement les ] et ]<ref name="tail61" group="S">{{harvsp\|Tozzini\|2003\|p=161}}.</ref>. Propre au monde anglo-saxon, le niquetage (en anglais ''{{lang\|en\|nickering}}'') est un sectionnement des muscles abaisseurs de la queue, qui a pour effet de la relever. L'animal doit porter un dispositif nommé « ''{{lang\|en\|tail set}}'' » après l'opération pour que l'atrophie du muscle soit complète. Ce dispositif est peu agréable et l'empêche d'aller en extérieur<ref group="S">{{harvsp\|Tozzini\|2003\|p=169}}.</ref>. Le bloc de la queue (« ''{{lang\|en\|tail blocking}}'' ») s'effectue par l'injection d'] dans le nerf qui contrôle les mouvements de cet appendice, empêchant le cheval de bouger sa queue. Cette pratique moins invasive que les précédentes est utilisée illégalement pour des concours où le mouvement de queue, témoignage d'inconfort du cheval, est un motif disqualifiant<ref group="S">{{harvsp\|Tozzini\|2003\|p=170}}.</ref>. Le bloc de la queue peut provoquer des complications comme l']<ref group="S">{{harvsp\|Tozzini\|2003\|p=171}}</ref>. L'introduction d'alcool, d'épices ou d'autres substances irritantes dans l'] ou le ], nommée ''{{lang\|en\|]}}'', est employée pour forcer le cheval à maintenir sa queue plus haut et donner l'impression d'un animal plus fringant<ref>{{cite book\|lang=en\|author=John Ogilvie\|lien author=John Ogilvie (lexicographe)\|title=Imperial Dictionary of the English Language\|year=1883\|pages=272}}.</ref>. {{clr}} === Conditions d'élevage === ] {{see also\|Reproduction du cheval\|Lait de jument}} Les conditions d'élevage du cheval domestique présentent des divergences évidente avec l'état sauvage, que ce soit en matière de reproduction, d'éducation du poulain ou par l'appel à d'autres pratiques et techniques discutables. La monte en main, méthode de reproduction qui consiste à entraver une ] en chaleur avant de lui présenter l'], est assimilée à un « ] organisé ». L'absence de préliminaires peut faire paniquer la jument<ref>{{cite book\|title=Les soins aux chevaux\|author=Julie Deutsch\|publisher=Editions Artemis\|year=2007\|isbn=2844166415\|isbn2=9782844166418\|pages=121}}.</ref>. Le ] du ] se produit en général beaucoup plus tard en liberté que dans un élevage, où il est séparé de sa mère vers l'âge de six mois<ref>{{harvsp\|Enoff\|2014\|p=58-61}}.</ref>. Bien que le poulain de six mois soit passé du ] à une alimentation fourragère, cet âge de séparation est considéré comme étant trop précoce pour garantir qu'il ait appris suffisamment de sa mère. Cela peut conduire le poulain à développer plus tard des ] ou d'autres problèmes. Une manière de l'éviter consiste à sevrer des poulains en groupe, et à garder au sein de ce groupe un ou plusieurs chevaux adultes autre que leur mère, de manière à ce que les poulains puissent continuer à apprendre les codes sociaux propres à leur espèce<ref group="PF">{{citation\|author=Clémence Lesimple\|title=Sevrage : comment faciliter la transition\|journal=Cheval Magazine\|month=décembre\|year=2014\|number=517\|pages=54-55}}.</ref>. La production de lait de jument pose un également une question éthique, la présence du poulain étant nécessaire à la montée de lait chez la jument. Prélever le lait implique qu'il ne sera pas consommé par le poulain, et induit de fortes chances que ce dernier soit revendu à l'] (car carencé)<ref group="SPA">{{cite web\|url=http://www.protection-des-animaux.org/fiche.php?id=30\|title=Lait de jument\|author=Pili\|publisher=http://www.protection-des-animaux.org/}}.</ref>. Certains propriétaires de jeunes ]s manipulent ces derniers à outrance, ce qui conduit le poulain à considérer l'humain comme un membre de sa propre espèce, et peut être à l'origine de graves problèmes de comportement<ref>{{harvsp\|Enoff\|2014\|p=50-52}}</ref>. L'utilisation de l'entrave est connue pour certains ] en semi-liberté, afin d'empêcher certains chevaux de trop s'éloigner. En plus de les forcer à se déplacer au pas, l'entrave provoque des douleurs. Les critères de sélection de certaines races poussent à faire naître des chevaux qui ]. C'est le cas des ]s et des ]s de ], sélectionnés aussi musclés que possible sur des membres fins, ce qui fait souffrir le cheval au niveau des pieds en plus de favoriser la prolifération d'une ]. de plus, ces chevaux sont souvent complémentés avec des ]s et confinés dans des espaces réduits, pour garder leur musculature excessive<ref group="PF">{{citation\|title=Monsieur "Horse Univers"\|author=Christa Lesté-Lasserre\|journal=Cheval magazine\|month=juillet\|year=2014\|number=512\|pages=56-57}}</ref>. === Conditions de détention === Les condition de détention des chevaux ont peu évolué dans les pays développés. A l'état sauvage, ces animaux se déplacent chaque jour sur 10 à {{convert\|abbr=on\|15\|km}} et passent la plus grande partie de leur vie à brouter l'herbe fraîche<ref name="Enoff21"/>. ==== Box et stalle ==== ].]] {{see also\|Écurie\|Vices d'écurie}} Il reste le plus souvent enfermé en ], dans un box ou une stalle, lorsque les humains ne l'utilisent pas. La taille du box est réduite (3 à {{convert\|abbr=on\|4\|m}} de côté pour {{convert\|abbr=on\|2.50\|m}} de haut), celle de la stalle l'est davantage encore. Le cheval dispose de très peu d'espace pour se mouvoir. Ce confinement en écurie, souvent renforcé par la présence de grilles, le prive aussi de contacts avec ses congénères. Sa nourriture est jetée à même le sol, parfois là où il est forcé à uriner et à déféquer<ref name="Enoff21">{{harvsp\|Enoff\|2014\|p=Chapitre « Ouvrez ouvrez la cage aux chevaux ! <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">», p.</span> "P.</span> 21-43}}</ref>. Selon la définition du bien-être du cheval préconisée par l'INRA et le ''Farm animal welfare council'', la vie en box ou en stalle empêche le cheval d'exprimer les comportements normaux de son espèce, il s'agit donc d'une forme de maltraitance<ref name="Jez45" group="S"/>. D'autres spécialistes comme Pierre Enoff (qui compare le cheval en box à un ] dans un verre d'eau<ref name="Enoff21"/>) et ] (qui compare le terme officiel de « détention d'équidés » au vocabulaire ])<ref group="PF">{{citation\|author=]\|title=Les détenus\|month=septembre\|year=2013\|number=46\|journal=]\|url=http://www.cheval-savoir.com/1476-edito-cheval-savoir-septembre-2013}}</ref> estiment également que la mise en box génère une souffrance. Les méfaits de la vie prolongée en box ou en stalle sont à l'origine des ]. Ces troubles du comportement du cheval domestique proviennent souvent de l'isolement et du manque d'exercice. Leur expression peut être variée<ref>Dossier rassemblé par Lucie Launay, ''Dossier {{n°\|6}} : Bâtiments et infrastructures équestres : ingénierie, bien-être et écologie'', ], 2011, {{cite web\|title=read online\|url=http://www.haras-nationaux.fr/information/la-mediatheque-du-cheval/dossiers-documentaires/document/telechargement/dossier-n5-ecuries-et-infrastructures.html}}</ref>. L'] conseille de ne jamais laisser le cheval seul, ni au pré ni à l'écurie<ref name="ifcelog">{{cite web\|url=http://www.haras-nationaux.fr/information/accueil-equipaedia/infrastructures-equestres/batiments/logement-du-cheval-et-bien-etre.html\|title=Logement du cheval et bien-être\|author=P. Doligez, M. Vidament, L.Marnay et B. Ferry\|month=Septembre\|year=2014\|publisher=institut français du cheval et de l'équitation / Les haras nationaux\|accessdate=21 January 2015}}</ref>. Dans le cas d'une mise en box ou en stalle, la loi suisse exige que le cheval soit sorti au minimum deux heures chaque jour<ref name="loi suisse"/>. Enfin, ces conditions de vie génèrent de l'agressivité : plus elles sont éloignées des conditions offertes à l'état sauvage, plus les problèmes relationnels entre chevaux augmentent<ref group="PF">{{citation\|author=Laure Marandet\|title=L'agressivité, un problème « humain »\|journal=]\|number=502\|month=septembre\|year=2013\|pages=58-59}}.</ref>. ==== Pré ==== La vie au pré sur une surface permettant au cheval de se déplacer et de brouter librement n'est cependant pas une garantie absolue de bien-être. Il reste dépendant des humains qui en ont la garde. Les cas de divagation de chevaux échappés de leur pré peuvent découler d'une malveillance extérieure, mais aussi d'une mauvaise prise en compte des besoins (manque de nourriture, eau qui gèle dans l'abreuvoir en hiver, proximité d'un élément effrayant...) qui le pousse à s'échapper. Les divagations sont à l'origine de nombreux et graves accidents, en particulier de ]<ref group="PF">{{citation\|author=Antoinette Delylle\|title=Les chevaux « SDF »\|journal=]\|number=497\|month=avril\|year=2013\|pages=56-57}}</ref>. L'usage du ] est lui aussi une source d'accidents. Le cheval doit, dans tous les cas, disposer d'un abri pour se protéger des intempéries et d'une protection contre le vent. Pour mieux répondre aux besoins du cheval tout en facilitant son entretien, les Allemands ont créé le concept d'« écurie active », qui s'appuie sur les ]. Les chevaux sont logés en groupe, nourris automatiquement selon leurs besoins, et ont un accès illimité à des aires de repos et de détente<ref name="ifcelog"/>. ==== Transport ==== Le transport des chevaux est par nature contraire aux cinq libertés en raison du peu d'espace disponible, de l'absence d'accès à la nourriture et à l'eau. Les études prouvent aussi une nette augmentation du ] du cheval pendant les transport, en particulier au début. Ce stress diminue avec les expériences, mais reste présent. De plus, les mouvements du ] de transport obligent le cheval à corriger régulièrement sa position, ce qui peut le fatiguer à la longue. L'absence d'eau est un réel problème, tous les chevaux suant beaucoup pendant leur transport. Des arrêts pour lui permettre de s'abreuver sont indispensables à son bien-être, l'accès à du foin est un plus non-négligeable<ref>{{citation\|title=Le transport, source de mal-être\|author=Caroline Coegnet\|journal=]\|number=515\|month=octobre\|year=2014\|pages=76-77}}</ref>. ==== Juments productrices de Premarin ==== {{see also\|Premarin (médicament){{!}}Premarin}} Certains chevaux sont dédiés à la production de ]s ou de ]s. La production des œstrogènes conjugués vendus sous le nom de ] (pour ''{{lang\|en\|pregnant mare urine}}'' désignant l'ingrédient principal, l'] de jument gestante) a été largement dénoncée (notamment par ] et le ]) comme étant une maltraitance. Environ {{formatnum:100 000}} juments gestantes sont maintenues immobilisées dans des stalles, les poulains sont tués peu après la naissance pour que la jument soit de nouveau mise en gestation<ref group="SPA">{{cite web\|lang=en\|url=http://www.peta.org/issues/animals-used-for-experimentation/animals-used-experimentation-factsheets/premarin-prescription-cruelty/\|title=Premarin: A Prescription for Cruelty\|publisher=PETA\|accessdate=22 January 2015}}</ref>{{,}}<ref group="SPA">{{cite web\|lang=en\|url=http://www.animalliberationfront.com/Practical/FactoryFarm/Premarin-KeepingMaresPregnant.htm\|title=Keeping Mares Pregnant so that Women Can Consume Horse Urine\|publisher=]\|accessdate=22 January 2015}}.</ref>. Ces juments sont maintenues dans un état de soif permanent pour produire une ] plus concentrée, et vivent avec une sonde qui provoque des démangeaisons. D'après certains témoignages, elles sont fréquemment battues et ] en raison de ces conditions de vie. Malgré les multiples pétitions adressées au laboratoire, la production du Premarin continue vraisemblablement (2014) dans les mêmes conditions, car le marché est très porteur<ref>{{cite book\|title=Prenez en main votre santé\|sous-title=Toutes les maladies courantes\|tome=1\|author=Michel Dogna\|publisher=Guy Trédaniel\|year=2014\|isbn=281321163X\|isbn2=9782813211637\|pages=chap. Hormonothéraîe et progestérone naturelle}}.</ref>. À cette controverse s'ajoutent des soupçons sur la cancérogénité des ]s, des hormones et des sous-produits issus de ces juments chez la femme<ref>Dr. Louis de Brouwer md, ''La mafia pharmaceutique et agroalimentaire'', Louise Courteau éditrice, {{ISBN\|2897280166}}, {{ISBN\|9782897280161}}, chap. « Le prémarin est cancérogène ».</ref>. === Conditions de mise au travail === ].\|alt=Attelage avec un petit cheval campé sur ses membres, les oreilles en arrière.]] D'autres questionnements surgissent à travers la façon dont les hommes mettent le cheval au travail. L'] bien conduite est comparable à un entraînement sportif, elle permet au cheval de gagner en souplesse et en muscle<ref group="PF">{{citation\|title=Quel est l'impact de l'équitation sur le corps du cheval ?\|month=juin\|year=2014\|number=511\|pages=37-38\|journal=Cheval magazine}}.</ref>. Les mauvaises façons de monter provoquent cependant des maux de ] en raison du poids du cavalier pesant sur les ] thoraciques et dorsales. La position avec l'encolure haute et creuse (lorsque le cavalier tient ses mains hautes et ses rênes serrées) est particulièrement délétère<ref group="PF">{{citation\|title=Soignez sa posture au travail\|journal=Cheval magazine\|month=mars\|year=2014\|number=508\|pages=46-47\|author=Clémence Lesimple}}.</ref>. Ces problèmes sont aggravés par le ] de certains cavaliers par rapport à la constitution du cheval : selon les études, le poids du cavalier ne devrait jamais excéder 20 à 29 % (matériel compris) de celui du cheval. Certaines races sont cependant plus porteuses que d'autres, en particulier les ] et demi-traits<ref group="PF">{{citation\|title=Quand le surpoids devient "trop poids"\|journal=Cheval magazine\|month=septembre\|year=2014\|number=514\|pages=51_53\|author=Christa Lesté-Lasserre}}.</ref>. L'exploitation de certains chevaux pour le ] monté ou attelé, entre autres en ], génère une souffrance considérable par manque de repos ou de soins<ref group="PF">{{citation\|author=Antoinette Delylle\|title=Les usines à balades\|journal=]\|number=488\|month=juillet\|year=2012\|pages=64-65}}.</ref>. Une pétition est portée en ] par '']'' pour demander l'interdiction totale des ] et des sports hippiques, arguant que cette pratique est contre nature pour le cheval, lui cause de grandes douleurs dans la bouche (jusqu'à {{convert\|abbr=on\|300\|kg}} de pression par cm²) et endommage son système neurologique. Elle suit une longue enquête concernant les pratiques des ], avec prises de photographies et réalisation d']s de chevaux de haut niveau présentant des dégâts physiques dus à la pratique de l'équitation<ref>{{In lang\|en}} Lydia Nevzorova, ''Nevzorov Haute École Equine Anthology Vol 1'' {{cite web\|title=read online\|url=http://books.google.fr/books?id=3PXwlctxH3kC}}.</ref>. Alors que le sujet était tabou au moins jusqu'en 2015<ref group="PF">{{citation\|title=Ces cavaliers qui restent à pieds\|month=juin\|year=2014\|number=511\|pages=36\|journal=Cheval magazine}}</ref>, un nombre croissant de cavaliers ne montent pas (ou plus) à cheval, estimant que c'est source de mal-être pour l'animal<ref name="Equip" group="PF"/>. Le sociologue Jérôme Michalon estime que {{citation\|cette évolution va dans le sens de la société}}<ref name="Equip" group="PF">{{citation\|title=Les équi-piétons, un nouveau genre ?\|journal=]\|number=518\|month=janvier\|year=2015\|pages=14-15\|author=Lise Mayrand}}.</ref>. ] qualifie cependant d'« extrémiste » l'idée que toute forme d'équitation constituerait une maltraitance<ref group="PF">{{citation\|url=http://www.cheval-savoir.com/1855-edito-cheval-savoir-decembre-2014\|title=Y a-t-il des athlètes heureux ?\|number=59\|journal=]\|month=décembre\|year=2014}}.</ref>. {{clr}} ==== Impact du matériel ==== ] enrênée\|alt=Tête d'un cheval marron aux yeux révulsés, oreilles en arrières, la langue sortant de la bouche.]] {{see also\|Mors (équitation){{!}}Mors\|cravache\|enrênement\|Bride (équitation){{!}}bride}} L'équitation implique l'emploi d'une grande variété de matériel : les aides artificielles du type ]s et ], et le ] (] et ] avec un, deux mors, ou sans). Mal employé, ce matériel rend l'équitation inconfortable voire douloureuse pour le cheval. Les ]s sont souvent trop serrées, alors que la recommandation officielle est de pouvoir passer deux doigts entre elle et la tête<ref group="PF">{{citation\|url=http://www.cheval-savoir.com/641-serrer-muserolle-cheval\|title=Serrer la muserolle…\|author=Colonel ]\|journal=Cheval Savoir\|number=22\|month=juin\|year=2011\|accessdate=23 January 2015}}.</ref>{{,}}<ref group="PF">{{citation\|url=http://www.cheval-savoir.com/1100-plaidoyer-contre-muserolle-serree-cheval-danne\|author=Isa Danne\|journal=Cheval Savoir\|title=Plaidoyer contre la muserolle serrée\|number=37\|month=novembre\|year=2012\|accessdate=23 January 2015}}.</ref>. Le ], qui peut agir sur la ] ou les dents du cheval en fonction de la position de sa tête, créé une pression qui devient une douleur véritable dès lors que les ] sont tendues<ref>{{harvsp\|Cook\|Strasser\|Kells\|2003\|p=38}}.</ref>. Devenue chronique, cette douleur dégénère en ] qui irradie la tête du cheval, jusqu'à ses oreilles et au bout de son nez. Pour éviter ce problème, certains cavaliers travaillent leur cheval ]<ref group="PF">{{citation\|title=Travailler sans mors, une bonne idée ?\|author=Elise Chadeau-Argaud\|journal=Cheval magazine\|month=février\|year=2014\|number=507\|pages=50}}.</ref>. La ] doit être bien ajustée à la morphologie de l'animal pour éviter toute douleur, mais ce n'est pas toujours le cas. Une étude réalisée au Brésil démontre que plus de 50 % des selles ne sont pas adaptées au cheval qui les porte, 40 % d'entre elles étant placées trop en avant sur le dos<ref group="PF">{{citation\|title=Selle inadaptée : attention dangers\|author=Fanny Lattach\|month=octobre\|year=2013\|journal=Cheval magazine\|pages=60-61}}</ref>. Chez les chevaux victimes d'une main dure, la langue bleuit sous l'action du mors et de la muserolle, un phénomène « très douloureux » qui peut provoquer « des lésions linguales irréversibles »<ref group="PF">{{citation\|url=http://www.cheval-savoir.com/1678-comment-se-constitue-phenomene-langue-bleue-cheval\|title=Comment se constitue le phénomène de la « langue bleue » ?\|author={{Dr}} Jacques Laurent\|month=avril\|year=2014\|number=52\|journal=]}}.</ref>. Le cavalier peut aussi faire un mauvais usage des ]s et de la ]. ==== Dans le sport hippique ==== Dans le milieu des ], la croissance du jeune poulain est stimulée par une alimentation spécifique<ref>{{harvsp\|Enoff\|2014\|p=156-158}}</ref>. Ces poulains sont mis au travail dès l'âge de dix-huit mois et ceux qui ne s'adaptent pas aux courses sont ]. Les réformés, qui constituent une part importante de l'abattage pour la viande chevaline, développent fréquemment des problèmes de santé et de comportement<ref>{{harvsp\|Enoff\|2014\|p=162-167}}.</ref>. * Harnachement des trotteurs D'après le scientifique australien Paul McGreevy, l'utilisation de la cravache pendant les courses hippiques constitue {{citation\|la forme de violence la plus publique et la plus télévisée du monde actuel}}. Elle pose de plus un problème éthique en raison de la douleur infligée à un animal généralement épuisé par l'effort<ref name="tracescravache" group="PF"/>. Son étude démontre que l'utilisation (fréquente) des coups de ] ne se traduit pas par de meilleures performances des chevaux en course, les races de chevaux de course étant déjà sélectionnées génétiquement pour courir le plus vite possible<ref group="S">{{citation\|lang=en\|title=An Investigation of Racing Performance and Whip Use by Jockeys in Thoroughbred Races\|author=David Evans et Paul McGreevy\|month=janvier\|year=2011\|journal= PLoS ONE\|volume=6\|number=1\|url=http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0015622#references}}</ref>. De plus, les coups donnés dans les 200 derniers mètres de course touchent souvent le cheval dans la partie sensible de l'abdomen, laissant une marque bien visible. La « cravache anti-douleur » inventée en Angleterre se révèle dans les faits aussi douloureuse que les autres<ref name="tracescravache" group="PF"/>. L'utilisation discrète des chocs électriques sur les chevaux de course semble généralisée depuis 1974, avec des centaines de cas découverts. Cette technique cruelle ayant pour but de les faire courir plus vite est évidemment interdite officiellement<ref group="PA">{{citation\|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/28/sports/new-light-on-seamy-role-of-buzzers-in-horse-racing.html\|lang=en\|title=Seamy Side of a Sport: Prodding Horses With Shocks\|zuteur=Joe Drape\|date=27 March 2014\|journal=]\|accessdate=25 January 2015}}</ref>. ==== Dans les sports équestres ==== ] {{main\|Rollkur\|Barrage du cheval d'obstacles\|Dopage (sport){{!}}Dopage}} L'équitation sportive pose la question du respect des limites physiques et mentales du cheval. Tous les ] demandent un entrainement sportif poussé et peuvent être concernés par le ]. Les chevaux réagissent mal à la répétition incessante du même exercice. Les cavaliers de sport ont aussi tendance à employer des moyens mécaniques coercitifs, notamment des enrênements et des mors sévères, pour pousser le cheval dans l'attitude qu'ils recherchent au lien de l'obtenir de l'animal lui-même au terme d'un ] patient<ref name="compcm509" group="PF">{{citation\|author=Christa Lessé Lassere\|title=Concilier bien-être... et compétition\|journal=Cheval magazine\|month=avril\|year=2014\|number=509\|pages=56-57}}.</ref>. Certaines méthodes d'entraînement du cheval de sport sont dénoncées voire interdites pour leur cruauté. C'est le cas du ] (hyperflexion de l'encolure) en dressage, banni par la fédération équestre internationale s'il est obtenu en force ou maintenu plus de dix minutes. Le ], qui consiste à frapper les jambes du cheval au passage d'un obstacle pour les lui faire lever plus haut, est officiellement interdit en compétition et à l'entraînement. Il serait encore couramment employé en toute discrétion. L'utilisation de la cravache en concours de saut d'obstacle ne se traduit pas par de meilleures performances, d'après une étude réalisée en 2013 au Royaume-Uni<ref group="PF">{{citation\|title=La cravache ne fait pas sauter les chevaux !\|journal=Cheval magazine\|month=juillet\|year=2014\|number=512\|pages=58}}</ref>. Les compétitions d'] sont fréquemment au cœur de scandales impliquant la mort de montures pendant ou après la compétition<ref group="PF">{{cite web\|url=http://www.grandprix-replay.com/content/l%E2%80%99endurance-fait-scandale\|title=L'endurance fait scandale\|publisher=]\|author=MK\|date=11 October 2013\|accessdate=23 June 2014}}.</ref>, et un grand nombre de cas de dopage<ref group="PF">{{cite web\|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/sport/article/2013/10/07/la-princesse-haya-face-a-une-hecatombe-de-chevaux-et-de-cas-positifs-en-endurance_3489898_3242.html\|title=La princesse Haya, le bourrin et le venin de vipère\|author=Stéphane Mandard\|date=7 October 2013\|publisher=]\|accessdate=19 June 2014}}.</ref>. Ces problèmes résultent vraisemblablement d'un conflit culturel entre les cavaliers occidentaux et ceux du ]<ref group="PF">{{citation\|url=http://www.cheval-savoir.com/1549-endurance-lieu-conflit-culturel\|title=L'endurance : un conflit culturel ?\|author=Yves Riou\|journal=]\|month=novembre\|year=2013\|number=48}}.</ref>. ==== Lors de tournages et de spectacles ==== L'utilisation de chevaux pendant le tournage de séries télévisées ou de film entraîne fréquemment des problèmes de maltraitance animale, comme l'a signalé une enquête du ''Hollywood reporter'' en 2013. Ces cas peuvent aussi se produire pendant le tournage de films prestigieux, comme '']'' de Peter Jackson qui a vu la mort de trois équidés en ]. L'''Animal humane Association'' préconise de remplacer autant que possible les chevaux par de l']. Cependant, en France, il n'existe aucune réglementation officielle pour la sécurité des chevaux sur les plateaux de tournage<ref name="CMfilms" group="PF">{{citation\|title=Silence, on tourne...\|journal=Cheval magazine\|month=décembre\|year=2014\|number=517\|pages=60-61\|author=Lise Mayrand}}</ref>. ==== Rodéo et utilisations comme animal de combat ==== ] lors d'une ].\|alt=Un cavalier s'apprête à enfoncer une pique dans le cou d'un taureau.]] {{see also\|Rodéo\|Picador\|Corrida de rejón\|Combat d'étalons\|Horse-baiting\|Rôle du cheval dans la guerre}} Historiquement, l'utilisation du cheval comme animal de combat a été très fréquente, aussi bien dans le cadre de la guerre que dans celui des rituels et de divertissements comme le '']''. Les ] organisés perdurent en ] (Sud de la Chine et Philippines). Ils entraînent de nombreuses blessures. Certains coups échangés font jaillir les yeux des chevaux de leurs orbites. Les étalons peuvent même arracher les oreilles de leurs rivaux. La plupart des bêtes terminent couvertes de morsures<ref group="SPA">{{cite web\|lang=en\|url=http://www.peta.org/blog/horse-fighting-barbaric/\|title=Horse Fighting: Barbaric\|publisher=PETA\|date=30 November 2007\|accessdate=19 November 2014}}.</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{cite web\|lang=en\|url=http://www.league.org.uk/blogpost/391/Horse-fighting\|title=Horse fighting\|publisher=League against cruel sports\|date=28 February 2011\|accessdate=19 November 2014}}.</ref>{{,}}<ref name="Daily" group="PA">{{In lang\|en}} {{cite web\|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-515508/Tournament-blood-The-sheer-horror-horse-fighting.html\|title=Tournament of blood: The sheer horror of horse-fighting\|author=Danny Penman\|publisher=]\|date=18 February 2008\|accessdate=19 November 2014}}.</ref>. Un « progrès » a cependant été réalisé en 2014, dans la mesure où les étalons de combat chinois blessés ne sont plus systématiquement tués et consommés sur place par cuisson au ], mais soignés de leurs blessures<ref group="PF">{{citation\|title=Jeu barbare\|pages=63\|journal=Cheval magazine\|number=509\|month=avril\|year=2014}}.</ref>. Le ] est accusé de diverses interventions visant à augmenter l'agressivité du cheval avant son entrée en piste. Des ] seraient couramment employés, menant à la mort d'un animal en 2012<ref group="PA">{{cite web\|lang=en\|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2012/jul/03/nation/la-na-nn-reno-rodeo-horses-shocked-video-20120703\|title=Electric prod used on horses at Reno Rodeo; group claims coverup\|date=3 July 2012\|author=John M. Glionna\|publisher=Los Angeles Times\|accessdate=21 January 2015}}</ref>. La controverse croissante autour d'événements comme le ] et le rodéo de Houston ont conduit à un bannissement total des rodéos dans certaines régions du continent américain<ref name="1Wel" group="S"/>. La ] implique la participation d'un cavalier, le ], dont la monture est protégée par un ], avec un ou deux yeux bandés. La ] se pratique uniquement à cheval et sans caparaçon de protection. Des accidents peuvent toujours survenir, au cours desquels des chevaux sont éventrés par le taureau<ref group="PF">{{cite web\|url=http://www.chevalmag.com/Actualites/Divers/Fin-tragique-pour-un-cheval-de-corrida\|title=Fin tragique pour un cheval de corrida\|publisher=Cheval magazine\|date=10 May 2012}}</ref>. La rédaction de '']'' dénonce l'omerta qui règne au sujet du nombre de chevaux morts en corrida. L'] estime ce nombre à vingt chevaux par an<ref group="PF">{{citation\|title=Les chevaux toreros n'ont pas droit à l'erreur\|journal=Cheval magazine\|month=août\|year=2013\|number=501\|pages=56-57\|author=Antoinette Delylle}}</ref>. {{clr}} === Abattage et hippophagie === {{see also\|Hippophagie\|viande de cheval\|Brumby\|Mustang (cheval){{!}}Mustang}} ].\|alt=Une femme typiquement asiatique découpe un gros quartier de carcasse sanguinolente le long des côtes à l'aide d'un long couteau, la rapidité de l'action étant suggérée par le flou de la photo.]] La consommation de ] est une question d'], avant de poser celle de la souffrance animale. Cet aspect éthique est invoqué par les associations de protection comme la ], qui rappelle que les ] sont abattus pour leur viande après avoir servi les activités humaines : {{Citation\|D'abord aimé et objet de soins attentifs, quels que soient ses mérites, le brave cheval ne connaîtra pas une paisible retraite : dès la première défaillance, il devient viande de boucherie et sera conduit à l'abattoir du jour au lendemain<ref name="SPA" group="SPA">{{cite web\|url=http://www.spa.asso.fr/907-hippophagie.htm\|title=Hippophagie\|id=\|série=\|author=\|lien author=\|coauthors=\|date=\|year=\|month=\|website=\|publisher=Société Protectrice des Animaux\|page=\|citation=\|en ligne le=\|accessdate=9 October 2009}}.</ref>.}} Les chevaux destinés à la consommation sont rarement abattus sur le lieu où ils sont stationnés. La question du bien-être intervient pendant le transport vers l'] et l'abattage en lui-même. Le règlement CE 1/2005 impose des règles dans toute l'], notamment l'obligation de nourrir et d'abreuver les animaux, l'interdiction de transporter une bête malade ou blessée et d'utiliser des camions à double étage. Les conditions de transport sont régulièrement dénoncées par des associations de protection animale, et malgré les affirmations des professionnels de la filière, rarement conformes à la réglementation<ref name="Loi">{{cite web\|url=http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/13/propositions/pion2361.asp\|title=Proposition de loi visant à modifier le statut juridique du cheval en le faisant passer d'animal de rente à animal de compagnie\|id=\|série=\|author=\|lien author=\|coauthors=\|date=\|year=\|month=\|publisher=http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/\|éditeur\|page=\|citation=\|en ligne le=\|accessdate=12 aout 2010}}.</ref>. Le règlement européen CE 853/2004 est censé garantir l'étourdissement préalable du cheval pour empêcher sa souffrance. Les professionnels de la viande chevaline affirment que leur filière s'engage en faveur du bien-être animal pendant l'abattage. Les conditions d'abattage des chevaux sont toutefois fréquemment dénoncées par des associations, aussi bien en ] qu'en ], aux ] et surtout sur le continent américain<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.retaildetail.be/fr/f-belgique/bgq-alimentation/item/17897-gaia-et-lidl-d%C3%A9noncent-la-souffrance-des-chevaux\|title=GAIA et Lidl dénoncent la souffrance des chevaux\|date=14 March 2014\|author=Karin Bosteels\|éditreur=Retail-Detail\|accessdate=20 January 2014}}</ref>. Elles ont constaté et filmé de nombreux abus lors d'enquêtes, tels que des animaux reprenant conscience avant leur saignée, ce qui induit pour eux une très grande souffrance. ] et ] expliquent le rejet de l'hippophagie dans les pays développés par un changement de statut du cheval, devenu proche de l']<ref name="Baratay129" group="S">{{harvsp\|Baratay\|2003\|p=129}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="Digard" group="S">{{cite web\|url=http://www.fnc.fnsea.fr/sites/fnc/60_ans_de_la_fnc/intervention_jp_digard.pdf\|title=Le Cheval dans la tourmente des mutations sociales et culturelles du XXIe siècle\|id=\|série=\|author=]\|lien author=\|coauthors=\|date=\|year=2008\|month=décembre\|website=\|publisher=]\|accessdate=28 February 2011}}.</ref>. Aux États-Unis, le cheval est associé à un bagage culturel héroïque et prestigieux qui le dissocie des animaux consommables dans l'esprit du public<ref name="1Wel" group="S"/>. == Associations et mesures de protection en vigueur == Il existe de nombreuses associations de ], spécialisées ou non dans le cheval. Parmi les plus actives en France figurent la ] (qui milite contre l'hippophagie), la fondation ], la ] (la plus ancienne), le Centre d'hébergement des équidés maltraités ou encore ]<ref group="PF">{{citation\|title=Engagez-vous !\|journal=Cheval magazine\|month=novembre\|year=2011\|number=480\|pages=82-83\|author=Antoinette Delylle}}</ref>. Au niveau international, '']'' agit sous le patronage de la ]. Certains pays ou États sont très investis dans la protection du cheval. C'est le cas de la Suisse, dont la dernière version de l'Ordonnance sur la Protection des Animaux en vigueur depuis le {{date\|1er\|janvier\|2014}} interdit de nombreuses interventions sur le cheval, et exige des conditions de détention qui respectent son bien-être, notamment de lui permettre des contacts avec ses congénères, des mouvements réguliers et des sorties à minima deux heures chaque jour<ref name="loi suisse"/>. La ] a rendu l'abattage de chevaux et leur transport en vue d'abattage illégaux, interdisant aussi les rodéos. Les habitants du ] ont beaucoup insisté pour réclamer la fin de l'abattage en 2004<ref name="1Wel" group="S"/>. La ] interdit le ] et le ] s'il est obtenu « en force ». La ] a limité le nombre de coups de ] autorisés en saut d'obstacles à trois en 1990<ref name="Digard186" group="S"/>. Les parcours de ] et de ] sont de plus en plus réglementés à l'international. Le nombre des parcours quotidiens du cheval de saut est limité et toute chute est éliminatoire<ref group="S">] dans {{cite book\|title=À cheval ! Écuyers, amazones & cavaliers du XIVe au XXIe siècle\|first1=Daniel\|last1=Roche\|authorlink1=Daniel Roche\|first2=Daniel\|last2=Reytier\|publisher=Association pour l'Académie d'art équestre de Versailles\|year=2007\|pages=260}}</ref>. À l'inverse, de nombreux pays n'ont aucune loi pour protéger les chevaux et les animaux en général. C'est le cas notamment de la ]. {\|cellpadding="3px" style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em;border:1px solid #999; font-size:95%; background-color: #FFFFFF" ! bgcolor="#D1D1ED" align="center"\|Pratique ! bgcolor="#D1D1ED" align="center"\|Pays ou organisme ayant interdit ou limité (date) ! bgcolor="#D1D1ED" align="center"\|Pays ou organisme autorisant pleinement \|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF" \|] (les autres interventions sur la queue bénéficient généralement d'un ])<ref group="S">{{harvsp\|Tozzini\|2003\|p=173-176}}.</ref> \| Allemagne<ref name="Caudbelg">{{cite book\|url=http://health.belgium.be/internet2Prd/groups/public/@public/@dg4/@animalsplants/documents/ie2divers/17890693.pdf\|title=Caudotomie du cheval de trait Belge\|author=Diane Lefebvre (PhD)\|publisher=Conseil du bien-être animal de Belgique\|month=Juin\|year=2006}}</ref> Autriche (2004)<ref name="Caudbelg"/> Belgique (2001)<ref name="Caudbelg"/> Danemark (1991)<ref name="Caudbelg"/> Royaume-Uni (1949)<ref name="Caudbelg"/> Irlande (1965)<ref name="Caudbelg"/> Norvège (1974)<ref name="Caudbelg"/> Suisse<ref name="loi suisse"/> La caudectomie n'est pas spécifiquement interdite en France, mais elle empêche la participation des animaux aux concours et à l'équitation, ainsi qu'à toute activité subventionnée par l'État depuis 1996<ref name="Caudbelg"/>. En l'absence de loi fédérale, 12 États américains l'interdisent (Californie, Caroline du Sud, Connecticut, Columbia, Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New York, Ohio et Washington)<ref name="tail62-63" group="S">{{harvsp\|Tozzini\|2003\|p=162-163}}</ref>, de même que 5 régions d']<ref name="tail68" group="S">{{harvsp\|Tozzini\|2003\|p=168}}</ref>. \| Canada<ref name="tail68" group="S"/> \|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF" \|] \| Interdiction totale : Danemark, Pays-Bas, Belgique, Écosse<ref name="marfer" group="PF"/>. Limitation : France (marquage obligatoire supprimé du cycle classique en 2005)<ref name="marfer" group="PF"/> \| Allemagne (] obligatoire à partir de 2019)<ref name="marfer" group="PF"/> \|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF" \|]s et insensibilisations de la peau en compétition \| Fédération équestre internationale Suisse<ref name="loi suisse"/> \| \|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF" \|] \| Fédération équestre internationale (2008)<ref name="19.4Wel" group="S">{{harvsp\|McIlwraith\|Rollin\|2011\|p=chap. 19.4}}</ref> États-Unis (''United States Equestrian Federation'', autorisé uniquement avec un bâton de ] jusqu'en 2008, totalement interdit depuis)<ref name="19.4Wel" group="S"/> Suisse (2014)<ref name="loi suisse">{{cite web\|url=http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/20080796/index.html#a21\|title=455.1 Ordonnance sur la protection des animaux (OPAn)\|publisher=Conseil fédéral suisse\|date=29 December 2014\|coànsulté le=15 janvier 2015}}</ref> \| \|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF" \|] / Hyperflexion \| Fédération équestre internationale (sur toute compétition internationale si maintenu en force et/ou plus de dix minutes, février 2010) * Suisse (interdiction totale, janvier 2014)<ref name="loi suisse"/>{{,}}<ref group="PF">{{cite web\|url=http://www.cheval-savoir.com/1579-rollkur-interdite-suisse-loi\|title=Le Rollkur interdit en Suisse\|publisher=Cheval Savoir\|month=Décembre-janvier\|year=2014}}</ref> \| \|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF" \|Coups de ] \| Fédération équestre internationale, 3 en concours de saut d'obstacles<ref name="tracescravache" group="PF">{{citation\|title=Sur les traces de la cravache\|first1=Christa\|last1=Lesté-Lasserre\|journal=Cheval magazine\|month=septembre\|year=2013\|number=502\|pages=64-65}}</ref> ], 3 en concours de saut d'obstacles (1990) et interdiction de viser la tête. 7 coups autorisés en ]<ref group="PF">{{cite web\|url=http://www.chevalmag.com/Actualites/Sports/Le-Triomphe-de-la-cravache\|title=Le Triomphe de la cravache\|date=9 October 2012\|publisher=]\|accessdate=21 January 2015}}</ref> \| \|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF" \|Rasage des ] \| Suisse<ref name="loi suisse"/> Allemagne<ref name="Becker"/> \| \|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF" \|] et autres dispositifs contraignant les sabots \| États-Unis (1970) Suisse<ref name="loi suisse"/> \| \|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF" \|Instruments électriques \| Suisse<ref name="loi suisse"/> \| \|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF" \|Détention avec une clôture de ] \| France (si établissement ouvert au public)<ref>{{cite book\|title=Le droit du cheval et de l'équitation\|author=Manuel Carius\|publisher=France Agricole Editions\|year=2005\|isbn=2855571278\|isbn2=9782855571270\|pages=25; 122}}</ref> Suisse (2010)<ref>{{cite web\|lang=en\|url=http://www.horsesinternational.com/other/swiss-woman-fights-against-barbed-wire-ban/\|title=Swiss woman fights against barbed wire ban\|author=Daniëlle Carrière\|date=13 June 2013\|publisher=Horses International\|accessdate=22 January 2015}}</ref> \| \|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF" \|Abattage sans étourdissement préalable \| France (1974) Union Européenne (2004)<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.contactalimentaire.com/fileadmin/ImageFichier_Archive/contact_alimentaire/Fichiers_Documents/Directives/reg2004-853c.pdf\|title=RÈGLEMENT (CE) No 853/2004 DU PARLEMENT EUROPÉEN ET DU CONSEIL du 29 avril 2004 fixant des règles spécifiques d'hygiène applicables aux denrées alimentaires d'origine animale\|publisher=]\|number=L 226\|date=25 June 2004\|pages=22}}</ref> \| Pays hippophages pratiquant l'] : ], ], ] (en théorie)<ref>La position de la ] est contrastée, voir : {{cite book\|lang=en\|title=An introduction to Islam\|author=David Waines\|numéro édition=2\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|year=2004\|isbn=9780521539067\|pages totales=367\|pages=79}} et {{In lang\|en}} Françoise Aubaile-Sallenave, ''Meat among Mediterranean Muslims: Beliefs and Praxis'', 2004, {{p.}}129.</ref>. \|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF" \|Abattage \| États-Unis (2007-2013)<ref name="LeMonde" group="PF">{{cite web\|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/planete/article/2013/05/04/les-etats-unis-vont-autoriser-les-premiers-abattoirs-de-chevaux-depuis-2007_3171098_3244.html\|title=Les Etats-Unis vont autoriser les premiers abattoirs de chevaux depuis 2007\|publisher=]\|date=4 May 2013\|accessdate=20 January 2014}}</ref>. \| Tous les autres, y compris le Royaume-Uni<ref group="PA">{{cite web\|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-507214/How-5-000-horses-year-secretly-slaughter.html\|title=How 5,000 horses a year secretly go to slaughter\|author=Tom Rawstorne\|date=10 January 2008\|publisher=Mail Online\|accessdate=21 January 2015}}</ref> et les États-Unis depuis 2013<ref name="LeMonde" group="PF"/> \|} == Critiques == ] est très critique envers les mouvements de protection du cheval]] L'éthnologue ] est très critique envers les actions de protection du cheval réalisées depuis la fin du XX century. Il estime que {{citation\|ces critiques de plus en plus sévères systématiquement portées par certains mouvements protectionnistes}} (qu'il qualifie d'« animalitaires »<ref name="Digard183" group="S"/>) et {{citation\|complaisamment relayées et amplifiées par une partie de la ]}}<ref name="Digard186" group="S"/> risquent de mener à l'interdiction des ] et de l'équitation, puis à l'extinction du cheval lui-même faute d'utilisations<ref name="Dig188" group="S">{{harvsp\|Digard\|2007\|p=188-190}}</ref>. Cet avis n'est cependant pas partagé<ref group="PF">{{citation\|title=L'équitation, indispensable à la survie des chevaux ?\|month=juin\|year=2014\|number=511\|pages=39\|journal=Cheval magazine]]}}</ref>, l'enseignement d'une équitation plus éthique constituant un rempart à cette menace d'extinction du cheval faute d'utilisation. De plus, le développement du ] permettra sous peu de ressusciter des espèces et des races disparues<ref name="TV52" group="PF">{{citation\|author=Amélie Tsaag Valren\|url=http://www.cheval-savoir.com/1665-protection-animale-cheval-peut-il-disparaitre-voyage-vers-futur\|title=Le cheval peut-il disparaître ? Voyage vers le futur…\|month=Avril\|year=2014\|number=52\|journal=]}}</ref>. L'] et la méconnaissance du cheval sont par contre de réels obstacles à une bonne prise en compte du bien-être animal, de nombreuses personnes estimant à tort agir pour le « bien » du cheval<ref name="Jez45" group="S"/>. Un exemple est la multiplication des « sauvetages de chevaux par ] ». Les appels aux dons permettent de racheter des chevaux promis à l'abattoir, mais les personnes qui les accueillent ensuite n'ont pas toujours les connaissances ni les moyens financiers pour assurer leur bien-être à long terme. Ces animaux sont alors condamnés à une « lente agonie »<ref group="PF">{{citation\|title=La lente agonie des chevaux sauvés par internet\|journal=Cheval magazine\|month=mai\|year=2014\|number=511\|pages=12-13\|author=Antoinette Delylle}}</ref>. Un autre est la « fausse bonne idée » d'interdire d'abattre les chevaux, qui a généré davantage de souffrance animale au final, alors qu'elle était sensée l'empêche<ref name="abam" group="PF"/>. De la même manière, la mode de l'] (selle sans arçon, mors sans embouchure, pieds nus...) conduit parfois à employer du matériel inadapté, ou à le supprimer alors qu'il serait nécessaire<ref group="PF">{{citation\|title=Le cheval trouve t'il un intérêt à être monté ?\|month=juin\|year=2014\|number=511\|pages=35\|journal=Cheval magazine}}</ref>. == Notes et références == === Note === {{reflist\|groupe="Note"}} === Références === {{reflist\|colonnes=2}} ==== Références scientifiques ==== {{reflist\|colonnes=2\|groupe=S}} ==== Références de la presse francophone ==== {{reflist\|colonnes=2\|group=PF}} ==== Références de la presse anglophone ==== {{reflist\|colonnes=2\|group=PA}} ==== Références des associations de protection animale ==== {{reflist\|colonnes=2\|group=SPA}} == Annexes == {{Sister project links\|commons=Abused horses\|commons title=Chevaux maltraités}} === Articles connexes === ] ] ] ] === Liens externes === * , publication du ministère de l'agriculture français * , publication de l'] suisse === Bibliographie === * {{cite book\|first=Pierre\|last=Enoff\|title=Le silence des chevaux\|sous-title=Plaidoyer pour un autre monde équestre\|pages totales=256\|publisher=Amphora\|date=19 April 2014\|isbn=2851808761\|isbn2=978-2851808769\|plume=oui\|libellé=Enoff 2014}} * {{cite book\|lang=en\|titre ouvrage=The Original Horse Bible: The Definitive Source for All Things Horse\|title=The Birth of equine welfare\|first1=Moira C.\|last1=Reeve\|first2=Sharon\|last2=Biggs\|photographe=Bob Langrish\|publisher=BowTie Press\|date=15 September 2011\|isbn=1937049256\|isbn2=9781937049256\|plume=oui\|libellé=Reeve et Biggs 2011\|url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=R_YKBgAAQBAJ}} ==== Travaux académiques ==== {{cite book\|last1=collectif\|title=Code de pratiques pour les soins et la manipulation des équidés\|sous-title=Revue de littérature relative aux questions prioritaires\|month=Juillet\|year=2012\|publisher=Comité scientifique responsable du Code de pratiques des équidés\|url=http://www.nfacc.ca/resources/codes-of-practice/equine/Equide_rapportCS_Aug23.pdf}} {{cite book\|author1=]\|title=Et l'homme créa l'animal: histoire d'une condition\|publisher=Odile Jacob\|collection=Sciences humaines\|year=2003\|pages totales=376\|isbn=9782738112477\|plume=oui\|libellé=Baratay 2003}} {{cite book\|lang=en\|title=Metal in the mouth: the abusive effects of bitted bridles\|first1=William Robert\|last1=Cook\|first2=Hiltrud\|last2=Strasser\|first3=Sabine\|last3=Kells\|publisher=Sabine Kells\|year=2003\|isbn=0968598854\|isbn2=9780968598856\|pages totales=138\|libellé=Cook, Hiltrud et Kells 2003}} {{cite book\|first1=Jean-Pierre\|last1=Digard\|authorlink1=Jean-Pierre Digard\|title=Une histoire du cheval : art, technique, société\|pages totales=296\|publisher=Actes Sud\|date=1er mars 2007\|collection=Nature\|isbn10=2742764836\|isbn=978-2742764839\|plume=oui\|libellé=Digard 2007}} {{cite book\|lang=en\|publisher=Michigan State University College of Law\|year=1993\|title=The Development of Anti-Cruelty Laws During the 1800s\|first1=David S.\|last1=Favre\|url=http://digitalcommons.law.msu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1146&context=facpubs\|libellé=Favre 1993\|plume=oui}} {{citation\|title=Synthèse sur la relation homme - cheval\|journal=Applied Animal Behaviour Science\|volume=109\|pages=1-37\|year=2008\|first1=Martine\|last1=Hausberger\|last2=Roche\|first2=Hélène\|last3=Henry\|first3=Séverine\|last4=Visser\|first4=E. Kathalijne\|location=]\|plume=oui\|url=http://www.ethologie-cheval.fr/documents/pdf/synthese_relation_homme_cheval_fr.pdf\|libellé=Hausberger ''et al'' 2008}} {{cite book\|title=La filière équine française à l'horizon 2030\|first1=Christine\|last1=Jez\|publisher=Editions Quae\|date=20 March 2014\|isbn=2759221288\|isbn2=9782759221288\|pages totales=158\|plume=oui\|url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=vh2eAwAAQBAJ\|libellé=Jez 2014}} {{cite book\|lang=en\|title=Equine Welfare\|volume=8 de UFAW Animal Welfare\|first1=C. Wayne \|last1=McIlwraith\|first2=Bernard E.\|last2=Rollin\|publisher=John Wiley & Sons\|year=2011\|isbn=1444397818\|isbn2=9781444397819\|pages totales=488\|libellé=McIlwraith et Rollin 2011\|plume=oui\|url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=bPMJKvJRYZ4C&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr#v=onepage&q&f=false}} *{{citation\|lang=en\|last1=Tozzini\|first1=S.\|year=2003\|title=Hair today, gone tomorrow: equine cosmetic crimes and other tails of woe\|journal=Animal Law Review\|pages=159-181\|url=https://www.animallaw.info/sites/default/files/lralvol9_p159.pdf\|libellé=Tozzini 2003\|plume=oui}}

for those who speak French

<span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">{{main|Bien-être animal}} ] Le '''bien-être du cheval''' désigne les conditions de vie et d'utilisation acceptables ] domestiquée, par opposition à toute mise en souffrance volontaire ou involontaire, que ce soit par le biais de coups, de mutilations, de négligences ou de soins mal adaptés.</span> {{Main article | Animal Welfare}} ] The '' 'well-being Horse '' 'means the conditions of life and acceptable use ] domesticated, as opposed to any setting voluntary or involuntary suffering, whether through beatings, mutilations, negligence or unsuitable treatment.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Les débats autour du bien-être et des maltraitances chez le cheval sont récents.</span> Debates about the welfare and abuse in the horse are recent.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Au XIXe siècle, alors que la mort de chevaux au travail est monnaie courante, une première vague de sensibilisation naît avec la '']'' puis la parution du roman '']'' en ].</span> In the 19th century, while the horse died at work is commonplace, a first wave of awareness is born with the '' ] '' and the publication of the novel '' ] '' by ].</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">La France suit le mouvement avec la création de la ] et la ] en 1850. Des préoccupations similaires touchent les États-Unis.</span> France is following suit with the creation of the ] and ] in 1850. Similar concerns affecting the United States.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Le débat s'intensifie et s'étend à tout l'occident au siècle suivant, en ce qui concerne l'], la fin de sa présence dans les villes, son entraînement sportif, l'] ou encore ses conditions d'] et de détention.</span> The debate intensifies and extends throughout the West in the next century regarding the ], the end of its presence in cities his sports training, the ] or its conditions of ] and detention.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Les États-Unis ratifient le ] pour mettre un terme au ''{{lang|en|]}}'' et au ''{{lang|en|]}}''.</span> The United States ratify the ] to end the {{lang | en | ]}} '' and '' {{lang | en | ]}} ''.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Au début du XXIe siècle éclatent de nouvelles polémiques, en particulier autour de l'entraînement en ], de l'] et de la circulation des ].</span> At the beginning of the 21st century break out new controversies, especially around the drive in ] of ] and the movement of ].</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">La notion de bien-être est complexe en ce qui concerne le cheval.</span> The notion of well-being is complex as regards the horse.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Longtemps considéré comme ] dans le monde occidental, cet animal est très silencieux et il ne manifeste que peu de signes de son éventuel mal-être, ce qui rend sa détection particulièrement difficile.</span> Long considered ] in the Western world, this animal is very quiet and it shows only few signs of its eventual discomfort, which makes its detection particularly difficult.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Sociable, le cheval a besoin de se dépenser et passe la majeure partie de son temps à se nourrir dans la nature.</span> Sociable, the horse needs to spend and spend most of their time feeding in nature.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Il souffre des confinements prolongés en écurie, des isolements et de l'impossibilité de ].</span> He suffers prolonged confinement in stable isolates and the inability of ].</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">La ] interdit désormais le ] et le rollkur.</span> The ] now prohibits ] and Rollkur.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Plusieurs pays, notamment la ], ont adopté des lois pour protéger les chevaux.</span> Several countries, including ], have passed laws to protect horses.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">La ], les transports trop longs et les aides artificielles lors des compétitions de sports équestres ou ] font l'objet d'interdictions ou de limitations nationales ou européennes.</span> The ], too long transport and artificial aids in equestrian sports competitions or ] are subject to bans or national or European limitations.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Les transports vers les ]s sont réglementés.</span> Transport to the ] s are regulated.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Dans le cadre d'une recherche accrue de bien-être pour le cheval, de nouvelles pratiques telles que l'], la mise « pieds nus », voire le refus de l'équitation se sont développées.</span> In the context of increased research welfare for the horse, new practices such as the ], setting "barefoot" even refusal of riding developed.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Elles laissent présager une préoccupation majeure pour le bien-être du cheval à l'avenir.</span> They suggest a major concern for the welfare of the horse in the future.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">== Histoire == ]'' d'après une gravure de ] au XIVe siècle : ce divertissement anglais consiste à faire combattre un cheval contre un ou plusieurs autres animaux, généralement des chiens.|alt=Gravure représentant un cheval à droite, attaqué par deux chiens eux même encouragés par deux hommes à gauche.]] La ] a permis à l'Homme d'utiliser cet animal pour une foule de tâches : labour, transport, guerre... l'utilisation même du cheval, d'un point de vue ], relève de la mise de l'espèce en ] et au travail ouvrier.</span> == History == ] from an engraving of ] in the 14th century: this English entertainment is to fight a horse against one or more other animals, usually dogs | alt= Engraving of a horse right, attacked by two dogs themselves encouraged by two men. . left]] The ] allowed the man to use this animal for a variety of tasks: plowing, transport, war ... the very use of the horse, from a point of view ], is the last of the species ] and the workers work.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Le cheval devenu inutile peut même être abattu et transformé en source de nourriture pour les humains.</span> The horse may become useless even slaughter and processing food source for humans.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Pierre Enoff estime que globalement, cette situation est plus proche d'un asservissement qui impose des conditions de vie « carcérales » au cheval, que d'une symbiose entre l'homme et l'animal<ref>{{harvsp|Enoff|2014|p=13-23}}</ref>.</span> Pierre Enoff believes that overall, this is closer to a drive that imposes conditions of life "prison" to the horse, as a symbiosis between man and animal <ref> {{harvsp | Enoff | 2014 | p = 13-23}} </ ref>.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">L'ethnologue italien Sergio Dalla Bernardina explique cette situation du cheval par le désir d'une partie de la population humaine d'être « Maître » et de « tyranniser des êtres vivants » : {{citation|Ceux qui aiment la soumission totale préfèrent les ]s ou les chevaux.</span> Italian anthropologist Sergio Dalla Bernardina explains this horse by the desire of a part of the human population to be "Master" and "bully living beings": {{quote | Those who enjoy total submission prefer ] s or horses.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Les adeptes de la soumission ''{{lang|en|light}}'' choisissent les ]s}}<ref group="S">{{cite book|author=Sergio Dalla Bernardina|year=2006|title=L'éloquence des bêtes|sous-title=quand l'homme parle des animaux|publisher=Métailié|pages=184}}</ref>.</span> The followers of submission {{lang | en | Light}} '' choose ] s}} <ref group = "S"> {{cite book| author = Sergio Dalla Bernardina | year = 2006 | title = Eloquence animals | caption = when man talking animals | publisher = Métailié | page = 184}} </ ref>.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Des blessures volontaires, des mutilations et des mises à mort de chevaux (en témoignent les ], l'], le ] et l'organisation de ]) sont largement documentés dans de nombreuses régions du monde.</span> Volunteers injuries, mutilations and horses kills (witness the ], the ], the ] and organization ]) are well documented in many parts of the world.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Les chevaux sont couramment ], ], taillés d'une oreille pour être reconnus plus vite<ref>Entre autres, un édit promulgué en 1756 en ] ordonne de couper ou de tailler une oreille aux ] de qualité supérieure.</span> Horses are commonly ], ], cut from ear to be recognized faster <ref> Among other things, an edict promulgated in 1756 by ] ordered to cut or carve out an ear to the ] of superior quality.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Voir {{cite book|title=Origines du cheval breton.</span> See {{cite book| title = Origin Breton horse.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Le Haras de Langonnet.</span> Haras de Langonnet.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Les Dépôts de Lamballe et d'Hennebont.</span> Deposits from Lamballe and Hennebont.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Le Dépôt de remonte de Guingamp|last1=Saint-Gal de Pons|first1=Antoine-Auguste (commandant)|publisher=Celjoarion|location=Quimper|year=1931|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6550412c|pages=37}}</ref>, ]<ref>La cruauté des éperons du Moyen Âge a vraisemblablement donné l'expression populaire « chevaucher à pointe d'éperon » en français.</span> The deposit goes from Guingamp | name1 = Saint-Gal de Pons | Firstname1 = Antoine-Auguste (commander) | publisher = Celjoarion | Quimper place = | year = 1931 | read online = http: //gallica.bnf.fr/ ark: / 12148 / bpt6k6550412c | page = 37}} </ ref> ] <ref> The cruelty of the spurs of the Middle Ages has likely given the popular expression "ride to spur cutting edge" in French.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Voir : {{cite book|first1=Brigitte|last1=Prévot|first2=Bernard|last2=Ribémont|title=Le Cheval en France au Moyen Âge : sa place dans le monde médiéval ;</span> See {{cite book| Firstname1 = Brigitte | name1 = Prévot | first2 = Bernard | name2 = Ribémont | title = The Horse in France in the Middle Ages: its place in the medieval world;</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">sa médecine, l'exemple d'un traité vétérinaire du XIVe siècle, la Cirurgie des chevaux|publisher=Paradigme|location=Caen|year=1994|volume=10 de Medievalia|pages totales=522|isbn=9782868780720|présentation en ligne=http://books.google.com/books?id=22seAQAAIAAJ|pages=155-156}}</ref>, ou encore ] (amputés de leur queue) à partir du XVIIe siècle<ref name="Caudbelg"/>, pour empêcher que la queue ne se coince entre leurs harnais<ref name="tail61" group="S"/>.</span> his medicine, the example of a veterinarian treated XIV century The Cirurgie horses | publisher = Paradigm | Caen place = | year = 1994 | volume = 10 Medievalia | Total pages = 522 | isbn = 9782868780720 | online presentation = http: //books.google.com/books id = 22seAQAAIAAJ | page = 155-156}} </ ref>, or ] (amputees them? tail) from the XVIIe siècle <ref name = "Caudbelg" />, to prevent the tail trapping between their harnesses <ref name = "tail61" group = "S" />.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">La prise en compte d'une notion de bien-être du cheval est récente dans l'Histoire.</span> The consideration of a concept of well-being of the horse is recent in history.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">La conception religieuse et philosophique des animaux dans le ] leur a longtemps dénié toute sensibilité à la douleur (et donc la possibilité de ressentir un mal-être), suivant la théorie de l'] énoncée par ] au XVIIe siècle<ref name="Chapou" group="S">{{citation|author=]|title=Le respect de l'animal dans ses racines historiques : de l'animal-objet à l'animal sensible|journal=Bull.</span> Religious and philosophical conception of animals in the ] them has long denied any pain sensitivity (and therefore the ability to feel a malaise), according to the theory of ] stated by ] in XVIIe siècle <ref name = "Chapou" group = "S"> {{citation | author = ] | title = Respect for animal in its historical roots: the animal-object to the sensitive animal | = periodic Bull.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Acad.</span> Acad.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Vet.</span> Vet.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">France|year=2009|volume=162|number=1|pages=5-12}}</ref>.</span> France | year = 2009 | volume = 162 | issue = 1 | page = 5-12}} </ ref>.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Cependant, la civilisation de l'] témoigne au même moment d'un grand respect pour le cheval, en lui accordant (entre autres) la possibilité de passer la nuit sous la tente de son maître<ref name="BirthWelf">{{harvsp|Reeve|Biggs|2011|p="The Birth of Equine Welfare" (livre numérique)}}</ref>.</span> However, the civilization of ] testifies at a time of great respect for the horse, granting it (among others) the opportunity to spend the night in the tent of his master <ref name = "BirthWelf "> {{harvsp | Reeve | Biggs | 2011 | p =" The Birth of Equine Welfare "(eBook)}} </ ref>.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Au début du XXIe siècle, le cheval est largement reconnu par les biologistes (et par le monde scientifique en général) comme étant un « être sensible »<ref name="Chapou" group="S"/>.</span> At the beginning of XXIe siècle, the horse is widely recognized by biologists (and the scientific world in general) as a "sentient" <ref name = "Chapou" group = "S" / >.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Cette évolution accompagne celle de toute la société occidentale, entrée depuis le milieu du XX century dans un mouvement de bienveillance à l'égard des animaux domestiques, avec une reconnaissance croissante de leur individualité<ref name="Equip" group="PF"/>.</span> This change accompanies that of any Western society input from the middle of XX century in a benevolent movement against pets, with a growing recognition of their individuality <ref name = " Equip "group =" FP "/>.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Une erreur commune est la croyance selon laquelle les avancées en matière de respect du bien-être du cheval proviennent des considérations éthiques et scientifiques.</span> A common mistake is the belief that advances in respect for the well-being of the horse from the ethical and scientific considerations.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">En réalité, ces avancées ont été presque essentiellement obtenues grâce aux demandes de militants et du grand public<ref name="1Wel" group="S"/>.</span> In reality, these advances have been almost exclusively obtained by the demands of activists and the general public <ref name = "1Wel" group = "S" />.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">=== XIX century === {{see also|Cheval au XIXe siècle{{!}}Cheval au XIX{{e}} siècle}} ==== En Angleterre ==== {{see also|Black Beauty}} Les premiers mouvements de sensibilisation à la cause des chevaux naissent en Angleterre à la fin du XVIIIe siècle.</span> === XIXe siècle {{=== Related Product | Horse in the nineteenth century {{}} {Horse in the nineteenth century {e}}}} === ==== In England = {{related article | Black Beauty}} The first movement awareness to the cause of the horses born in England at the end of the XVIIIe siècle.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Une loi interdisant de battre volontairement les chevaux est proposée dans les ], mais non adoptée<ref group="S">{{harvsp|Favre|1993|p=3-4}}</ref>.</span> A law prohibits willfully beat the horse is proposed in ], but not adopted <ref group = "S"> {{harvsp | Favre | 1993 | p = 3-4}} </ ref>.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">La '']'' est créée en 1824 à ], en réaction à cette souffrance animale.</span> The ] '' was created in 1824 to ], in response to this animal suffering.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Son logo représente un ] venu châtier un homme qui frappe son cheval<ref group="S">{{cite book|language=en|title=Horses at Work: Harnessing Power in Industrial America|first1=Ann Norton|last1=Greene|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2009|isbn10=0674037901|isbn=9780674037908|pages totales=336|pages=252}}</ref>.</span> Its logo is a ] came to punish a man strikes his horse <ref group = "S"> {{cite book| language = en | title = Horses at Work: Harnessing Power in Industrial America | Firstname1 = Ann Norton | name1 = Greene | publisher = Harvard University Press | year = 2009 | 0674037901 ISBN10 = | isbn = 9780674037908 | Total pages = 336 | page = 252}} </ ref>.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Le roman '']'', publié en 1877 dans l'Angleterre victorienne, est connu comme le premier ouvrage qui s'intéresse au sujet du bien-être du cheval<ref name="BritWelf">{{harvsp|Reeve|Biggs|2011|p=Welfare efforts in Britain}}</ref>.</span> The novel '' ] '', published in 1877 in Victorian England, is known as the first book that focuses on the welfare of the horse <ref name = "BritWelf"> {{ harvsp | Reeve | Biggs | 2011 | p = Welfare efforts in Britain}} </ ref>.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Son originalité est de laisser la parole à plusieurs chevaux qui y racontent leur souffrance quotidienne, sous forme d'une ]<ref name="autob">{{cite book|lang=en|title=Speaking for Animals: Animal Autobiographical Writing|author=Margo DeMello|publisher=Routledge|year=2012|isbn=0415808995|isbn2=9780415808996|pages=introduction ;</span> Its originality is to defer to several horses who recount their daily suffering, as a ] <ref name = "autob"> {{cite book| lang = en | title = Speaking for Animals: Animal Autobiographical Writing | author = Margo DeMello | publisher = Routledge | year = 2012 | isbn = 0415808995 | isbn2 = 9780415808996 | page = introduction;</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">224}}</ref>.</span> 224}} </ ref>.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Il entraîne une forte sensibilisation pour cette cause des chevaux.</span> It results in a high awareness for this cause horses.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">L'auteur ] se montre très en avance sur son temps en matière de ], son roman prend parti contre l'] en attelage, les ]s et la ].</span> The author ] is very ahead of its time in terms of ], the novel takes sides against the ] in tow, the ] s and the ].</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">D'après Amélie Tsaag Valren, il {{citation|préfigure d'une certaine manière la disparition du cheval en ville.</span> According Amélie Tsaag Valren it {{Citation | foreshadows somehow missing the horse in town.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Anna Sewell montre que cet animal de chair et de sang, qui ressent la douleur et la tristesse, n'a pas sa place dans l'environnement urbain et la société industrielle de ]}}<ref</span> Anna Sewell shows that animal flesh and blood, who feels pain and sorrow, has no place in the urban environment and industrial society ]}} <ref</span> group="PF">{{citation|url=http://www.cheval-savoir.com/1642-black-beauty-roman-pour-cause-chevaux|title=Black <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Beauty, un roman pour la cause des chevaux|first1=Amélie|last1=Tsaag Valren|month=mars|year=2014|journal=]}}</ref>.</span> Beauty, a novel for the cause of the horses | Firstname1 = Amélie | name1 = Tsaag Valren | month = March | year = 2014 | Periodic = ]}} </ ref>.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Ce roman provoque une controverse en ] à sa sortie.</span> This novel causes controversy ] at its output.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Ce n'est qu'au fil du temps qu'il devient un ].</span> It is that over time it becomes a ].</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Anna Sewell, décédée cinq mois après sa publication, affirme que son but était d'améliorer le sort des chevaux dans ce pays<ref>{{cite book|lang=en|author=Merriam-Webster|year=1995|pages=entrée « Black Beauty »|title=Merriam Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature|isbn=0877790426|isbn2=9780877790426}}</ref>.</span> Anna Sewell, died five months after its publication, says his goal was to improve the lot of horses in this country <ref> {{cite book| lang = en | author = Merriam-Webster | year = 1995 | page = Input " Black Beauty "| title = Merriam Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature | isbn = 0877790426 | 9780877790426 isbn2 =}} </ ref>.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Le résultat est au-delà de ses espérance, puisque la sortie du roman aux États-Unis dans un contexte de souffrance équine omniprésente permet au débat de s'implanter dans ce pays.</span> The result is beyond his expectation, since the output of the novel in the United States in a pervasive suffering equine context allows debate to settle in this country.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Les multiples traductions de ce roman ont même entraîné des débats dans toute l'Europe<ref name="autob"/>.</span> Multiple translations of the novel have even led to debates in Europe <ref name = "autob" />.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">==== Aux États-Unis ==== ].|alt=Une calèche tirée par un cheval qui ouvre grand la bouche et semble s'être figé sur place]] Les documents américains relatent plusieurs cas d'exploitation du cheval donnant lieu à des maltraitances, notamment dans les compagnies d'omnibus et de ]s<ref group="S">{{harvsp|Favre|1993|p=19-20}}</ref>.</span> In the United States ==== ==== ]. | alt= A carriage pulled by a horse that opens her mouth wide and seems to have frozen in place]] The US documents relate several cases of exploitation of the horse resulting in of abuse, particularly in the bus companies and ] s <ref group = "S"> {{harvsp | Favre | 1993 | p = 19-20}} </ ref>.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Ces véhicules hippomobiles sont souvent surchargés, les chevaux qui les tractent sont battus et soumis à un travail pénible<ref group="S">{{harvsp|Favre|1993|p=29-30}}</ref>.</span> These horse-drawn vehicles are often overloaded, horses towing an implement them are beaten and subjected to hard labor <ref group = "S"> {{harvsp | Favre | 1993 | p = 29-30}} </ ref>.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Les premières définitions d'une notion de maltraitance du cheval s'orientent sur leur privation de nourriture et de soin, et le fait de les frapper<ref group="S">{{harvsp|Favre|1993|p=25-26}}</ref>.</span> Early definitions of a notion of abuse of horses are moving on their deprivation of food and care, and hitting the <ref group = "S"> {{harvsp | Favre | 1993 | p = 25-26 }} </ ref>.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">La cour de ] est pionnière, publiant une loi qui punit ceux qui tuent ou torturent volontairement un animal (dont le cheval) dès 1829. La cour de l'État du ] traite le cas d'un homme ayant battu son cheval à mort en 1858, mais conclut que rien n'interdit de frapper son propre cheval en dépit du problème que pose un tel spectacle en public<ref group="S">{{harvsp|Favre|1993|p=5}}</ref>.</span> The court of ] is a pioneer, publishing a law that punishes those who deliberately kill or torture an animal (including horses) 1829. The court of the State of ] addresses the case a man who beat his horse to death in 1858, but found nothing illegal to hit his own horse in spite of the problem with such a public spectacle <ref group = "S"> {{harvsp | Favre | 1993 | p = 5}} </ ref>.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">En 1860, l'État de ] condamne ceux qui battent un cheval à une amende maximale de deux cent dollars, le double de ce que risque une mère qui battrait son enfant de moins de sept ans.</span> In 1860, the State of ] condemns those who beat a horse to a fine of two hundred dollars, double what risk a mother who beat her child under seven years.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Le ] et la mutilation d'animaux appartenant à autrui sont sévèrement sanctionnés, témoignant de motivations essentiellement financières et « sociétales ».</span> The ] and animals belonging to another mutilation are severely punished, reflecting mainly financial incentives and 'societal'.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Battre son cheval sans raisons est considéré comme étant « mal » et contraire aux bonnes mœurs, mais la souffrance ressentie par l'animal n'est pas prise en compte.</span> Beat his horse without reason is considered "evil" and immoral, but the pain felt by the animal is not taken into account.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">La punition de ceux qui maltraitent leurs propres chevaux n'est pas immédiatement à l'ordre du jour<ref group="S">{{harvsp|Favre|1993|p=7-11}}</ref>, la loi ne pouvant être appliquée que si une preuve est apportée que le cheval a été battu avec de réelles « mauvaises intentions »<ref group="S">{{harvsp|Favre|1993|p=14-15}}</ref>.</span> The punishment of those who abuse their own horses is not immediately on the agenda <ref group = "S"> {{harvsp | Favre | 1993 | p = 7-11}} </ ref>, the law can only be applied if evidence is provided that the horse was beaten with real "bad intentions" <ref group = "S"> {{harvsp | Favre | 1993 | p = 14-15}} </ ref> .</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">La notion de « ] » des animaux est introduite dans le droit américain à la fin du XIXe siècle, par le cas d'un homme ayant appliqué de l'acide sur les sabots de ses chevaux<ref group="S">{{harvsp|Favre|1993|p=28}}</ref>.</span> The concept of "]" of animals was introduced into US law in the late XIXe siècle, for the case of a man who used acid on the hoofs of his Horse <ref group = "S"> {{harvsp | Favre | 1993 | p = 28}} </ ref>.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">L'évolution se fait également sentir par des procès mettant en cause des meneurs d'omnibus accusés de surexploiter les chevaux<ref group="S">{{harvsp|Favre|1993|p=30-31}}</ref>.</span> The trend is also being felt by lawsuits involving omnibus leaders accused of over-exploiting the horses <ref group = "S"> {{harvsp | Favre | 1993 | p = 30-31}} </ ref> .</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">==== En France ==== ] Au début du XIX century, la maltraitance est très commune, en particulier pour les ] à l'époque de la ].</span> ==== ==== In France ] At the beginning of XIX century., child abuse is very common, especially for ] at the time of the ].</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Le côté frustre des charretiers, prompts à manier le fouet et à hurler sur leurs chevaux, laisse en héritage l'expression {{citation|jurer comme un charretier}}.</span> The side frustrates carters, quick to use the whip and scream their horses, leaves behind the expression {{Citation | swear like a trooper}}.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Lorsqu'un cheval tombe entre ses harnais, le charretier tente le plus souvent de le faire se relever à coups de pied dans le ventre<ref name="Sangdesbetes" group="S">{{citation|last1=Agulhon|first1=Maurice|title=Le sang des bêtes.</span> When a horse falls into his harness, Carter tries mostly to do is raise kicked in the stomach <ref name = "Sangdesbetes" group = "S"> {{citation| last1 = Agulhon | first1 = Maurice | title = The blood of beasts.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Le problème de la protection des animaux en France au XIX{{ème}} siècle|journal=Romantisme|number=31|lire en</span> The problem of animal protection in France in the nineteenth {{}} th century | Romance periodic = | year = 1981 | issue = 31 |pages = 81-110 | read</span> ligne=http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/roman_0048-8593_1981_num_11_31_4475|consulté <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">le=20 janvier 2015}}</ref>.</span> on January 20, 2015 =}} </ ref>.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Il est fréquent que des chevaux meurent d'épuisement au travail, en pleine rue<ref name="Jez44" group="S">{{harvsp|Jez|2014|p=44}}</ref>.</span> Often horses die of exhaustion at work, in the street <ref name = "Jez44" group = "S"> {{harvsp | Jez | 2014 | p = 44}} </ ref>.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">De multiples témoignages, y compris un poème de ] écrit en 1838, attestent l'omniprésence de cette maltraitance publique des chevaux de travail<ref name="Sangdesbetes" group="S"/>.</span> Multiple evidence, including a poem by ] written in 1838 demonstrate the pervasiveness of this public abuse work horses <ref name = "Sangdesbetes" group = "S" />.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Le développement du ] pousse à des traitement cruels, en particulier lorsque le cheval incapable de travailler est envoyé chez l'].</span> The development of the ] grows to cruel treatment, especially when the horse unable to work is sent to the ].</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Considérés comme inutiles, ces chevaux attendent parfois des jours avant d'être abattus et agonisent sous l'effet de la faim et de la soif.</span> Considered useless, these horses sometimes wait for days before being shot and dying as a result of hunger and thirst.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Ce contraste entre la condition des chevaux de travail et celle des chevaux de la bourgeoisie et des classes riches provoque un malaise dans la société française<ref name="Sangdesbetes" group="S"/>.</span> This contrast between the condition of the working horses and the horses of the middle class and the wealthy classes causes discomfort in French society <ref name = "Sangdesbetes" group = "S" />.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">En 1845, la ] voit le jour pour protéger les chevaux des abus<ref name="Jez44" group="S"/>.</span> In 1845, the ] was born to protect horses from abuse <ref name = "Jez44" group = "S" />.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">], ancien officier de ], créé la ] en 1850 et fait voter la ] la même année, interdisant la maltraitance volontaire des animaux.</span> ], a former officer of ], created the ] in 1850 and made the vote  ] the same year, prohibiting the deliberate abuse of animals.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Un débat agite cependant la France à la fin du siècle pour ce qui concerne la ] (et notamment les ]s de chevaux), contraire à la loi Grammont<ref name="Sangdesbetes" group="S"/>.</span> A debate however agitated France at the end of the century regarding the ] (including ] s horses), contrary to the law Grammont <ref name = "Sangdesbetes" group = " S "/>.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">==== Autres pays ==== ] publie en 1885 la nouvelle '']'', qui laisse la parole à un cheval pie nommé l'Arpenteur.</span> ==== ==== Other Countries ] published in 1885 the new '' ] '', which leaves the floor to a piebald horse named Surveyor .</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Il raconte notamment sa ], ses débuts sous le harnais, attelé et ses capacités à la course, jusqu'à sa mort, saigné par l']<ref group="PF">{{lien</span> In particular, it tells its ], debuting in harness, harnessed and capabilities in the race until his death, bled by the ] <ref group = "PF"> { {link</span> web|url=http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/actualites/20090108.BIB2757/tolstoi-retrouve.html|author=DF|title=Tolstoï <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">retrouvé|date=8 janvier 2008|éditeur=Le Nouvel Observateur|consulté le=21 janvier 2015}}</ref>.</span> found | date = January 8, 2008 | publisher = Le Nouvel Observateur | accessed January 21, 2015 =}} </ ref>.</span> <div class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><div class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">{{clr}} === XXe siècle === {{see also|Cheval au XXe siècle{{!}}Cheval au XXe siècle}} {{<nowiki>Encadré</nowiki> |title=], '']'' (1932) |contenu= je ne puis voir un cheval tomber dans la rue sans éprouver à ce spectacle le besoin impérieux d'aider l'animal<ref name="MortAp-mid">] (trad. René Daumal), '']'', éditions Gallimard, 2012, {{ISBN|2072447712}}, {{ISBN|9782072447716}}, p.</span> {{Clr}} === XXe siècle {{=== Related Product | Horse in the twentieth century {Horse in the twentieth century {e}}}} {{Box | title = ], ] '' (1932) | content =  I can not see a horse fall into the street without feeling this show the urgent need to help the animal <ref name = "MortAp-mid"> ] (trans. René Daumal) ] '', Gallimard , 2012 {{ISBN|2072447712}}, {{ISBN|9782072447716}}, p.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">1-6</span></span></ref>.}} Il y a davantage de changements dans la perception du bien-être du cheval depuis la seconde moitié du XXe siècle qu'au cours de toute l'Histoire passée<ref name="1Wel" group="S">{{harvsp|McIlwraith|Rollin|2011|p=chap.</span> . 1-6 </ ref>}} There are more changes in the perception of well-being of the horse since the second half of the 20th century than in any past history < ref name = "1Wel" group = "S"> {{harvsp | McIlwraith | Rollin | 2011 | p = c.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">1 - Equine Welfare and Ethics, Bernard Rollin}}</ref>.</div> 1 - Equine Welfare and Ethics, Bernard Rollin}} </ ref>.</div> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">D'après ], la sensibilité envers le traitement réservé aux chevaux passe du respect à un véritable ]<ref name="Digard183" group="S">{{harvsp|Digard|2007|p=183}}</ref>, entraînant avec elle une nouvelle problématique.</span> According to ], sensitivity to the treatment of horses pass respect to a real ] <ref name = "Digard183" group = "S"> {{harvsp | Digard | 2007 | p = 183}} </ ref>, bringing with it a new problem.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Alors que les maltraitances étaient généralement le fait de personnes qui exploitaient physiquement des chevaux par le passé, le XXe siècle voit naître des maltraitances par ignorance des besoins de l'animal, toute personne pouvant devenir propriétaire d'un cheval notamment pour le loisir<ref name="Jez44" group="S"/>.</span> While abuse were usually the result of people who physically exploited horses in the past, the 20th century saw the birth of abuse ignorance of the animal's needs, anyone can become the owner of including a horse for leisure <ref name = "Jez44" group = "S" />.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Jean-Pierre Digard pense aussi que la féminisation du monde de l'équitation contribue pour beaucoup au développement du phénomène<ref name="Digard183" group="S"/>.</span> Jean-Pierre Digard also think that the feminization of the equestrian world contributes significantly to the development of the phenomenon <ref name = "Digard183" group = "S" />.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">==== Mouvements anti-caudectomie ==== L'opposition à la ] naît aux États-Unis au début du siècle, lorsque les automobiles remplacent les chevaux pour le transport.</span> ==== ==== Anti-docking Movements Opposition to the ] born in the United States at the beginning of the century, when automobiles replaced horses for transportation.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Les premières lois d'État américaines sont créées pour l'interdire en arguant qu'il s'agit d'une pratique cruelle et devenue inutile, qui empêche le cheval de pouvoir chasser les insectes avec sa ]<ref name="tail61-62" group="S">{{harvsp|Tozzini|2003|p=161-162}}</ref>.</span> The first US state laws are created to ban, arguing that it is a cruel practice and become useless, which prevents the horse to hunt insects with its ] <ref name = "tail61-62" group = "S"> {{harvsp | Tozzini | 2003 | p = 161-162}} </ ref>.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Elle est progressivement interdite ou sévèrement découragée dans plusieurs pays.</span> It is progressively banned or severely discouraged in many countries.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">La France en limite les possibilités d'usage en 1996, à l'instigation de ].</span> France to limit the possibilities of use in 1996, at the instigation of ].</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">] approuve alors une « série d'actions destinées à faire respecter un code de bonne conduite à l'égard des animaux »<ref name="apopln" group="S">{{cite book|author=Arouna P. Ouédraogo et Pierre Le Neindre|title=L'homme et l'animal : Un débat de société|publisher=éditions Quae|year=1999|pages=146-148|isbn=2738008585|isbn2=9782738008589}}</ref>.</span> ] then approves a "series of actions to enforce a code of conduct towards animals" <ref name = "apopln" group = "S"> {{cite book| author = Arouna P. Ouedraogo and Pierre Le Neindre | title = Man and animal: A social debate | publisher = Quæ editions | year = 1999 | page = 146-148 | isbn = 2738008585 | isbn2 9782738008589 =}} </ ref>.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">==== Mouvements anti-abattage et anti-hippophagie ==== {{see also|Wild and free-roaming horses and burros act de 1971}} L'] devient la cible de critiques de plus en plus nombreuses.</span> ==== Anti-slaughter movements and anti-hippophagie ==== {{related article | Wild and free-roaming horses and burros act 1971}} The ] becomes the target of criticism more numerous.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Alors que dans les ], cette consommation est habituelle pour les Français<ref group="S">{{cite book|first1=Ghislaine|last1=Bouchet|title=Le cheval à Paris de 1850 a 1914|publisher=Librairie Droz|location=Paris|year=1993|isbn=9782600045360|url=http://books.google.fr/books?id=oaNQ__BglQ0C|pages=227}}.</ref>, elle diminue sur la seconde moitié du siècle.</span> While in ], this consumption is common for French <ref group = "S"> {{cite book| Firstname1 = Ghislaine | name1 = Bouchet | title = The horse in Paris 1850 1914 | publisher Librairie Droz = | location = Paris | year = 1993 | isbn = 9782600045360 | read online = http:. //books.google.fr/books id = oaNQ__BglQ0C | page = 227}} </ ref>, it decreases on the second half of the century.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Un ] touche aussi la viande de cheval dans le ]<ref name="Dibie">{{cite book|title=La Passion du regard : essai contre les sciences froides|collection=Traversées|first1=Pascal|last1=Dibie|publisher=Éditions Métailié|year=1998|isbn=9782864242895|pages totales=186|pages=141}}.</ref>.</span> A ] also affects horse meat in the ] <ref name = "Dibie"> {{cite book| title = The Passion of the eyes: Test against cold Sciences | collection = Crossings | Firstname1 = Pascal | name1 = Dibie | publisher = Métailié Publishing | year = 1998 | isbn = 9782864242895 | total pages = 186 | page = 141}} </ ref>..</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">En Angleterre, le mouvement du « ''{{lang|en|Horse welfare}}'' » voit apparaître sa première grande activiste, Ada Cole, au début du siècle.</span> In England, the movement of "{{lang | en | Horse Welfare}} '' 'his first major emerging activist Ada Cole at the beginning of the century.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Émue par le sort des chevaux de travail britanniques, exploités toute leur vie avant d'être exportés en ] et abattus pour leur viande, elle créé en 1927 l''']''.</span> Moved by the plight of the British working horses, exploited their whole lives before being exported ] and slaughtered for their meat, it created in 1927 the '' ] ''.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Elle parvient à faire voter l'interdiction de l'export des chevaux britanniques vivants pour la viande dix ans plus tard.</span> It succeeds in passing the ban on the export of live horses for meat British ten years later.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">L'organisme qu'elle a fondé, renommé depuis '']'', continue ses campagnes de protection du cheval dans le monde entier<ref name="BritWelf"/>.</span> The organization she founded, since renamed '' ] '', continued his horse protection campaigns worldwide <ref name = "BritWelf" />.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">En 1947, la '']'' créée au Royaume-Uni intègre la protection du cheval (« ''{{lang|en|welfare}}'' ») parmi ses missions<ref name="Our Mission">{{cite web|publisher=The British Horse Society|title=Our Mission|lang=en|url=http://www.bhs.org.uk/our-charity/our-purpose/our-mission}}</ref>.</span> In 1947 the '' ] '' created in the UK includes the protection of the horse ("{{lang | en | welfare}} '' ') among its missions <ref name =" Our Mission "> {{link web | publisher = The British Horse Society | title = Our Mission | lang = en | url = http: //www.bhs.org.uk/our-charity/our-purpose/our-mission }} </ ref>.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">La grande figure de la défense des équidés au milieu du siècle est cependant l'américaine ], dite « Wild Horse Annie ».</span> The great figure of the defense equine mid-century, however, is the US ], known as "Wild Horse Annie".</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Née en 1912, elle se met à militer en 1950 pour que cessent les déplacements et les abattages des ] et des ânes sauvages sous la pression des colons.</span> Born in 1912, she began to campaign in 1950 to end the movement and slaughtering ] and wild donkeys under pressure from settlers.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Selon son propre témoignage, cet engagement provient du jour où elle a découvert, sur la route, un camion dégoulinant du sang de mustangs en route pour l'abattoir.</span> According to his testimony, this commitment comes the day when she found out on the road, a truck mustangs dripping blood on the way to the slaughterhouse.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">En 1959, son action pousse le gouvernement américain à publier une loi fédérale qui interdit l'abattage des mustangs sur les terres appartenant aux États.</span> In 1959, its action pushes the US government to issue a federal law that prohibited the slaughter of mustangs on state-owned lands.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Jugeant cette victoire insuffisante, Velma Bronn Johnston parvient à faire adopter le '']'' en 1971 par ], qui interdit toute maltraitance envers les mustangs<ref name="USAWelt">{{harvsp|Reeve|Biggs|2011|p="Welfare efforts in America" (livre numérique)}}</ref>.</span> Considering this lack of victory, Velma Bronn Johnston manages to adopt the '' ] '' in 1971 by ] which prohibits mistreatment of mustangs <ref name = "USAWelt"> {{harvsp | Reeve | Biggs | 2011 | p = "Welfare efforts in America" (eBook)}} </ ref>.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">À l'inverse, l'] n'adopte aucune loi particulière en faveur de ses ] introduits à la fin du XVIIIe siècle pour répondre aux besoins des colons, ni des ânes.</span> Conversely, the ] takes no special law for its ] introduced at the end of the 18th century to meet the needs settlers nor donkeys.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Depuis les années 1980 jusqu'en 2013, l'abattage de ces animaux depuis des ]s suscite l'indignation de nombreux défenseurs des animaux.</span> From the 1980s until 2013, the slaughter of these animals for ] s sparks outrage many animal advocates.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">La viande des Brumbies sert ensuite à fabriquer de la pâtée pour chiens<ref</span> Meat Brumbies then used to make the mash dog <ref</span> group="PF">{{citation|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/planete/article/2008/03/13/dans-le-queensland-australien-on-acheve-mal-les-chevaux-sauvages_1022416_3244.html|title=Dans <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">le Queensland australien, on achève mal les chevaux sauvages|journal=]|date=13 March 2008|author=Marie-Morgane Le Moël}}</ref>{{,}}<ref group="PF">{{citation|title=Massacre des Brumbies : cela recommence !|journal=Cheval Savoir|month=mai|year=2013|number=43}}</ref>.</span> Australian Queensland, wild horses is completed evil | Periodic = ] | day = 13 | month = March | year = 2008 | author = Marie-Morgane Le Moël}} </ ref> {{}} <ref group = "PF"> {{citation| title = Massacre Brumbies: it starts | Horse periodic = Know | month = May | year = 2013 | number = 43}!} </ ref>.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Longtemps saignés vivants, les chevaux abattus pour leur viande en occident sont désormais étourdis avec un ], pour leur épargner la souffrance.</span> Long live bled, horses slaughtered for meat in the West are now stunned with ], to spare them suffering.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">] révèle cependant les conditions de transport des chevaux de boucherie polonais au public en 1983, provoquant un vif émoi.</span> ], however, reveals the conditions of transport of Polish horses for slaughter to the public in 1983, causing a stir.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Les ], qui accueillent une majorité de cavalières, cachent depuis les ] l'envoi des chevaux réformés aux ]s par peur de perdre leur clientèle.</span> The ], which host the majority of riders, hiding from the ] sending horses to reformed ] s for fear of losing customers.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Les premiers centres de sauvetages pour équidés maltraités ou menacés de revente à la boucherie se créent à la même époque<ref name="Digard186" group="S"/>.</span> The first rescue centers for abused or threatened equine resale to the slaughter are created at the same time <ref name = "Digard186" group = "S" />.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">L'hippophagie baisse de 60 % entre ] et ] en France<ref name="Onevoicehear" group="SPA">{{cite web|url=http://www.onevoice-ear.org/campagnes/chevaux/viande.html|title=On achève bien les chevaux|publisher=One Voice|accessdate=13 January 2010}}</ref>.</span> The hippophagie 60% decrease in ] and ] in France <ref name = "Onevoicehear" group = "SPA"> {{web | url = http: //www.onevoice-ear org / campaigns / horses / viande.html | title = They Shoot Horses, Do not They? | One Voice website = | = accessed January 13, 2010}} </ ref>.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">==== Réglementation de la corrida en Espagne ==== En Espagne, les fréquents étripements de chevaux dans les arènes de ] poussent ] à imposer en 1928 le caparaçon protecteur, le '']''.</span> ==== Regulation of bullfighting in Spain ==== In Spain, frequent étripements horse in the bullring of ] grow ] in 1928 to impose the protective flank the ' ] ''.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Dès lors, l'] diminue fortement<ref>{{cite book|author=Élisabeth Hardouin-Fugier|title=Histoire de la corrida en Europe du XVIIIe au XXIe siècle|publisher=Connaissances et Savoirs|year=2005|pages totales=382|pages=154-155|isbn=9782753900493}}</ref>.</span> Therefore, the ] greatly reduces <ref> {{cite book| author = Elisabeth Hardouin-Fugier | title = History of bullfighting in the eighteenth to the twenty-first century Europe | publisher = Knowledge and Knowledge | year = 2005 | Total pages = 382 | page = 154-155 | isbn = 9782753900493}} </ ref>.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">En 1932, ] évoque dans ''Mort dans l'après-midi'' le côté indéfendable de ces meurtres de chevaux du point de vue de ses contemporains, bien que lui-même leur trouve un côté comique<ref name="MortAp-mid"/>.</span> In 1932, ] writes in '' Death in the Afternoon '' side of the indefensible horses murder from the perspective of his contemporaries, although their finds himself a comic side <ref name = "MortAp-mid" />.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">==== ''Horse protection act'' de 1970 ==== ] d'un cheval aux États-Unis, en 1938.]] {{main|Horse protection act de 1970}} Aux États-Unis, l''''Animal humane Association'' est créée dans les ] pour s'opposer aux nombreuses morts de chevaux pendant les tournages de films ]<ref name="CMfilms" group="PF"/>.</span> ==== '' Horse protection act '' 1970 ==== ] a horse to USA, in 1938.]] {{detailed article | Horse protection act 1970}} In the US, the '' 'Animal Humane Association' is created in the ] to oppose the many horses died during film shoots ] <ref name = "CMfilms" group = "FP" />.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Un mouvement d'opinion (majoritairement soutenu par des avocats) dénonce la cruauté de multiples pratiques sur les chevaux : utilisation de mors sévères, usage excessif du ], entraînements avec des ]s, coupures de la langue en ], et plus généralement l'attitude ] d'un vaste secteur de l'industrie équine, selon laquelle il est normal de frapper un cheval pour établir un rapport de dominance et lui montrer {{citation|qui est le maître}}<ref name="1Wel" group="S"/>.</span> A movement of opinion (mainly supported by lawyers) denounces the cruelty of multiple practices on horses: use of severe jaw, excessive use of ] drives with ] s , cuts of the language in ], and more generally the attitude ] of a large sector of the horse industry, that it is normal to hit a horse for a report of dominance and show {{Citation | who is the master}} <ref name = "1Wel" group = "S" />.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Ce mouvement aboutit au vote du ], pour interdire le '']'' (compression des sabots sous une cale compensée) et le '']'' (introduction de substances irritantes dans le vagin ou l'anus, pour donner aux chevaux une attitude plus fringante)<ref>{{lien</span> This movement results in the vote ] to prohibit ] '' (compression clogs in a wedge offset) and the '' ] '' (introduction of irritating substances into the vagina or anus, to give the horses a feisty attitude) <ref> {{link</span> web|lang=en|url=http://www.aphis.usda.gov/publications/animal_welfare/content/printable_version/FS-HorseProtectionAct-Final.pdf|title=The <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Horse Protection Act|éditeur=Animal Care.</span> Horse Protection Act | publisher = Animal Care.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service|consulté le=15 mars 2013}}</ref>.</span> Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service | consulted = 15 March 2013}} </ ref>.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Entre les années 1950 et les années 2010, une douzaine d'associations de protection du cheval sont créées aux États-Unis<ref name="USAWelt"/> ==== Autres polémiques ==== Vers la fin du siècle, de nouvelles ]s apparaissent contre des pratiques telles que le ] (consistant à frapper les jambes d'un cheval qui franchit un obstacle pour les lui faire lever plus haut au saut suivant), le ] rouge (interdit dans plusieurs pays de l'Union européenne), le harnachement des ]s et les parcours d']<ref name="Digard186" group="S">{{harvsp|Digard|2007|p=186}}</ref>.</span> Between the 1950s and 2010s, a dozen horse protection associations are created in the US <ref name = "USAWelt" /> ==== ==== Other controversies Towards the end of the century new ] s appear against practices such as ] (of striking the legs of a horse crossing an obstacle for him to get up earlier the next hop) the ] red (banned in several countries of the European Union), the harnessing of ] s and range of ] <ref name = "Digard186" group = "S"> {{harvsp | Digard | 2007 | p = 186}} </ ref>.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Plusieurs associations américaines tentent d'interdire l'épreuve de cross des ] en 1996, arguant du danger des obstacles fixes pour les chevaux<ref name="Digard186" group="S"/>.</span> Several US associations are trying to ban the event of cross ] in 1996, arguing the danger of fixed obstacles for horses <ref name = "Digard186" group = "S" />.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Le développement de l'] est indissociable de cette sensibilité grandissante envers le cheval à la fin du XXe siècle<ref name="Digard188" group="S">{{harvsp|Digard|2007|p=188}}</ref>.</span> The development of the ] is inseparable from this growing sensitivity to the horse at the end of the 20th century <ref name = "Digard188" group = "S"> {{harvsp | Digard | 2007 | p = 188}} </ ref>.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Les premiers pratiquants sont issus du milieu du ] américain.</span> Early practitioners from the middle of the ] American.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Ils développent cette approche par réaction envers les pratiques traditionnelles des ]s, qui « brisent les chevaux »<ref group="Note">Version originale : ''{{lang|en|To break horses}}''.</ref>, afin de proposer une alternative à l'].</span> They develop this reaction approach to the traditional practices of ] s, which "break horses" <ref group = "note"> Original version: {{lang | en | To break horses}} . '' </ ref>, to offer an alternative to the ].</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Les pionniers sont ] et ]<ref group="PF">« Tom Dorrance et Ray Hunt, Les premiers chuchoteurs » dans {{citation|title=Les secrets des chuchoteurs|journal=]|publisher=Prest edit|month=octobre|year=2003|number=7 (hors-série)|lire en</span> The pioneers are ] and ] <ref group = "PF"> "Tom Dorrance and Ray Hunt, The first whisperers" in {{citation| title = The secret whisperers | Periodic = ] | publisher = Prest edit | month = October | year = 2003 | issue = 7 (special issue) | read</span> ligne=http://www.chevalmag.com/chevalmag/Magazines/Les-hors-series/Cheval-Magazine/2003/n-7-octobre}}</ref>. <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Depuis les ], ce courant s'est imposé progressivement dans le paysage équestre et le savoir qu'il véhicule s'est codifié<ref>], ''Étude du premier traité d'équitation portugais: Livro da ensinança de bem cavalgar toda sela, du roi Dom Duarte'', Éditions L'Harmattan, 2001, {{ISBN|2747506789}}, {{ISBN|9782747506786}}, {{p.|74}}</ref>.</span> Since the ], this current has gradually in the equestrian landscape and know that vehicle is codified <ref> ], '' Consideration of the First Treaty of Portuguese Riding: Livro da ensinança de bem cavalgar toda sela, King Dom Duarte ', Editions L'Harmattan, 2001 {{ISBN|2747506789}}, {{ISBN|9782747506786}}, {{p | 74}.} </ ref>.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Le film à succès de ], '']'' (1998), popularise les principes de l'équitation éthologique auprès d'un large public<ref>{{cite book|last1=La Cense|title=Les savoirs d'équitation éthologique: Tome 1, Savoir 1 & 2|volume=1|publisher=Le Cherche Midi|year=2004|isbn10=2749102081|isbn=9782749102085|pages totales=87|pages=présentation éditeur}}</ref>.</span> The hit movie ], ] '' (1998) popularized the principles of natural horsemanship to a wider audience < ref> {{cite book| name1 = La Cense | title = The natural horsemanship knowledge: Part 1 Knowledge 1 & 2 | volume = 1 | publisher = Le Cherche Midi | year = 2004 | 2749102081 ISBN10 = | isbn = 9782749102085 | Total pages = 87 | page = Editor presentation}} </ ref>.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">=== XXIe siècle === ].|alt=un cheval marron et noir au milieu d'une route, un gros bout de bois accroché sur une jambe.]] Au XXIe siècle, le souci pour la protection du cheval est toujours aussi présent dans la société occidentale, et s'internationalise de plus en plus.</span> === XXIe siècle === ]. | alt= brown and black horse in the middle of a road, a big piece of wood hanging on one leg]] In the 21st century, concern for the protection of the horse is still present in Western society, and increasingly internationalized.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Certains ] sont pointés du doigt voire condamnés pour maltraitance.</span> Some ] are singled out or convicted of abuse.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Le cavalier de saut d'obstacle américain Michal Morrissey écope de 5000&nbsp;€ d'amende et trois mois de suspension pour avoir donné 13 coups de cravache à sa monture sur un concours en ] en 2010<ref name="tracescravache" group="PF"/>.</span> The American show jumping rider Michal Morrissey scoop 5000&nbsp;€ fine and three month suspension for having given 13 strokes of the whip on his mount a competition ] in 2010 <ref name = "tracescravache" group = "FP" />.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">La cavalière de ] autrichienne Ulrike Prunthalier a été condamnée à 4000&nbsp;euros d'amende en 2012 pour avoir entraîné ses chevaux avec des cailloux sous la muserolle et des chocs électriques<ref group="PF">{{citation|title=La cavalière de dressage Ulrike Prunthaller condamnée pour maltraitance|journal=] Austrian Ulrike Prunthalier was sentenced to 4000&nbsp;euro fine in 2012 for having led his horses with pebbles under the noseband and electric shocks < ref group = "PF"> {{citation| title = The dressage rider Ulrike Prunthaller convicted of abuse | Periodic = ]|url=http://www.cheval-savoir.com/1262-cavaliere-autrichienne-dressage-ulrike-prunthaller-condamnee-maltraitrance|month=février|year=2013|number=40|consulté <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">le=17 janvier 2015}}.</ref>.</span> = the January 17, 2015}}. </ ref>.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Les lois en vigueur pour la protection du cheval en France en 2014 sont considérées par l'INRA comme étant soucieuses du bien-être de l'animal<ref name="Jez65" group="S">{{harvsp|Jez|2014|p=65}}</ref>.</span> Existing laws for the protection of the horse in France in 2014 are considered by INRA as concerned about the well-being of the animal <ref name = "Jez65" group = "S"> {{harvsp | Jez | 2014 | p = 65}} </ ref>.</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">La même année, la vidéo d'une cheval battu en ] suscite une vive réaction dans ce pays où l'animal est très choyé<ref group="PF">{{lien</span> The same year, the video of a horse beaten in ] creates a strong reaction in the country where the animal is pampered <ref group = "PF"> {{link</span> web|url=http://observers.france24.com/fr/content/20140217-video-arabie-saoudite-cheval-droits-animaux-maltraitance|title=La <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">vidéo d'un cheval battu par des Saoudiens indigne le royaume|jour=17|month=février|year=2014|éditeur=France24|consulté le=17 janvier 2015}}</ref>.</span> video of a horse beaten by unworthy Saudi kingdom | day = 17 | month = February | year = 2014 | publisher = France24 | accessed January 17, 2015 =}} </ ref>.</span> La ] envisage une préoccupation accrue pour le bien-être du cheval tout au long du XXIe siècle, qui pourrait mener à l'interdiction progressive des ], à une réglementation plus sévère de l'équitation comme de l'apprentissage en ] et à un développement du compagnonnage avec le cheval, du moins en France et dans les pays occidentaux<ref name="Dig188" group="S"/>{{,}}<ref group="S">{{harvsp|Jez|2014|p=74}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="Jez131" "group="S">{{harvsp|Jez|2014|p=131-135}}</ref>. ==== Rollkur ==== {{main|Rollkur}} La controverse du rollkur débute en 2005 avec la parution d'un article de presse allemand dénonçant les méthodes néerlandaises d'entraînement au ], notamment celle qui consiste à placer le cheval avec le nez dans le poitrail à l'aide d']s. Elle provoque un débat très violent dans le milieu du ], allant jusqu'aux menaces de mort des cavaliers surpris à entraîner leurs chevaux en rollkur, et des organisateurs de compétition qui leur ont permis de le faire. La ] finit par créer une distinction entre le rollkur proprement dit et l'assouplissement dans une position « bas et rond » sans usage de force, en 2010<ref group="S">{{citation|lang=en|first1={{Pr}} René|last1=van Weeren|title=About Rollkur, or low, deep and round: Why Winston Churchill and Albert Einstein were right|journal=The Veterinary Journal|year=2013|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.04.016|volume=196|number=3|pages=290-3}}</ref>. Malgré cette interdiction officielle, aucune remontrance et aucune sanction n'ont été adressés aux entraîneurs et aux cavaliers de dressage connus pour pratiquer le rollkur<ref>{{cite book|lang=en|title=Sport, Animals, and Society|publisher=Routledge|first1=James|last1=Gillett|first2=Michelle|last2=Gilbert|year=2013|isbn=1135019150|isbn2=9781135019150|pages totales=306|url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=pcNiAgAAQBAJ&dq=rollkur}}</ref>. ==== Controverse sur la fermeture des abattoirs américains ==== Un débat violent agite les États-Unis, autour de la fermeture des ]s aux chevaux. D'abord soutenue et favorisée en 2005, elle est progressivement annulée depuis 2013. L'idée d'origine était de protéger les chevaux d'une mort cruelle, mais dans les faits, cette fermeture des abattoirs sur le sol américain s'est traduite par l'envoi massif de chevaux dont personne ne veut (« ''{{lang|en|unwanted horses}}'' ») vers les frontières des États-Unis, d'où ils gagnent les pays voisins<ref group="PA">{{cite web|language=en|author=Catrin Einhorn|date=11 January 2008|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/11/us/11horse.html?_r=1&oref=slogin&pagewanted=print|title=Horses Spared in US Face Death Across the Border|publisher='']''|accessdate=4 February 2011}}.</ref>. Selon certaines sources américaines, le nombre d'abandons et d'actes de cruauté sur les chevaux a augmenté<ref group="PA">{{cite web|language=en|author=Amy Hamilton|url=http://trib.com/news/state-and-regional/article_97d6bcfc-2298-561e-963c-9b87c2817687.html|title=Horse Abandonment Rises|date=24 January 2010|publisher=trib.com|accessdate=4 February 2011}}.</ref>{{,}}<ref group="PA">{{cite web|language=en|url=http://www.gazette.com/articles/horse-93019-abandonment-junction.html|title=Cases of horse neglect, abandonment growing in Colorado|date=24 January 2010|publisher=Colorado Springs Gazette|accessdate=4 February 2011}}.</ref>. Le '']'' a rapporté un plus grand nombre d'interventions pour des équidés maltraités en ], où l'abattage des chevaux a été interdit plus tôt que dans les autres États<ref name="suntimes" group="PA">{{cite web|language=en|author=Cynthia Wolff|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20070504204759/http://www.suntimes.com/news/commentary/letters/364678,CST-EDT-VOX01a.article|publisher='']''|title=Don't ban horse slaughter in Illinois|date=1<sup>er</sup> mai 2007}}.</ref>, information cependant contredite par l'], qui affirme ne pas avoir relevé de hausse dans les maltraitances<ref group="SPA">{{cite web|language=en|url=http://www.animalpeoplenews.org/07/11/falloutfromhorseslaughterban11_07.htm|title=Dealing with fallout from horse slaughter ban|date=November -décembre 2007|accessdate=3 March 2011|publisher=Animal People}}.</ref>. Les chevaux non désirés issus du territoire américain sont envoyés au ], au ] et au ] afin d'y être abattus, voyageant sur d'énormes distances et dans des conditions infernales pour atteindre les abattoirs, ce qui signifie pour eux un grand niveau de ]<ref group="PF">{{citation|language=fr|first1=|last1=|authorlink1=|title=Odyssée vers la mort|journal=Cheval magazine|lien journal=Cheval Magazine|date= June 2010|number=463|pages=26|issn=|url texte=|accessdate=}}.</ref>. La réouverture des abattoirs américains a été préconisée en 2013, pour des raisons de protection<ref name="abam" group="PF">{{citation|title=Le retour des abattoirs américains|author=Christa Lesté-Lasserre|month=octobre|year=2013|journal=Cheval magazine|pages=64-65}}</ref>. Excédé par les menaces des associations de protection du cheval, un salarié d'abattoir équin au ] a publié une vidéo où il abat son propre cheval d'une balle de pistolet. L'abattage de son propre cheval étant légal dans ce pays, il n'a pas eu de condamnation. Cet animal surnommé « Justice » est désormais célébré comme le martyr de l'abattage équin. Cet acte a encore aggravé la controverse autour de l'abattage dans ce pays<ref name="abam" group="PF">{{citation|title=Le retour des abattoirs américains|author=Christa Lesté-Lasserre|month=octobre|year=2013|journal=Cheval magazine|pages=64-65}}</ref>. ==== Circulation des attelages hippomobiles ==== ], en Inde.|alt=Attelage d'un cheval brun émacié.]] De nombreuses polémiques éclatent en 2013 et 2014 en ce qui concerne l'utilisation de la ] en milieu urbain ou sur les routes<ref group="Note">Par le passé, les interdictions de circulation hippomobiles étaient fréquemment motivées par la sécurité des automobilistes. Sa justification par le bien-être du cheval représente une nouveauté.</ref>. À ], l'interdiction des calèches de ], symboles de la ville depuis un siècle, est proposée par le maire pour des raisons de protection. Cependant, l'enquête montre une possible collusion avec le secteur immobilier<ref group="PF">{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencesetavenir.fr/nature-environnement/20140306.AFP1613/la-guerre-fait-rage-autour-des-caleches-de-central-park.html|title=A New York, la guerre fait rage autour des calèches de Central Park|publisher=]|date=6 March 2014|accessdate=17 January 2015}}</ref>. ] devient le premier pays à interdire totalement la circulation des attelages hippomobiles sur les routes et dans les rues de ses villes en 2014, pour lutter contre la maltraitance dont sont victimes les chevaux et les ânes. La seule exception concerne les attelages touristiques<ref group="SPA">{{cite web|lang=en|url=http://www.peta.org/blog/israel-becomes-first-country-ban-horse-drawn-carts/|title=Israel Becomes First Country to Ban Horse-Drawn Carts|author=Alisa Mullins|month=Septembre|day=22|year=2014|publisher=PETA|accessdate=25 January 2015}}</ref>. Cette action s'accompagne d'une marche pacifiste qui rassemble 4000&nbsp;sympathisants pour les droits des animaux<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Knesset-panel-approves-ban-on-horse-drawn-carts-in-cities-375994|title=Knesset panel approves ban on horse-drawn carts in cities|lang=en|publisher=]|date=22 September 2014|author=Sharon Udasin|accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref>. La mort de chevaux d'attelage voués aux visites touristique dans les rues de ], en Colombie, est dénoncée comme une maltraitance<ref group="PF">{{citation|title=Le calvaire des chevaux de calèche colombiens|journal=Cheval magazine|month=novembre|year=2014|number=516|pages=58}}</ref>, tout comme les conditions de détention des chevaux de calèche à ] en Inde<ref group="SPA">{{cite web|lang=en|url=http://www.peta.org/blog/investigation-exposes-mumbais-filthy-horse-stables/|title=Investigation Exposes Mumbai's Filthy Horse Stables|publisher=PETA|mopis=juillet|year=2013|accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref>. {{clr}} == Signes et sources de mal-être chez le cheval == ] Pour faciliter une définition de la notion de « bien-être du cheval », l'] conseille de se référer aux « cinq libertés » définies par le '']'' en 1979<ref name="Jez44" group="S"/> : * absence de faim, de soif et de malnutrition ; * absence d'inconfort ; * absence de douleurs physiques, de maladies et de blessures ; * possibilité d'exprimer les comportements normaux de l'espèce ; * absence de peur et d'anxiété. Les trois premiers critères sont assez simples à reconnaître et faire respecter, mais ce n'est que rarement le cas pour les deux derniers<ref name="Jez45" group="S">{{harvsp|Jez|2014|p=45}}</ref>. Contrairement à d'autres espèces animales domestiques comme le chien, le ] exprime très peu de signes de mal-être extérieurs et notamment, il ne crie pas<ref group="PF">{{citation|first1=Christian|last1=Carde|authorlink1=Christian Carde|first2=Laetitia|last2=Bataille|authorlink2=Laetitia Bataille|title=Le Roll Kur : Que faut-il vraiment en penser ?|journal=]|month=novembre|year=2009|number=5|url=http://www.cheval-savoir.com/130-roll-kur}}</ref>. Les fouaillements de queue intempestifs témoignent de son inconfort<ref name="Konig Plos" group="S">{{citation|title=Prevalence of Different Head-Neck Positions in Horses Shown at Dressage Competitions and Their Relation to Conflict Behaviour and Performance Marks|author=Kathrin Kienapfel, Yvonne Link et Uta König von Borstel|date=4 August 2014|journal=PLoS ONE|volume=9|number=8|url=http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0103140#pone-0103140-g005}}</ref>, mais ils peuvent aussi être un moyen pour lui de chasser les insectes. La ] est simple à détecter, le refus de soulever un membre ou de le laisser être touché peut indiquer une douleur. De manière générale, un cheval qui transpire abondamment, s'agite, se couche et se roule au sol ou encore qui tremble expérimente certainement une souffrance. Le regard vers le ventre est notamment un signe de ]. L'expression de la tête avec les oreilles couchées en arrière forme un précieux renseignement. La ] se manifeste entre autres par un désintéressement profond envers l'environnement, et d'autres symptômes assez proches de ceux d'une ]. Une baisse subite de performances, une raideur dans le travail indiquent un problème physique caché<ref group="PF">{{citation|title=Quand la douleur se voit|author=Christa Lesté-Lasserre|journal=Cheval magazine|month=novembre|year=2014|number=516|pages=45-48}}</ref>. Si un cheval trop maigre est clairement en souffrance, l'état d'], plus difficile à repérer, génère tout autant de problèmes physiques avec notamment un risque élevé de ]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haras-nationaux.fr/information/accueil-equipaedia/alimentation/comprendre-la-nutrition/etat-corporel.html|title=Estimer l'état corporel|publisher=Les haras nationaux / IFCE|author=P. Guérin, M. Le Verger, J. Mos, G. Arnaud, N. Baudoin et L. Marnay|date=July 2014|accessdate=20 January 2015}}</ref>. De même, un cheval maigre n'est pas forcément maltraité, la ] impliquant chez lui une sensibilité accrue aux maladies et une difficulté à reprendre du poids<ref>{{cite book|title=Les maladies du vieux cheval|titre ouvrage=Maladies des chevaux|first1=Anne|last1=Couroucé-Malblanc|publisher=France Agricole Editions|year=2010|isbn=2855571685|isbn2=9782855571683|pages=294-302}}</ref>. L'état des ] est également un indice. Un cheval dont les sabots sont très longs (y compris retournés en babouche) ou fendus manque de soins et souffre. {{center|'''Différents cas problématiques pour le bien-être du cheval'''}} 
<gallery mode=packed> Polo Schnittverletzung Pferd.JPG|Blessure résultant d'une partie de ] Pony grazing on Belstone Common, Dartmoor.jpg
Obésité Riding 1100453.jpg|Fouaillement de queue et tentative d'échapper au ] 
I have a dream.jpg|Attache douloureuse 
</gallery> Des facteurs émotionnels sont soupçonnés de pouvoir provoquer un mal-être. Si les chevaux ne manifestent aucun signe d'inconfort selon qu'ils sont regardés dans les yeux ou pas, une étude suggère qu'ils perçoivent l'état émotionnel de l'homme et sont influencés par celui-ci. Leur ] augmente en présence d'une personne qui déclare avoir peur ou ne pas aimer les chevaux, tandis qu'il est normal en présence d'une personne qui déclare aimer cet animal ou être neutre à sa présence<ref group="S">{{citation|author=H. Hama, M. Yogo et Y. Matsuyama|year=1996|title=Effects of stroking horses on both humans' and horses' heart rate responses|journal=Jpn Psychol. Res.|volume=38|pages=66-73}}</ref>. == Pratiques débattues == De nombreuses interrogations se posent quant aux conditions de vie que l'homme impose au cheval domestique. Elles se révèlent souvent éloignées de ]. Le cheval est un animal sociable dans la nature, qui supporte très mal l'isolement. Il peut aller jusqu'à déprimer et cesser de s'alimenter si ses besoins de contact ne sont pas remplis<ref group="SPA">{{cite web|url=http://lfpc.eu/avoir-un-equide-chez-soi/besoins-physiologiques/le-comportement-social/|title=Le comportement social|publisher=]|accessdate=21 January 2015}}</ref>. Cependant, le cheval peut expérimenter du mal-être sans que l'Homme n'en ait eu l'intention, de nombreux cas résultant d'ignorances ou de négligences. L'Homme a également tendance à considérer que le cheval doit être disponible en permanence<ref>{{harvsp|Enoff|2014|p=65-66}}</ref>. Un déficit dans les conditions de vies offertes aux chevaux entraîne souvent des problèmes de relation homme-cheval<ref group="S">{{harvsp|Hausberger|Roche|Henry|Visser|2008|p=1}}</ref>. === Interventions physiques === Le cheval peut subir diverses interventions physiques, notamment la ], la ] (coupe de la queue), le ] ou encore la coupe des vibrisses. L'atteinte à l'intégrité physique d'un cheval pose un questionnement tant éthique qu'en matière de bien-être. Comme chez d'autres espèces animales, les ]s du cheval sont des organes tactiles (situés autour du nez et de la bouche) qui l'aident à percevoir l'environnement en dehors de son ]. Interdit par la Suisse et l'Allemagne, leur rasage créée un véritable mal-être en diminuant la perception de l'animal, ce qui peut le conduire par exemple à se cogner<ref name="Becker">{{cite web|url=http://www.drmartybecker.com/this-and-that/whiskers-help-horses-see/|title=How their whiskers help horses see|date=18 June 2014|author=Dr Marty Becker}}</ref>. ==== Castration ==== {{see also|Castration|Hongre}} La castration est pratiquée en premier lieu pour le confort des humains, puisqu'elle rend généralement le cheval mâle plus doux et plus facile à manier<ref>{{cite book|title=Hongre ou étalon ?|titre ouvrage=Le comportement du cheval|collection=Les Équiguides|first1=Julie|last1=Deutsch|publisher=Éditions Artemis|year=2006|isbn=2844166407|isbn2=9782844166401}}</ref> et réduit les risques de conflits entre mâles, tout en permettant de contrôler le ] des élevages<ref name="Cherry">{{cite web|lang=en|author=Cherry Hill|url=http://www.horsekeeping.com/horse_health_care/gelding_and_aftercare.htm|title=Gelding and aftercare|year=2008|consulté le 13 juin 2007}}</ref>. Selon Päivi Nussbaumer, vétérinaire à l'Institut suisse de médecine équine (ISME), {{citation|la castration chirurgicale est astreignante, douloureuse et peut conduire à des complications sévères}}<ref name="agroscope.admin.ch">{{In lang|de}} {{In lang|fr}} {{citation|url=http://www.agroscope.admin.ch/publikationen/einzelpublikation/index.html?aid=30697&lang=fr&pid=30426|title=Castration - l'étalon devient un hongre : Bureau de conseils|author=Päivi Nussbaumer|journal=Le Franches-Montagnes|number=125|year=2012|pages=22-23}}</ref>. ==== Ferrage, ''soring'' et autres interventions sur le pied ==== ] montrant le pied d'un ] victime de ].]] {{see also|Ferrage (cheval){{!}}Ferrage|Soring}} Le cas du ] est particulier. À l'origine, c'est une mesure de protection du pied du cheval contre l'usure subie sur les différents types de sols durs. Cependant, son utilité est remise en cause par un nombre croissant de cavaliers qui estiment que la mise « pieds nus » respecte davantage la nature du cheval<ref name="pncm413" group="PF">{{citation|author=Laure Marandet|title=Passer aux pieds nus en douceur|journal=Cheval magazine|month=avril|year=2013|number=497|pages=48-49}}</ref>. Selon Pierre Enoff, le cheval n'a en réalité pas besoin d'une ferrure, celle-ci contrariant sa ] et sa perception sensitive en le forçant à s'appuyer sur les seules parois du sabot, sans pouvoir utiliser sa sole ni évaluer les difficultés du terrain<ref>{{harvsp|Enoff|2014|p=74-121}}</ref>. La position dominante des professionnels du monde du cheval, et notamment des ], est de voir dans la ferrure un acte de protection pour le sabot. De même, une mise pieds nus trop rapide peut être néfaste pour un cheval qui a longtemps vécu ferré si son pied n'y est pas préparé<ref name="pncm413" group="PF"/>. La pratique du ] dans le ] aux États-Unis est par contre dénoncée sans ambiguïté comme étant une maltraitance, par différents vétérinaires et spécialistes du cheval. Interdite par le ], elle consiste à poser une cale lourdement lestée et fixée pour comprimer les sabots des antérieurs, forçant le cheval à se déplacer d'une manière artificielle. ==== Marquage au fer ==== {{see also|Marquage au fer}} Le marquage au fer est moins commun que dans le passé. En France et en Allemagne, son but principal est le ] et la promotion des animaux. Le but d'identification, prouver la propriété des animaux perdus ou volés, est devenu caduque avec la généralisation de la ]. L'utilisation du marquage au fer pour identifier les animaux et les prémunir contre le vol est considérée comme peu fiable. D'après une étude réalisée à l'] (2013), les acheteurs sont prêts à payer environ 12 % plus cher pour un cheval marqué<ref name="marfer" group="PF">{{citation|title=Marqués au fer|journal=]|month=janvier|year=2014|first1=Christa|last1=Lessé-Laserre|number=506|pages=64-65}} </ref>. Le marquage au fer provoque une vive douleur et peut-être vu comme un acte de cruauté, une « souffrance au nom de la tradition et du marketing ». Le fer rouge entraîne une exposition de la peau à une chaleur de 700 degrés. Le cheval marqué au fer garde une température corporelle plus élevée de 4°C le jour de son marquage, et de 2 à 4°C les six jours suivants. La partie du corps qui a été marquée présente les lésions typiques d'une ] au troisième degrés, avec des chairs nécrosées<ref name="marfer" group="PF"/>. ==== Interventions sur la queue ==== ] belge caudectomisé.|alt=Gros cheval vu de dos dont la queue coupée a l'apparence d'une boule de poils ronde]] {{see also|Caudectomie|Queue du cheval}} Il existe beaucoup d'interventions sur la ], pour des raisons essentiellement esthétiques (les raisons pratiques ayant disparu avec la ] à grande échelle). D'après Sandra Tozzini, ces pratiques vont de l'éthiquement condamnable au « criminel », et toutes génèrent une souffrance « sans raison d'être »<ref name="tail59" group="S">{{harvsp|Tozzini|2003|p=159}}.</ref>. Couper la queue ou la relever artificiellement pousse souvent le cheval à avoir une action plus relevée dans ses ]<ref name="tail60" group="S">{{harvsp|Tozzini|2003|p=160}}.</ref>. La ] (ou caudotomie) est la plus courante des interventions sur la queue. Ablation des dernières vertèbres du ] par sectionnement, elle donne une queue plus courte ou un moignon de forme ronde. La caudectomie concerne presque essentiellement les ] et ]<ref name="tail61" group="S">{{harvsp|Tozzini|2003|p=161}}.</ref>. Propre au monde anglo-saxon, le niquetage (en anglais ''{{lang|en|nickering}}'') est un sectionnement des muscles abaisseurs de la queue, qui a pour effet de la relever. L'animal doit porter un dispositif nommé « ''{{lang|en|tail set}}''  » après l'opération pour que l'atrophie du muscle soit complète. Ce dispositif est peu agréable et l'empêche d'aller en extérieur<ref group="S">{{harvsp|Tozzini|2003|p=169}}.</ref>. Le bloc de la queue (« ''{{lang|en|tail blocking}}'' ») s'effectue par l'injection d'] dans le nerf qui contrôle les mouvements de cet appendice, empêchant le cheval de bouger sa queue. Cette pratique moins invasive que les précédentes est utilisée illégalement pour des concours où le mouvement de queue, témoignage d'inconfort du cheval, est un motif disqualifiant<ref group="S">{{harvsp|Tozzini|2003|p=170}}.</ref>. Le bloc de la queue peut provoquer des complications comme l']<ref group="S">{{harvsp|Tozzini|2003|p=171}}</ref>. L'introduction d'alcool, d'épices ou d'autres substances irritantes dans l'] ou le ], nommée ''{{lang|en|]}}'', est employée pour forcer le cheval à maintenir sa queue plus haut et donner l'impression d'un animal plus fringant<ref>{{cite book|lang=en|author=John Ogilvie|lien author=John Ogilvie (lexicographe)|title=Imperial Dictionary of the English Language|year=1883|pages=272}}.</ref>. {{clr}} === Conditions d'élevage === ] {{see also|Reproduction du cheval|Lait de jument}} Les conditions d'élevage du cheval domestique présentent des divergences évidente avec l'état sauvage, que ce soit en matière de reproduction, d'éducation du poulain ou par l'appel à d'autres pratiques et techniques discutables. La monte en main, méthode de reproduction qui consiste à entraver une ] en chaleur avant de lui présenter l'], est assimilée à un « ] organisé ». L'absence de préliminaires peut faire paniquer la jument<ref>{{cite book|title=Les soins aux chevaux|author=Julie Deutsch|publisher=Editions Artemis|year=2007|isbn=2844166415|isbn2=9782844166418|pages=121}}.</ref>. Le ] du ] se produit en général beaucoup plus tard en liberté que dans un élevage, où il est séparé de sa mère vers l'âge de six mois<ref>{{harvsp|Enoff|2014|p=58-61}}.</ref>. Bien que le poulain de six mois soit passé du ] à une alimentation fourragère, cet âge de séparation est considéré comme étant trop précoce pour garantir qu'il ait appris suffisamment de sa mère. Cela peut conduire le poulain à développer plus tard des ] ou d'autres problèmes. Une manière de l'éviter consiste à sevrer des poulains en groupe, et à garder au sein de ce groupe un ou plusieurs chevaux adultes autre que leur mère, de manière à ce que les poulains puissent continuer à apprendre les codes sociaux propres à leur espèce<ref group="PF">{{citation|author=Clémence Lesimple|title=Sevrage : comment faciliter la transition|journal=Cheval Magazine|month=décembre|year=2014|number=517|pages=54-55}}.</ref>. La production de lait de jument pose un également une question éthique, la présence du poulain étant nécessaire à la montée de lait chez la jument. Prélever le lait implique qu'il ne sera pas consommé par le poulain, et induit de fortes chances que ce dernier soit revendu à l'] (car carencé)<ref group="SPA">{{cite web|url=http://www.protection-des-animaux.org/fiche.php?id=30|title=Lait de jument|author=Pili|publisher=http://www.protection-des-animaux.org/}}.</ref>. Certains propriétaires de jeunes ]s manipulent ces derniers à outrance, ce qui conduit le poulain à considérer l'humain comme un membre de sa propre espèce, et peut être à l'origine de graves problèmes de comportement<ref>{{harvsp|Enoff|2014|p=50-52}}</ref>. L'utilisation de l'entrave est connue pour certains ] en semi-liberté, afin d'empêcher certains chevaux de trop s'éloigner. En plus de les forcer à se déplacer au pas, l'entrave provoque des douleurs. Les critères de sélection de certaines races poussent à faire naître des chevaux qui ]. C'est le cas des ]s et des ]s de ], sélectionnés aussi musclés que possible sur des membres fins, ce qui fait souffrir le cheval au niveau des pieds en plus de favoriser la prolifération d'une ]. de plus, ces chevaux sont souvent complémentés avec des ]s et confinés dans des espaces réduits, pour garder leur musculature excessive<ref group="PF">{{citation|title=Monsieur "Horse Univers"|author=Christa Lesté-Lasserre|journal=Cheval magazine|month=juillet|year=2014|number=512|pages=56-57}}</ref>. === Conditions de détention === Les condition de détention des chevaux ont peu évolué dans les pays développés. A l'état sauvage, ces animaux se déplacent chaque jour sur 10 à {{convert|abbr=on|15|km}} et passent la plus grande partie de leur vie à brouter l'herbe fraîche<ref name="Enoff21"/>. ==== Box et stalle ==== ].]] {{see also|Écurie|Vices d'écurie}} Il reste le plus souvent enfermé en ], dans un box ou une stalle, lorsque les humains ne l'utilisent pas. La taille du box est réduite (3 à {{convert|abbr=on|4|m}} de côté pour {{convert|abbr=on|2.50|m}} de haut), celle de la stalle l'est davantage encore. Le cheval dispose de très peu d'espace pour se mouvoir. Ce confinement en écurie, souvent renforcé par la présence de grilles, le prive aussi de contacts avec ses congénères. Sa nourriture est jetée à même le sol, parfois là où il est forcé à uriner et à déféquer<ref name="Enoff21">{{harvsp|Enoff|2014|p=Chapitre « Ouvrez ouvrez la cage aux chevaux ! <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">», p.</span> "P.</span> 21-43}}</ref>. Selon la définition du bien-être du cheval préconisée par l'INRA et le ''Farm animal welfare council'', la vie en box ou en stalle empêche le cheval d'exprimer les comportements normaux de son espèce, il s'agit donc d'une forme de maltraitance<ref name="Jez45" group="S"/>. D'autres spécialistes comme Pierre Enoff (qui compare le cheval en box à un ] dans un verre d'eau<ref name="Enoff21"/>) et ] (qui compare le terme officiel de « détention d'équidés » au vocabulaire ])<ref group="PF">{{citation|author=]|title=Les détenus|month=septembre|year=2013|number=46|journal=]|url=http://www.cheval-savoir.com/1476-edito-cheval-savoir-septembre-2013}}</ref> estiment également que la mise en box génère une souffrance. Les méfaits de la vie prolongée en box ou en stalle sont à l'origine des ]. Ces troubles du comportement du cheval domestique proviennent souvent de l'isolement et du manque d'exercice. Leur expression peut être variée<ref>Dossier rassemblé par Lucie Launay, ''Dossier {{n°|6}} : Bâtiments et infrastructures équestres : ingénierie, bien-être et écologie'', ], 2011, {{cite web|title=read online|url=http://www.haras-nationaux.fr/information/la-mediatheque-du-cheval/dossiers-documentaires/document/telechargement/dossier-n5-ecuries-et-infrastructures.html}}</ref>. L'] conseille de ne jamais laisser le cheval seul, ni au pré ni à l'écurie<ref name="ifcelog">{{cite web|url=http://www.haras-nationaux.fr/information/accueil-equipaedia/infrastructures-equestres/batiments/logement-du-cheval-et-bien-etre.html|title=Logement du cheval et bien-être|author=P. Doligez, M. Vidament, L.Marnay et B. Ferry|month=Septembre|year=2014|publisher=institut français du cheval et de l'équitation / Les haras nationaux|accessdate=21 January 2015}}</ref>. Dans le cas d'une mise en box ou en stalle, la loi suisse exige que le cheval soit sorti au minimum deux heures chaque jour<ref name="loi suisse"/>. Enfin, ces conditions de vie génèrent de l'agressivité : plus elles sont éloignées des conditions offertes à l'état sauvage, plus les problèmes relationnels entre chevaux augmentent<ref group="PF">{{citation|author=Laure Marandet|title=L'agressivité, un problème « humain »|journal=]|number=502|month=septembre|year=2013|pages=58-59}}.</ref>. ==== Pré ==== La vie au pré sur une surface permettant au cheval de se déplacer et de brouter librement n'est cependant pas une garantie absolue de bien-être. Il reste dépendant des humains qui en ont la garde. Les cas de divagation de chevaux échappés de leur pré peuvent découler d'une malveillance extérieure, mais aussi d'une mauvaise prise en compte des besoins (manque de nourriture, eau qui gèle dans l'abreuvoir en hiver, proximité d'un élément effrayant...) qui le pousse à s'échapper. Les divagations sont à l'origine de nombreux et graves accidents, en particulier de ]<ref group="PF">{{citation|author=Antoinette Delylle|title=Les chevaux « SDF »|journal=]|number=497|month=avril|year=2013|pages=56-57}}</ref>. L'usage du ] est lui aussi une source d'accidents. Le cheval doit, dans tous les cas, disposer d'un abri pour se protéger des intempéries et d'une protection contre le vent. Pour mieux répondre aux besoins du cheval tout en facilitant son entretien, les Allemands ont créé le concept d'« écurie active », qui s'appuie sur les ]. Les chevaux sont logés en groupe, nourris automatiquement selon leurs besoins, et ont un accès illimité à des aires de repos et de détente<ref name="ifcelog"/>. ==== Transport ==== Le transport des chevaux est par nature contraire aux cinq libertés en raison du peu d'espace disponible, de l'absence d'accès à la nourriture et à l'eau. Les études prouvent aussi une nette augmentation du ] du cheval pendant les transport, en particulier au début. Ce stress diminue avec les expériences, mais reste présent. De plus, les mouvements du ] de transport obligent le cheval à corriger régulièrement sa position, ce qui peut le fatiguer à la longue. L'absence d'eau est un réel problème, tous les chevaux suant beaucoup pendant leur transport. Des arrêts pour lui permettre de s'abreuver sont indispensables à son bien-être, l'accès à du foin est un plus non-négligeable<ref>{{citation|title=Le transport, source de mal-être|author=Caroline Coegnet|journal=]|number=515|month=octobre|year=2014|pages=76-77}}</ref>. ==== Juments productrices de Premarin ==== {{see also|Premarin (médicament){{!}}Premarin}} Certains chevaux sont dédiés à la production de ]s ou de ]s. La production des œstrogènes conjugués vendus sous le nom de ] (pour ''{{lang|en|pregnant mare urine}}'' désignant l'ingrédient principal, l'] de jument gestante) a été largement dénoncée (notamment par ] et le ]) comme étant une maltraitance. Environ {{formatnum:100 000}} juments gestantes sont maintenues immobilisées dans des stalles, les poulains sont tués peu après la naissance pour que la jument soit de nouveau mise en gestation<ref group="SPA">{{cite web|lang=en|url=http://www.peta.org/issues/animals-used-for-experimentation/animals-used-experimentation-factsheets/premarin-prescription-cruelty/|title=Premarin: A Prescription for Cruelty|publisher=PETA|accessdate=22 January 2015}}</ref>{{,}}<ref group="SPA">{{cite web|lang=en|url=http://www.animalliberationfront.com/Practical/FactoryFarm/Premarin-KeepingMaresPregnant.htm|title=Keeping Mares Pregnant so that Women Can Consume Horse Urine|publisher=]|accessdate=22 January 2015}}.</ref>. Ces juments sont maintenues dans un état de soif permanent pour produire une ] plus concentrée, et vivent avec une sonde qui provoque des démangeaisons. D'après certains témoignages, elles sont fréquemment battues et ] en raison de ces conditions de vie. Malgré les multiples pétitions adressées au laboratoire, la production du Premarin continue vraisemblablement (2014) dans les mêmes conditions, car le marché est très porteur<ref>{{cite book|title=Prenez en main votre santé|sous-title=Toutes les maladies courantes|tome=1|author=Michel Dogna|publisher=Guy Trédaniel|year=2014|isbn=281321163X|isbn2=9782813211637|pages=chap. Hormonothéraîe et progestérone naturelle}}.</ref>. À cette controverse s'ajoutent des soupçons sur la cancérogénité des ]s, des hormones et des sous-produits issus de ces juments chez la femme<ref>Dr. Louis de Brouwer md, ''La mafia pharmaceutique et agroalimentaire'', Louise Courteau éditrice, {{ISBN|2897280166}}, {{ISBN|9782897280161}}, chap. « Le prémarin est cancérogène ».</ref>. === Conditions de mise au travail === ].|alt=Attelage avec un petit cheval campé sur ses membres, les oreilles en arrière.]] D'autres questionnements surgissent à travers la façon dont les hommes mettent le cheval au travail. L'] bien conduite est comparable à un entraînement sportif, elle permet au cheval de gagner en souplesse et en muscle<ref group="PF">{{citation|title=Quel est l'impact de l'équitation sur le corps du cheval ?|month=juin|year=2014|number=511|pages=37-38|journal=Cheval magazine}}.</ref>. Les mauvaises façons de monter provoquent cependant des maux de ] en raison du poids du cavalier pesant sur les ] thoraciques et dorsales. La position avec l'encolure haute et creuse (lorsque le cavalier tient ses mains hautes et ses rênes serrées) est particulièrement délétère<ref group="PF">{{citation|title=Soignez sa posture au travail|journal=Cheval magazine|month=mars|year=2014|number=508|pages=46-47|author=Clémence Lesimple}}.</ref>. Ces problèmes sont aggravés par le ] de certains cavaliers par rapport à la constitution du cheval : selon les études, le poids du cavalier ne devrait jamais excéder 20 à 29 % (matériel compris) de celui du cheval. Certaines races sont cependant plus porteuses que d'autres, en particulier les ] et demi-traits<ref group="PF">{{citation|title=Quand le surpoids devient "trop poids"|journal=Cheval magazine|month=septembre|year=2014|number=514|pages=51_53|author=Christa Lesté-Lasserre}}.</ref>. L'exploitation de certains chevaux pour le ] monté ou attelé, entre autres en ], génère une souffrance considérable par manque de repos ou de soins<ref group="PF">{{citation|author=Antoinette Delylle|title=Les usines à balades|journal=]|number=488|month=juillet|year=2012|pages=64-65}}.</ref>. Une pétition est portée en ] par '']'' pour demander l'interdiction totale des ] et des sports hippiques, arguant que cette pratique est contre nature pour le cheval, lui cause de grandes douleurs dans la bouche (jusqu'à {{convert|abbr=on|300|kg}} de pression par cm²) et endommage son système neurologique. Elle suit une longue enquête concernant les pratiques des ], avec prises de photographies et réalisation d']s de chevaux de haut niveau présentant des dégâts physiques dus à la pratique de l'équitation<ref>{{In lang|en}} Lydia Nevzorova, ''Nevzorov Haute École Equine Anthology Vol 1'' {{cite web|title=read online|url=http://books.google.fr/books?id=3PXwlctxH3kC}}.</ref>. Alors que le sujet était tabou au moins jusqu'en 2015<ref group="PF">{{citation|title=Ces cavaliers qui restent à pieds|month=juin|year=2014|number=511|pages=36|journal=Cheval magazine}}</ref>, un nombre croissant de cavaliers ne montent pas (ou plus) à cheval, estimant que c'est source de mal-être pour l'animal<ref name="Equip" group="PF"/>. Le sociologue Jérôme Michalon estime que {{citation|cette évolution va dans le sens de la société}}<ref name="Equip" group="PF">{{citation|title=Les équi-piétons, un nouveau genre ?|journal=]|number=518|month=janvier|year=2015|pages=14-15|author=Lise Mayrand}}.</ref>. ] qualifie cependant d'« extrémiste » l'idée que toute forme d'équitation constituerait une maltraitance<ref group="PF">{{citation|url=http://www.cheval-savoir.com/1855-edito-cheval-savoir-decembre-2014|title=Y a-t-il des athlètes heureux ?|number=59|journal=]|month=décembre|year=2014}}.</ref>. {{clr}} ==== Impact du matériel ==== ] enrênée|alt=Tête d'un cheval marron aux yeux révulsés, oreilles en arrières, la langue sortant de la bouche.]] {{see also|Mors (équitation){{!}}Mors|cravache|enrênement|Bride (équitation){{!}}bride}} L'équitation implique l'emploi d'une grande variété de matériel : les aides artificielles du type ]s et ], et le ] (] et ] avec un, deux mors, ou sans). Mal employé, ce matériel rend l'équitation inconfortable voire douloureuse pour le cheval. Les ]s sont souvent trop serrées, alors que la recommandation officielle est de pouvoir passer deux doigts entre elle et la tête<ref group="PF">{{citation|url=http://www.cheval-savoir.com/641-serrer-muserolle-cheval|title=Serrer la muserolle…|author=Colonel ]|journal=Cheval Savoir|number=22|month=juin|year=2011|accessdate=23 January 2015}}.</ref>{{,}}<ref group="PF">{{citation|url=http://www.cheval-savoir.com/1100-plaidoyer-contre-muserolle-serree-cheval-danne|author=Isa Danne|journal=Cheval Savoir|title=Plaidoyer contre la muserolle serrée|number=37|month=novembre|year=2012|accessdate=23 January 2015}}.</ref>. Le ], qui peut agir sur la ] ou les dents du cheval en fonction de la position de sa tête, créé une pression qui devient une douleur véritable dès lors que les ] sont tendues<ref>{{harvsp|Cook|Strasser|Kells|2003|p=38}}.</ref>. Devenue chronique, cette douleur dégénère en ] qui irradie la tête du cheval, jusqu'à ses oreilles et au bout de son nez. Pour éviter ce problème, certains cavaliers travaillent leur cheval ]<ref group="PF">{{citation|title=Travailler sans mors, une bonne idée ?|author=Elise Chadeau-Argaud|journal=Cheval magazine|month=février|year=2014|number=507|pages=50}}.</ref>. La ] doit être bien ajustée à la morphologie de l'animal pour éviter toute douleur, mais ce n'est pas toujours le cas. Une étude réalisée au Brésil démontre que plus de 50 % des selles ne sont pas adaptées au cheval qui les porte, 40 % d'entre elles étant placées trop en avant sur le dos<ref group="PF">{{citation|title=Selle inadaptée : attention dangers|author=Fanny Lattach|month=octobre|year=2013|journal=Cheval magazine|pages=60-61}}</ref>. Chez les chevaux victimes d'une main dure, la langue bleuit sous l'action du mors et de la muserolle, un phénomène « très douloureux » qui peut provoquer « des lésions linguales irréversibles »<ref group="PF">{{citation|url=http://www.cheval-savoir.com/1678-comment-se-constitue-phenomene-langue-bleue-cheval|title=Comment se constitue le phénomène de la « langue bleue » ?|author={{Dr}} Jacques Laurent|month=avril|year=2014|number=52|journal=]}}.</ref>. Le cavalier peut aussi faire un mauvais usage des ]s et de la ]. ==== Dans le sport hippique ==== Dans le milieu des ], la croissance du jeune poulain est stimulée par une alimentation spécifique<ref>{{harvsp|Enoff|2014|p=156-158}}</ref>. Ces poulains sont mis au travail dès l'âge de dix-huit mois et ceux qui ne s'adaptent pas aux courses sont ]. Les réformés, qui constituent une part importante de l'abattage pour la viande chevaline, développent fréquemment des problèmes de santé et de comportement<ref>{{harvsp|Enoff|2014|p=162-167}}.</ref>. * Harnachement des trotteurs D'après le scientifique australien Paul McGreevy, l'utilisation de la cravache pendant les courses hippiques constitue {{citation|la forme de violence la plus publique et la plus télévisée du monde actuel}}. Elle pose de plus un problème éthique en raison de la douleur infligée à un animal généralement épuisé par l'effort<ref name="tracescravache" group="PF"/>. Son étude démontre que l'utilisation (fréquente) des coups de ] ne se traduit pas par de meilleures performances des chevaux en course, les races de chevaux de course étant déjà sélectionnées génétiquement pour courir le plus vite possible<ref group="S">{{citation|lang=en|title=An Investigation of Racing Performance and Whip Use by Jockeys in Thoroughbred Races|author=David Evans et Paul McGreevy|month=janvier|year=2011|journal= PLoS ONE|volume=6|number=1|url=http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0015622#references}}</ref>. De plus, les coups donnés dans les 200 derniers mètres de course touchent souvent le cheval dans la partie sensible de l'abdomen, laissant une marque bien visible. La « cravache anti-douleur » inventée en Angleterre se révèle dans les faits aussi douloureuse que les autres<ref name="tracescravache" group="PF"/>. L'utilisation discrète des chocs électriques sur les chevaux de course semble généralisée depuis 1974, avec des centaines de cas découverts. Cette technique cruelle ayant pour but de les faire courir plus vite est évidemment interdite officiellement<ref group="PA">{{citation|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/28/sports/new-light-on-seamy-role-of-buzzers-in-horse-racing.html|lang=en|title=Seamy Side of a Sport: Prodding Horses With Shocks|zuteur=Joe Drape|date=27 March 2014|journal=]|accessdate=25 January 2015}}</ref>. ==== Dans les sports équestres ==== ] {{main|Rollkur|Barrage du cheval d'obstacles|Dopage (sport){{!}}Dopage}} L'équitation sportive pose la question du respect des limites physiques et mentales du cheval. Tous les ] demandent un entrainement sportif poussé et peuvent être concernés par le ]. Les chevaux réagissent mal à la répétition incessante du même exercice. Les cavaliers de sport ont aussi tendance à employer des moyens mécaniques coercitifs, notamment des enrênements et des mors sévères, pour pousser le cheval dans l'attitude qu'ils recherchent au lien de l'obtenir de l'animal lui-même au terme d'un ] patient<ref name="compcm509" group="PF">{{citation|author=Christa Lessé Lassere|title=Concilier bien-être... et compétition|journal=Cheval magazine|month=avril|year=2014|number=509|pages=56-57}}.</ref>. Certaines méthodes d'entraînement du cheval de sport sont dénoncées voire interdites pour leur cruauté. C'est le cas du ] (hyperflexion de l'encolure) en dressage, banni par la fédération équestre internationale s'il est obtenu en force ou maintenu plus de dix minutes. Le ], qui consiste à frapper les jambes du cheval au passage d'un obstacle pour les lui faire lever plus haut, est officiellement interdit en compétition et à l'entraînement. Il serait encore couramment employé en toute discrétion. L'utilisation de la cravache en concours de saut d'obstacle ne se traduit pas par de meilleures performances, d'après une étude réalisée en 2013 au Royaume-Uni<ref group="PF">{{citation|title=La cravache ne fait pas sauter les chevaux !|journal=Cheval magazine|month=juillet|year=2014|number=512|pages=58}}</ref>. Les compétitions d'] sont fréquemment au cœur de scandales impliquant la mort de montures pendant ou après la compétition<ref group="PF">{{cite web|url=http://www.grandprix-replay.com/content/l%E2%80%99endurance-fait-scandale|title=L'endurance fait scandale|publisher=]|author=MK|date=11 October 2013|accessdate=23 June 2014}}.</ref>, et un grand nombre de cas de dopage<ref group="PF">{{cite web|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/sport/article/2013/10/07/la-princesse-haya-face-a-une-hecatombe-de-chevaux-et-de-cas-positifs-en-endurance_3489898_3242.html|title=La princesse Haya, le bourrin et le venin de vipère|author=Stéphane Mandard|date=7 October 2013|publisher=]|accessdate=19 June 2014}}.</ref>. Ces problèmes résultent vraisemblablement d'un conflit culturel entre les cavaliers occidentaux et ceux du ]<ref group="PF">{{citation|url=http://www.cheval-savoir.com/1549-endurance-lieu-conflit-culturel|title=L'endurance : un conflit culturel ?|author=Yves Riou|journal=]|month=novembre|year=2013|number=48}}.</ref>. ==== Lors de tournages et de spectacles ==== L'utilisation de chevaux pendant le tournage de séries télévisées ou de film entraîne fréquemment des problèmes de maltraitance animale, comme l'a signalé une enquête du ''Hollywood reporter'' en 2013. Ces cas peuvent aussi se produire pendant le tournage de films prestigieux, comme '']'' de Peter Jackson qui a vu la mort de trois équidés en ]. L'''Animal humane Association'' préconise de remplacer autant que possible les chevaux par de l']. Cependant, en France, il n'existe aucune réglementation officielle pour la sécurité des chevaux sur les plateaux de tournage<ref name="CMfilms" group="PF">{{citation|title=Silence, on tourne...|journal=Cheval magazine|month=décembre|year=2014|number=517|pages=60-61|author=Lise Mayrand}}</ref>. ==== Rodéo et utilisations comme animal de combat ==== ] lors d'une ].|alt=Un cavalier s'apprête à enfoncer une pique dans le cou d'un taureau.]] {{see also|Rodéo|Picador|Corrida de rejón|Combat d'étalons|Horse-baiting|Rôle du cheval dans la guerre}} Historiquement, l'utilisation du cheval comme animal de combat a été très fréquente, aussi bien dans le cadre de la guerre que dans celui des rituels et de divertissements comme le '']''. Les ] organisés perdurent en ] (Sud de la Chine et Philippines). Ils entraînent de nombreuses blessures. Certains coups échangés font jaillir les yeux des chevaux de leurs orbites. Les étalons peuvent même arracher les oreilles de leurs rivaux. La plupart des bêtes terminent couvertes de morsures<ref group="SPA">{{cite web|lang=en|url=http://www.peta.org/blog/horse-fighting-barbaric/|title=Horse Fighting: Barbaric|publisher=PETA|date=30 November 2007|accessdate=19 November 2014}}.</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{cite web|lang=en|url=http://www.league.org.uk/blogpost/391/Horse-fighting|title=Horse fighting|publisher=League against cruel sports|date=28 February 2011|accessdate=19 November 2014}}.</ref>{{,}}<ref name="Daily" group="PA">{{In lang|en}} {{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-515508/Tournament-blood-The-sheer-horror-horse-fighting.html|title=Tournament of blood: The sheer horror of horse-fighting|author=Danny Penman|publisher=]|date=18 February 2008|accessdate=19 November 2014}}.</ref>. Un « progrès » a cependant été réalisé en 2014, dans la mesure où les étalons de combat chinois blessés ne sont plus systématiquement tués et consommés sur place par cuisson au ], mais soignés de leurs blessures<ref group="PF">{{citation|title=Jeu barbare|pages=63|journal=Cheval magazine|number=509|month=avril|year=2014}}.</ref>. Le ] est accusé de diverses interventions visant à augmenter l'agressivité du cheval avant son entrée en piste. Des ] seraient couramment employés, menant à la mort d'un animal en 2012<ref group="PA">{{cite web|lang=en|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2012/jul/03/nation/la-na-nn-reno-rodeo-horses-shocked-video-20120703|title=Electric prod used on horses at Reno Rodeo; group claims coverup|date=3 July 2012|author=John M. Glionna|publisher=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=21 January 2015}}</ref>. La controverse croissante autour d'événements comme le ] et le rodéo de Houston ont conduit à un bannissement total des rodéos dans certaines régions du continent américain<ref name="1Wel" group="S"/>. La ] implique la participation d'un cavalier, le ], dont la monture est protégée par un ], avec un ou deux yeux bandés. La ] se pratique uniquement à cheval et sans caparaçon de protection. Des accidents peuvent toujours survenir, au cours desquels des chevaux sont éventrés par le taureau<ref group="PF">{{cite web|url=http://www.chevalmag.com/Actualites/Divers/Fin-tragique-pour-un-cheval-de-corrida|title=Fin tragique pour un cheval de corrida|publisher=Cheval magazine|date=10 May 2012}}</ref>. La rédaction de '']'' dénonce l'omerta qui règne au sujet du nombre de chevaux morts en corrida. L'] estime ce nombre à vingt chevaux par an<ref group="PF">{{citation|title=Les chevaux toreros n'ont pas droit à l'erreur|journal=Cheval magazine|month=août|year=2013|number=501|pages=56-57|author=Antoinette Delylle}}</ref>. {{clr}} === Abattage et hippophagie === {{see also|Hippophagie|viande de cheval|Brumby|Mustang (cheval){{!}}Mustang}} ].|alt=Une femme typiquement asiatique découpe un gros quartier de carcasse sanguinolente le long des côtes à l'aide d'un long couteau, la rapidité de l'action étant suggérée par le flou de la photo.]] La consommation de ] est une question d'], avant de poser celle de la souffrance animale. Cet aspect éthique est invoqué par les associations de protection comme la ], qui rappelle que les ] sont abattus pour leur viande après avoir servi les activités humaines : {{Citation|D'abord aimé et objet de soins attentifs, quels que soient ses mérites, le brave cheval ne connaîtra pas une paisible retraite : dès la première défaillance, il devient viande de boucherie et sera conduit à l'abattoir du jour au lendemain<ref name="SPA" group="SPA">{{cite web|url=http://www.spa.asso.fr/907-hippophagie.htm|title=Hippophagie|id=|série=|author=|lien author=|coauthors=|date=|year=|month=|website=|publisher=Société Protectrice des Animaux|page=|citation=|en ligne le=|accessdate=9 October 2009}}.</ref>.}} Les chevaux destinés à la consommation sont rarement abattus sur le lieu où ils sont stationnés. La question du bien-être intervient pendant le transport vers l'] et l'abattage en lui-même. Le règlement CE 1/2005 impose des règles dans toute l'], notamment l'obligation de nourrir et d'abreuver les animaux, l'interdiction de transporter une bête malade ou blessée et d'utiliser des camions à double étage. Les conditions de transport sont régulièrement dénoncées par des associations de protection animale, et malgré les affirmations des professionnels de la filière, rarement conformes à la réglementation<ref name="Loi">{{cite web|url=http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/13/propositions/pion2361.asp|title=Proposition de loi visant à modifier le statut juridique du cheval en le faisant passer d'animal de rente à animal de compagnie|id=|série=|author=|lien author=|coauthors=|date=|year=|month=|publisher=http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/|éditeur|page=|citation=|en ligne le=|accessdate=12 aout 2010}}.</ref>. Le règlement européen CE 853/2004 est censé garantir l'étourdissement préalable du cheval pour empêcher sa souffrance. Les professionnels de la viande chevaline affirment que leur filière s'engage en faveur du bien-être animal pendant l'abattage. Les conditions d'abattage des chevaux sont toutefois fréquemment dénoncées par des associations, aussi bien en ] qu'en ], aux ] et surtout sur le continent américain<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.retaildetail.be/fr/f-belgique/bgq-alimentation/item/17897-gaia-et-lidl-d%C3%A9noncent-la-souffrance-des-chevaux|title=GAIA et Lidl dénoncent la souffrance des chevaux|date=14 March 2014|author=Karin Bosteels|éditreur=Retail-Detail|accessdate=20 January 2014}}</ref>. Elles ont constaté et filmé de nombreux abus lors d'enquêtes, tels que des animaux reprenant conscience avant leur saignée, ce qui induit pour eux une très grande souffrance. ] et ] expliquent le rejet de l'hippophagie dans les pays développés par un changement de statut du cheval, devenu proche de l']<ref name="Baratay129" group="S">{{harvsp|Baratay|2003|p=129}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="Digard" group="S">{{cite web|url=http://www.fnc.fnsea.fr/sites/fnc/60_ans_de_la_fnc/intervention_jp_digard.pdf|title=Le Cheval dans la tourmente des mutations sociales et culturelles du XXIe siècle|id=|série=|author=]|lien author=|coauthors=|date=|year=2008|month=décembre|website=|publisher=]|accessdate=28 February 2011}}.</ref>. Aux États-Unis, le cheval est associé à un bagage culturel héroïque et prestigieux qui le dissocie des animaux consommables dans l'esprit du public<ref name="1Wel" group="S"/>. == Associations et mesures de protection en vigueur == Il existe de nombreuses associations de ], spécialisées ou non dans le cheval. Parmi les plus actives en France figurent la ] (qui milite contre l'hippophagie), la fondation ], la ] (la plus ancienne), le Centre d'hébergement des équidés maltraités ou encore ]<ref group="PF">{{citation|title=Engagez-vous !|journal=Cheval magazine|month=novembre|year=2011|number=480|pages=82-83|author=Antoinette Delylle}}</ref>. Au niveau international, '']'' agit sous le patronage de la ]. Certains pays ou États sont très investis dans la protection du cheval. C'est le cas de la Suisse, dont la dernière version de l'Ordonnance sur la Protection des Animaux en vigueur depuis le {{date|1er|janvier|2014}} interdit de nombreuses interventions sur le cheval, et exige des conditions de détention qui respectent son bien-être, notamment de lui permettre des contacts avec ses congénères, des mouvements réguliers et des sorties à minima deux heures chaque jour<ref name="loi suisse"/>. La ] a rendu l'abattage de chevaux et leur transport en vue d'abattage illégaux, interdisant aussi les rodéos. Les habitants du ] ont beaucoup insisté pour réclamer la fin de l'abattage en 2004<ref name="1Wel" group="S"/>. La ] interdit le ] et le ] s'il est obtenu « en force ». La ] a limité le nombre de coups de ] autorisés en saut d'obstacles à trois en 1990<ref name="Digard186" group="S"/>. Les parcours de ] et de ] sont de plus en plus réglementés à l'international. Le nombre des parcours quotidiens du cheval de saut est limité et toute chute est éliminatoire<ref group="S">] dans {{cite book|title=À cheval ! Écuyers, amazones & cavaliers du XIVe au XXIe siècle|first1=Daniel|last1=Roche|authorlink1=Daniel Roche|first2=Daniel|last2=Reytier|publisher=Association pour l'Académie d'art équestre de Versailles|year=2007|pages=260}}</ref>. À l'inverse, de nombreux pays n'ont aucune loi pour protéger les chevaux et les animaux en général. C'est le cas notamment de la ]. {|cellpadding="3px" style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em;border:1px solid #999; font-size:95%; background-color: #FFFFFF" ! bgcolor="#D1D1ED" align="center"|Pratique ! bgcolor="#D1D1ED" align="center"|Pays ou organisme ayant interdit ou limité (date) ! bgcolor="#D1D1ED" align="center"|Pays ou organisme autorisant pleinement |-bgcolor="#EFEFEF" |] (les autres interventions sur la queue bénéficient généralement d'un ])<ref group="S">{{harvsp|Tozzini|2003|p=173-176}}.</ref> | *Allemagne<ref name="Caudbelg">{{cite book|url=http://health.belgium.be/internet2Prd/groups/public/@public/@dg4/@animalsplants/documents/ie2divers/17890693.pdf|title=Caudotomie du cheval de trait Belge|author=Diane Lefebvre (PhD)|publisher=Conseil du bien-être animal de Belgique|month=Juin|year=2006}}</ref> *Autriche (2004)<ref name="Caudbelg"/> *Belgique (2001)<ref name="Caudbelg"/> *Danemark (1991)<ref name="Caudbelg"/> *Royaume-Uni (1949)<ref name="Caudbelg"/> *Irlande (1965)<ref name="Caudbelg"/> *Norvège (1974)<ref name="Caudbelg"/> *Suisse<ref name="loi suisse"/> La caudectomie n'est pas spécifiquement interdite en France, mais elle empêche la participation des animaux aux concours et à l'équitation, ainsi qu'à toute activité subventionnée par l'État depuis 1996<ref name="Caudbelg"/>. En l'absence de loi fédérale, 12 États américains l'interdisent (Californie, Caroline du Sud, Connecticut, Columbia, Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New York, Ohio et Washington)<ref name="tail62-63" group="S">{{harvsp|Tozzini|2003|p=162-163}}</ref>, de même que 5 régions d']<ref name="tail68" group="S">{{harvsp|Tozzini|2003|p=168}}</ref>. | *Canada<ref name="tail68" group="S"/> |-bgcolor="#EFEFEF" |] | *Interdiction totale : Danemark, Pays-Bas, Belgique, Écosse<ref name="marfer" group="PF"/>. *Limitation : France (marquage obligatoire supprimé du cycle classique en 2005)<ref name="marfer" group="PF"/> | *Allemagne (] obligatoire à partir de 2019)<ref name="marfer" group="PF"/> |-bgcolor="#EFEFEF" |]s et insensibilisations de la peau en compétition | *Fédération équestre internationale *Suisse<ref name="loi suisse"/> | |-bgcolor="#EFEFEF" |] | *Fédération équestre internationale (2008)<ref name="19.4Wel" group="S">{{harvsp|McIlwraith|Rollin|2011|p=chap. 19.4}}</ref> *États-Unis (''United States Equestrian Federation'', autorisé uniquement avec un bâton de ] jusqu'en 2008, totalement interdit depuis)<ref name="19.4Wel" group="S"/> *Suisse (2014)<ref name="loi suisse">{{cite web|url=http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/20080796/index.html#a21|title=455.1 Ordonnance sur la protection des animaux (OPAn)|publisher=Conseil fédéral suisse|date=29 December 2014|coànsulté le=15 janvier 2015}}</ref> | |-bgcolor="#EFEFEF" |] / Hyperflexion | * Fédération équestre internationale (sur toute compétition internationale si maintenu en force et/ou plus de dix minutes, février 2010) * Suisse (interdiction totale, janvier 2014)<ref name="loi suisse"/>{{,}}<ref group="PF">{{cite web|url=http://www.cheval-savoir.com/1579-rollkur-interdite-suisse-loi|title=Le Rollkur interdit en Suisse|publisher=Cheval Savoir|month=Décembre-janvier|year=2014}}</ref> | |-bgcolor="#EFEFEF" |Coups de ] | *Fédération équestre internationale, 3 en concours de saut d'obstacles<ref name="tracescravache" group="PF">{{citation|title=Sur les traces de la cravache|first1=Christa|last1=Lesté-Lasserre|journal=Cheval magazine|month=septembre|year=2013|number=502|pages=64-65}}</ref> *], 3 en concours de saut d'obstacles (1990) et interdiction de viser la tête. 7 coups autorisés en ]<ref group="PF">{{cite web|url=http://www.chevalmag.com/Actualites/Sports/Le-Triomphe-de-la-cravache|title=Le Triomphe de la cravache|date=9 October 2012|publisher=]|accessdate=21 January 2015}}</ref> | |-bgcolor="#EFEFEF" |Rasage des ] | *Suisse<ref name="loi suisse"/> *Allemagne<ref name="Becker"/> | |-bgcolor="#EFEFEF" |] et autres dispositifs contraignant les sabots | *États-Unis (1970) *Suisse<ref name="loi suisse"/> | |-bgcolor="#EFEFEF" |Instruments électriques | *Suisse<ref name="loi suisse"/> | |-bgcolor="#EFEFEF" |Détention avec une clôture de ] | *France (si établissement ouvert au public)<ref>{{cite book|title=Le droit du cheval et de l'équitation|author=Manuel Carius|publisher=France Agricole Editions|year=2005|isbn=2855571278|isbn2=9782855571270|pages=25; 122}}</ref> *Suisse (2010)<ref>{{cite web|lang=en|url=http://www.horsesinternational.com/other/swiss-woman-fights-against-barbed-wire-ban/|title=Swiss woman fights against barbed wire ban|author=Daniëlle Carrière|date=13 June 2013|publisher=Horses International|accessdate=22 January 2015}}</ref> | |-bgcolor="#EFEFEF" |Abattage sans étourdissement préalable | *France (1974) *Union Européenne (2004)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.contactalimentaire.com/fileadmin/ImageFichier_Archive/contact_alimentaire/Fichiers_Documents/Directives/reg2004-853c.pdf|title=RÈGLEMENT (CE) No 853/2004 DU PARLEMENT EUROPÉEN ET DU CONSEIL du 29 avril 2004 fixant des règles spécifiques d'hygiène applicables aux denrées alimentaires d'origine animale|publisher=]|number=L 226|date=25 June 2004|pages=22}}</ref> | Pays hippophages pratiquant l'] : ], ], ] (en théorie)<ref>La position de la ] est contrastée, voir : {{cite book|lang=en|title=An introduction to Islam|author=David Waines|numéro édition=2|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2004|isbn=9780521539067|pages totales=367|pages=79}} et {{In lang|en}} Françoise Aubaile-Sallenave, ''Meat among Mediterranean Muslims: Beliefs and Praxis'', 2004, {{p.}}129.</ref>. |-bgcolor="#EFEFEF" |Abattage | *États-Unis (2007-2013)<ref name="LeMonde" group="PF">{{cite web|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/planete/article/2013/05/04/les-etats-unis-vont-autoriser-les-premiers-abattoirs-de-chevaux-depuis-2007_3171098_3244.html|title=Les Etats-Unis vont autoriser les premiers abattoirs de chevaux depuis 2007|publisher=]|date=4 May 2013|accessdate=20 January 2014}}</ref>. | Tous les autres, y compris le Royaume-Uni<ref group="PA">{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-507214/How-5-000-horses-year-secretly-slaughter.html|title=How 5,000 horses a year secretly go to slaughter|author=Tom Rawstorne|date=10 January 2008|publisher=Mail Online|accessdate=21 January 2015}}</ref> et les États-Unis depuis 2013<ref name="LeMonde" group="PF"/> |} == Critiques == ] est très critique envers les mouvements de protection du cheval]] L'éthnologue ] est très critique envers les actions de protection du cheval réalisées depuis la fin du XX century. Il estime que {{citation|ces critiques de plus en plus sévères systématiquement portées par certains mouvements protectionnistes}} (qu'il qualifie d'« animalitaires »<ref name="Digard183" group="S"/>) et {{citation|complaisamment relayées et amplifiées par une partie de la ]}}<ref name="Digard186" group="S"/> risquent de mener à l'interdiction des ] et de l'équitation, puis à l'extinction du cheval lui-même faute d'utilisations<ref name="Dig188" group="S">{{harvsp|Digard|2007|p=188-190}}</ref>. Cet avis n'est cependant pas partagé<ref group="PF">{{citation|title=L'équitation, indispensable à la survie des chevaux ?|month=juin|year=2014|number=511|pages=39|journal=Cheval magazine]]}}</ref>, l'enseignement d'une équitation plus éthique constituant un rempart à cette menace d'extinction du cheval faute d'utilisation. De plus, le développement du ] permettra sous peu de ressusciter des espèces et des races disparues<ref name="TV52" group="PF">{{citation|author=Amélie Tsaag Valren|url=http://www.cheval-savoir.com/1665-protection-animale-cheval-peut-il-disparaitre-voyage-vers-futur|title=Le cheval peut-il disparaître ? Voyage vers le futur…|month=Avril|year=2014|number=52|journal=]}}</ref>. L'] et la méconnaissance du cheval sont par contre de réels obstacles à une bonne prise en compte du bien-être animal, de nombreuses personnes estimant à tort agir pour le « bien » du cheval<ref name="Jez45" group="S"/>. Un exemple est la multiplication des « sauvetages de chevaux par ] ». Les appels aux dons permettent de racheter des chevaux promis à l'abattoir, mais les personnes qui les accueillent ensuite n'ont pas toujours les connaissances ni les moyens financiers pour assurer leur bien-être à long terme. Ces animaux sont alors condamnés à une « lente agonie »<ref group="PF">{{citation|title=La lente agonie des chevaux sauvés par internet|journal=Cheval magazine|month=mai|year=2014|number=511|pages=12-13|author=Antoinette Delylle}}</ref>. Un autre est la « fausse bonne idée » d'interdire d'abattre les chevaux, qui a généré davantage de souffrance animale au final, alors qu'elle était sensée l'empêche<ref name="abam" group="PF"/>. De la même manière, la mode de l'] (selle sans arçon, mors sans embouchure, pieds nus...) conduit parfois à employer du matériel inadapté, ou à le supprimer alors qu'il serait nécessaire<ref group="PF">{{citation|title=Le cheval trouve t'il un intérêt à être monté ?|month=juin|year=2014|number=511|pages=35|journal=Cheval magazine}}</ref>. == Notes et références == === Note === {{reflist|groupe="Note"}} === Références === {{reflist|colonnes=2}} ==== Références scientifiques ==== {{reflist|colonnes=2|groupe=S}} ==== Références de la presse francophone ==== {{reflist|colonnes=2|group=PF}} ==== Références de la presse anglophone ==== {{reflist|colonnes=2|group=PA}} ==== Références des associations de protection animale ==== {{reflist|colonnes=2|group=SPA}} == Annexes == {{Sister project links|commons=Abused horses|commons title=Chevaux maltraités}} === Articles connexes === *] *] *] *] === Liens externes === * , publication du ministère de l'agriculture français * , publication de l'] suisse === Bibliographie === * {{cite book|first=Pierre|last=Enoff|title=Le silence des chevaux|sous-title=Plaidoyer pour un autre monde équestre|pages totales=256|publisher=Amphora|date=19 April 2014|isbn=2851808761|isbn2=978-2851808769|plume=oui|libellé=Enoff 2014}} * {{cite book|lang=en|titre ouvrage=The Original Horse Bible: The Definitive Source for All Things Horse|title=The Birth of equine welfare|first1=Moira C.|last1=Reeve|first2=Sharon|last2=Biggs|photographe=Bob Langrish|publisher=BowTie Press|date=15 September 2011|isbn=1937049256|isbn2=9781937049256|plume=oui|libellé=Reeve et Biggs 2011|url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=R_YKBgAAQBAJ}} ==== Travaux académiques ==== *{{cite book|last1=collectif|title=Code de pratiques pour les soins et la manipulation des équidés|sous-title=Revue de littérature relative aux questions prioritaires|month=Juillet|year=2012|publisher=Comité scientifique responsable du Code de pratiques des équidés|url=http://www.nfacc.ca/resources/codes-of-practice/equine/Equide_rapportCS_Aug23.pdf}} * {{cite book|author1=]|title=Et l'homme créa l'animal: histoire d'une condition|publisher=Odile Jacob|collection=Sciences humaines|year=2003|pages totales=376|isbn=9782738112477|plume=oui|libellé=Baratay 2003}} *{{cite book|lang=en|title=Metal in the mouth: the abusive effects of bitted bridles|first1=William Robert|last1=Cook|first2=Hiltrud|last2=Strasser|first3=Sabine|last3=Kells|publisher=Sabine Kells|year=2003|isbn=0968598854|isbn2=9780968598856|pages totales=138|libellé=Cook, Hiltrud et Kells 2003}} * {{cite book|first1=Jean-Pierre|last1=Digard|authorlink1=Jean-Pierre Digard|title=Une histoire du cheval : art, technique, société|pages totales=296|publisher=Actes Sud|date=1er mars 2007|collection=Nature|isbn10=2742764836|isbn=978-2742764839|plume=oui|libellé=Digard 2007}} *{{cite book|lang=en|publisher=Michigan State University College of Law|year=1993|title=The Development of Anti-Cruelty Laws During the 1800s|first1=David S.|last1=Favre|url=http://digitalcommons.law.msu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1146&context=facpubs|libellé=Favre 1993|plume=oui}} *{{citation|title=Synthèse sur la relation homme - cheval|journal=Applied Animal Behaviour Science|volume=109|pages=1-37|year=2008|first1=Martine|last1=Hausberger|last2=Roche|first2=Hélène|last3=Henry|first3=Séverine|last4=Visser|first4=E. Kathalijne|location=]|plume=oui|url=http://www.ethologie-cheval.fr/documents/pdf/synthese_relation_homme_cheval_fr.pdf|libellé=Hausberger ''et al'' 2008}} *{{cite book|title=La filière équine française à l'horizon 2030|first1=Christine|last1=Jez|publisher=Editions Quae|date=20 March 2014|isbn=2759221288|isbn2=9782759221288|pages totales=158|plume=oui|url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=vh2eAwAAQBAJ|libellé=Jez 2014}} *{{cite book|lang=en|title=Equine Welfare|volume=8 de UFAW Animal Welfare|first1=C. Wayne |last1=McIlwraith|first2=Bernard E.|last2=Rollin|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2011|isbn=1444397818|isbn2=9781444397819|pages totales=488|libellé=McIlwraith et Rollin 2011|plume=oui|url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=bPMJKvJRYZ4C&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr#v=onepage&q&f=false}} *{{citation|lang=en|last1=Tozzini|first1=S.|year=2003|title=Hair today, gone tomorrow: equine cosmetic crimes and other tails of woe|journal=Animal Law Review|pages=159-181|url=https://www.animallaw.info/sites/default/files/lralvol9_p159.pdf|libellé=Tozzini 2003|plume=oui}}

Raw Machine translation

French language and machine translation don't get along very well
Welfare of the horse Main article: Animal Welfare . Horse rescued by a protection group while he was starving. The welfare of the horse means the conditions of life and acceptable use for this species domesticated as opposed to setting any voluntary or involuntary suffering, whether through beatings, mutilation, neglect or ill treatment suitable. Debates about the welfare and abuse in the horse are recent. In the nineteenth century , when the horse died at work is commonplace, a first wave of awareness is born with the Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and the publication of the novel Black Beauty in England . France is following suit with the creation of the French League for the Protection of the horse and Grammont law in 1850. Similar concerns affecting the United States. The debate intensifies and extends throughout the West in the next century regarding the use of the horse during the wars , the end of his presence in the city, its sports training, the hippophagie or its conditions of livestock and detention. The United States ratify the 1970 Horse protection act to stop the soring and gingering . In the early twenty-first century broke new controversies, especially around the training Rollkur , the endurance and circulation of horse-drawn vehicles . The notion of well-being is complex as regards the horse. Long considered incapable of feeling pain in the Western world, this animal is very quiet and it shows only few signs of its eventual discomfort, which makes its detection particularly difficult. Sociable, the horse needs to spend and spend most of their time feeding in nature. He suffers prolonged confinement in stable, isolates and unable to graze . The International Equestrian Federation now prohibits obstacles Horse Dam and Rollkur. Several countries, including Switzerland , have passed laws to protect horses. The docking , too long transport and artificial aids in equestrian sports competitions or horse are subject to bans or national or European limitations. Transport to slaughterhouses are regulated. In the context of increased research welfare for the horse, new practices such as the natural horsemanship , setting "barefoot" even refusal of riding developed. They suggest a major concern for the welfare of the horse in the future. History Engraving of a horse right, by two dogs attacked This Themselves Encouraged by two men left. Scene Horse-baiting from an engraving of Joseph Strutt in the fourteenth century : this English entertainment is to fight a horse against one or more other animals, usually dogs. The domestication of the horse allowed the man to use this animal for a variety of tasks: plowing, transport, war ... the very use of the horse, from one point of view antispéciste , is the implementation of species in slavery and the workers work. The horse may become useless even slaughter and processing food source for humans. Pierre Enoff believes that overall, this is closer to a drive that imposes conditions of life "prison" to the horse, as a symbiosis between humans and animals . Italian anthropologist Sergio Dalla Bernardina explains this horse by the desire of a part of the human population to be "Master" and "bully living beings": "Those who love total submission prefer dogs or horses. Followers of the light submission choose cats " . Volunteers injuries, mutilations and horses kills (witness the sacrifices , the hippophagie the horse-baiting and organization of stallions fighting ) are well documented in many parts of the world. Horses are commonly killed on the battlefield , marked with iron , cut from ear to be recognized more quickly , spurred , or caudectomisés (amputated tail) from the seventeenth century , to prevent the tail trapping between their harnesses . The consideration of a concept of well-being of the horse is recent in history. Religious and philosophical conception of animals in the Western world has long denied them any pain sensitivity (and therefore the ability to feel a malaise), according to the theory of machine pet stated by René Descartes in the seventeenth century . However, the civilization of Islam testifies at a time of great respect for the horse, granting it (among others) the opportunity to spend the night in the tent of his master . In the early twenty-first century , the horse is widely recognized by biologists (and the scientific world in general) as a "sentient" . This change accompanies that of any Western society, entrance from the middle of the twentieth century in a benevolent movement against pets, with a growing recognition of their individuality . A common mistake is the belief that advances in respect for the well-being of the horse from the ethical and scientific considerations. In reality, these advances have been almost exclusively obtained by the demands of activists and the general public . nineteenth century Related article: Horse in the nineteenth century . England Related article: Black Beauty . The first movement awareness to the cause of the horses born in England in the late eighteenth century . A law prohibits willfully beat the horse is proposed in the 1820s , but not adopted . The Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals was founded in 1824 in London , in response to this animal suffering. Its logo is an angel came to punish a man strikes his horse . The novel Black Beauty , published in 1877 in Victorian England, is known as the first book that focuses on the welfare of the horse . Its originality is to defer to several horses who recount their daily suffering, as an autobiography . It results in a high awareness for this cause horses. The author Anna Sewell is very ahead of its time in terms of animal welfare , the novel takes sides against the reins in tow, the blinkers and tail docking . According Amélie Tsaag Valren he "somehow prefigures the disappearance of the horse in town. Anna Sewell shows that animal flesh and blood, who feels pain and sorrow, has no place in the urban environment and the industrial society of London " . This novel caused controversy by England to its output. It is that over time it becomes a bestseller . Anna Sewell, died five months after its publication, says his goal was to improve the plight of horses in this country . The result is beyond his expectation, since the output of the novel in the United States in a pervasive suffering equine context allows debate to settle in this country. Multiple translations of the novel have even led to debates in Europe . United States A carriage pulled by a horse That opens her mouth wide and semble to-have frozen in place American print published in 1880, advising control carriage horses restive by the application of electric shocks . US documents relate several cases of exploitation of the horse leading to abuse, especially in omnibus companies and trams . These horse-drawn vehicles are often overloaded, horses towing an implement them are beaten and subjected to hard labor . Early definitions of a notion of abuse of horses are moving on their deprivation of food and care, and hitting the . The Court New York is a pioneer, publishing a law that punishes those who deliberately kill or torture an animal (including horses) 1829. The state court of New Jersey addresses the case of a man who beat his horse died in 1858, but found nothing illegal to hit his own horse in spite of the problem with such a public spectacle . In 1860, the State of Pennsylvania condemn those who beat a horse to a fine of two hundred dollars, double what risk a mother who beat her child under seven years. The horse theft and mutilation of animals belonging to others are severely punished, reflecting mainly financial incentives and 'societal'. Beat his horse without reason is considered "evil" and immoral, but the pain felt by the animal is not taken into account. The punishment of those who abuse their own horses is not immediately on the agenda , the law can not be applied if proof is provided that the horse was beaten with real "bad intentions" . The notion of " torture "of animals was introduced into US law in the late nineteenth century , for the case of a man who used acid on the hoofs of his horses . The trend is also felt by lawsuits involving omnibus leaders accused of over-exploiting the horses . In France Etching a horse suspended Vertically, straw entre les legacy. Descent of a horse in a mine in France. In the early nineteenth century, abuse is very common, especially for draft horses at the time of the July Monarchy . The side frustrates carters, quick to use the whip and scream their horses, leaves behind the phrase "swear like a trooper." When a horse falls into his harness, Carter tries often to do stand up and kicked in the stomach . Often horses die of exhaustion at work, in the street . Multiple witnesses, including a poem by Victor Hugo wrote in 1838 demonstrate the pervasiveness of this public abuse work horses . The development of savage capitalism grows to cruel treatment, especially when the horse unable to work is sent to the knacker . Considered useless, these horses sometimes wait for days before being shot and dying as a result of hunger and thirst. This contrast between the condition of the working horses and the horses of the middle class and the wealthy classes causes discomfort in French society . In 1845, the Humane Society was born to protect horses from abuse . Jacques-Philippe Delmas de Grammont , a former officer of cavalry , created the French League for the Protection of the horse in 1850 and makes vote the law bearing his name that year, prohibiting the deliberate abuse of animals. A debate however agitated France at the end of the century regarding the bullfighting (including hernias horse), contrary to the law Grammont . Other countries Tolstoy published in 1885 the new Le Cheval , leaving the floor to a piebald horse named Surveyor. He relates in particular its castration , debuting in harness, harnessed and ability to race until his death, bled by the knacker . xx century Related article: Horse in the twentieth century . Ernest Hemingway , Death in the Afternoon (1932) I can not see a horse fall into the street without feeling this show the urgent need to help the animal . There are more changes in the perception of well-being of the horse since the second half of the twentieth century than in any past history . According to Jean-Pierre Digard , sensitivity to the treatment of horses pass respect to a true love , bringing with it a new problem. While abuse were usually the result of people who physically exploited horses in the past, the twentieth century saw the birth of abuse ignorance of the animal's needs, anyone can own a particular horse for leisure S . Jean-Pierre Digard also think that the feminization of the equestrian world contributes significantly to the development of the phenomenon . Anti-docking movements Opposition to the docking born in the United States at the beginning of the century, when automobiles replaced horses for transportation. The first US state laws are created to ban, arguing that it is a cruel practice and become useless, which prevents the horse to hunt insects with his tail . It is progressively banned or severely discouraged in many countries. France to limit the possibilities of use in 1996, at the instigation of Brigitte Bardot . Philippe Vasseur then approves a "series of actions to enforce a code of conduct towards animals" . Anti-slaughter movement and anti-hippophagie Related article: Wild and free-roaming horses and burros act 1971 . The hippophagie becomes the target of criticism from growing. While in the 1910s , this consumption is common for French , it decreases in the second half of the century. A food taboo also affects horse meat in the Anglo-Saxon world . In England, the movement of "Horse welfare" his first big emerging activist Ada Cole at the beginning of the century. Moved by the plight of the British working horses, exploited their whole lives before being exported to Belgium and slaughtered for their meat, it created in 1927 the International League for the Protection of Horses . It succeeds in passing the ban on the export of live horses for meat British ten years later. The organization she founded, since renamed World Horse Welfare , continued his horse protection campaigns worldwide . In 1947 the British Horse Society created in the UK includes the protection of the horse ("welfare") among its tasks . The great figure of the defense equine mid-century, however, is the US Velma Bronn Johnston , called "Wild Horse Annie". Born in 1912, she began to campaign in 1950 to end the movement and slaughter of mustangs and wild donkeys under pressure from settlers. According to his testimony, this commitment comes the day when she found out on the road, a truck mustangs dripping blood on the way to the slaughterhouse. In 1959, its action pushes the US government to issue a federal law that prohibited the slaughter of mustangs on state-owned lands. Considering this lack of victory, Velma Bronn Johnston manages to adopt the Wild Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act in 1971 by Richard Nixon , which prohibits mistreatment of mustangs . Conversely, the Australia takes no special law in favor of its local wild horses introduced in the late eighteenth century century to meet the needs of the settlers, nor donkeys. From the 1980s until 2013, the slaughter of these animals for helicopters sparks outrage many animal advocates. Meat Brumbies then used to make the dog mash , . Long live bled, horses slaughtered for meat in the West are now stunned with a captive bolt pistol to to save their suffering. Brigitte Bardot , however, reveals the conditions of transport of Polish horses for slaughter to the public in 1983, causing a stir . The equestrian centers , which house the majority of riders, hiding from the 1990s reformed sending horses to slaughterhouses for fear of losing customers. The first rescue centers for abused or threatened equine resale to the slaughter are created at the same time . The hippophagie down 60% between 1980 and 2001 in France . Regulation of bullfighting in Spain In Spain, the frequent horse étripements in arenas bullfighting grow Miguel Primo de Rivera in 1928 to impose the protective flank the peto . Therefore, the opposition to bullfighting is greatly reduced . In 1932, Ernest Hemingway writes in Death in the Afternoon the indefensible side of these horses murder from the perspective of his contemporaries, although their finds himself a comic side . Horse protection act 1970 Branding of a horse in the United States in 1938. Main article: Horse protection act 1970 . In the US, the 'Animal Humane Association was created in 1940 to oppose the many horses died during the film shooting Western . A movement of opinion (mainly supported by lawyers) denounces the cruelty of multiple practices on horses: use of severe jaw, excessive use of the whip , drives with electric shocks , cuts of the language in reining and more generally the attitude macho of a large sector of the horse industry, that it is normal to hit a horse to establish a relationship of dominance and show "who is the master" . This movement led to the vote of Horse protection act 1970 , to ban soring (compression clogs in a compensated wedge) and gingering (introduction of irritating substances into the vagina or anus, to give the horses a feisty attitude) . Between the 1950s and 2010s, a dozen horse protection associations are created in the US Other controversies Towards the end of the century, new controversies appear against practices such as obstacles dam horse (of striking the legs of a horse crossing an obstacle for him to get up earlier the next hop), the marking iron red (banned in several countries of the European Union), the harnessing of trotters and journey of endurance riding . Several US organizations are trying to ban cross-proof Atlanta Olympics in 1996, citing the danger of fixed obstacles for horses . The development of natural horsemanship is inseparable from this growing sensitivity to the horse at the end of the twentieth century . Early practitioners from the middle of the western US. They develop this approach with reaction to the traditional practices of cowboys who "break horses" , to offer an alternative to western riding . The pioneers are Tom Dorrance and Ray Hunt . Since the 1980s , this trend has gradually in the equestrian landscape and know that vehicle is codified . The hit movie of Robert Redford , The Horse Whisperer (1998) popularized the principles of natural horsemanship to a wide audience . xxi century a brown and black horse in the middle of a road, a big piece of wood hanging on one leg. Horse wearing a hindrance in Galicia . In the twenty-first century , the concern for the protection of the horse is still present in Western society, and increasingly internationalized. Some professional riders are singled out or convicted for abuse. The American show jumping rider Michal Morrissey scoop € 5,000 fine and three month suspension for having given 13 to whip his horse on a competition in Florida in 2010 . The rider dressage Austrian Ulrike Prunthalier was sentenced to a fine of € 4,000 in 2012 to have led his horses with pebbles under the noseband and electric shocks . Existing laws for the protection of the horse in France in 2014 are considered by INRA as concerned about the well-being of the animal . The same year, the video of a horse beaten in Saudi Arabia creates a strong reaction in the country where the animal is pampered . The prospective considering the increased concern for the welfare of the horse throughout the twenty-first century , which could lead to the gradual ban on horse racing , a stricter regulation of riding as learning riding center and development of companionship with the horse, at least in France and in Western countries , , . Rollkur Main article: Rollkur . The controversial Rollkur begins in 2005 with the release of a German newspaper article denouncing the Dutch training methods in dressage , including that of placing the horse with his nose in the chest with the help of reins . It causes a violent debate in the world of equestrian sports , going to the death threats riders surprised to train their horses Rollkur, and competition organizers allowed them to do so. The International Equestrian Federation eventually created a distinction between Rollkur itself and relaxation in a position "low and round" without use of force, in 2010 . Despite this official ban, no reprimand and no sanctions were sent to coaches and dressage riders known to practice Rollkur . Controversy over the closure of US slaughterhouses A violent debate stirs the US, around the closure of slaughter horses. First supported and promoted in 2005, it has gradually canceled since 2013. The original idea was to protect the horses from a cruel death, but in reality, the closure of abattoirs on American soil resulted by sending massive horses that nobody wants ("unwanted horses") to the US border, where they earn the neighboring countries . According to US sources, the number of dropouts and cruelty to horses increased , . The Los Angeles Times reported a greater number of interventions for abused horses in California , where horse slaughter was banned earlier than in other states , however, contradicted information by the University of California Davis , who claims not to have observed increase in abuse . Unwanted horses from the US territory are sent to Mexico , to Canada and Brazil to be slaughtered, traveling over enormous distances and in hellish conditions to achieve the slaughterhouses, which means for them a high level of stress . Reopening US slaughterhouses has been advocated in 2013 for protection reasons . Infuriated by the threats of the horse protection associations, a horse slaughterhouse worker in New Mexico has released a video in which he shot his own horse with a bullet. The slaughter of his own horse being legal in this country, it has had no conviction. This animal called "Justice" is now celebrated as the martyr of the equine slaughter. This act has exacerbated the controversy surrounding the slaughter in this country . Traffic horse-drawn carriages Hitch brown horse emaciated. Horse-drawn vehicle in Saharanpur , India. Much controversy broke out in 2013 and 2014 regarding the use of horse-drawn urban or highways . In New York , the ban on carriage of Central Park , symbols of the city for a century, is proposed by the mayor for protection reasons. However, the survey shows a possible collusion with real estate . Israel is the first country to completely ban horse-drawn carriages traffic on the roads and in the streets of its cities in 2014, to fight against abuse which experienced by horses and donkeys. The only exception is the tourist carriages . This action is accompanied by a peace march that brings together 4,000 supporters to animal rights . The death of carriage horses doomed to tourist visits in the streets of Cartagena , Colombia, is denounced as an abuse , like the detention conditions of carriage horses at Mumbai in India . Signs and sources of discomfort in the horse Emaciated horse put to work during the great famine of 1932-1933 in Ukraine. To facilitate a definition of the concept of "well-being of the horse", the INRA advises to refer to the "five freedoms" defined by the Farm Animal Welfare Council in 1979 : absence of hunger, thirst and malnutrition; Freedom from discomfort; absence of physical pain, illness and injury; opportunity to express normal behavior of the species; absence of fear and anxiety. The first three criteria are quite simple to recognize and enforce, but this is rarely the case for the last two . Unlike other domestic animals such as dogs, horses expresses very few external signs of malaise in particular, it does not scream . The fouaillements nuisance tail reflect his discomfort , but they can also be a way for him to hunt insects. The lameness is easy to detect, refusing to lift a limb or let it be touched may indicate pain. In general, a horse sweats profusely, agitated, lies down and rolls on the ground or trembling certainly experiencing suffering. The look towards the belly is especially a sign of colic . The expression of the head with ears laid back as a valuable information.The psychological pain manifested among others by a profound lack of concern over the environment, and other symptoms quite similar to those of depression . A sudden drop in performance, stiffness in the work indicate a physical problem hidden PF 16 . If too thin horse is clearly suffering, the state of overweight , more difficult to identify, generate as much physical problems including a high risk of laminitis 20 . Similarly, a thin horse may not be abused, the old age home involving an increased susceptibility to disease and difficulty gaining weight 21 . The condition of the shoes is also a clue. A horse whose hooves are very long (including returned slipper) or split neglect and suffering. Different cases problematic for the welfare of the horse Injury resulting from part of polo Obesity Fouaillement tail and attempt to escape the jaws Painful attachment Emotional factors are suspected to cause discomfort. If horses show no signs of discomfort as they are viewed in the eyes or not, a study suggests they perceive the emotional state of man, and are influenced by it. Their heart rate increases in the presence of a person who claims to have fear or dislike horses, while it is normal in the presence of a person who claims to love the animal or be neutral to its presence S 29 . Debated practices Many questions arise about the conditions of life that man requires the domestic horse. They often turn away from the life of the species at large . The horse is a social animal in nature, which supports badly isolation. It is up depressed and stop eating if their contact needs are not met SPA 5 . However, the horse can experience ill-being without human not had the intention of many cases resulting from ignorance or negligence. Man also tend to think that the horse should be permanently available 22 . A deficit in the living conditions offered to horses often leads to problems of human-horse relationship S 30 . Physical intervention The horse can undergo various physical interventions, including castration , the docking (tail section), the branding or cutting the whiskers. The attack on the physical integrity of a horse raises ethical questions as that in terms of well-being. As in other animal species, the whiskers of the horse are tactile organs (located around the nose and mouth) that help to perceive the environment outside its field of vision . Banned by Switzerland and Germany, created a real shave their discomfort by reducing the perception of the animal, which can lead the example banging 23 . Castration Related Articles: Castration and Gelding . Castration is practiced primarily for the convenience of humans, since it usually makes the male horse softer and easier to handle 24 and reduces the risk of conflict between males, while allowing to control the gene pool of rearing 25 . According to Päivi Nussbaumer, veterinarian at the Swiss Institute of equine medicine (ISME), "surgical castration is demanding, painful and can lead to severe complications" 26 . Forged, soring and other interventions on the foot Image to X-ray showing the foot of a Tennessee Walking Horse victim soring . Related Articles: Hinges and Soring . The case of manufacture is special. Originally, it was a measure of protection of the equine foot against the wear and tear on the different types of hard floors. However, its usefulness is questioned by a growing number of riders who feel that putting "barefoot" more consistent with the nature of the horse PF 17 . According to Pierre Enoff, the horse did not really need a fitting, it's frustrating locomotion and sensory perception by forcing it to rely solely on the hoof walls, unable to use his sole nor assess the difficult terrain 27 . The dominant position of professionals of the horse world, including farriers , is to see in the fitting protective act for the shoe. Similarly, setting barefoot too fast can be harmful to a horse that has long lived if his foot rail unprepared PF 17 . The practice of soring in Tennessee in the United States is denounced against unambiguously as an abuse, by different veterinarians and specialists of the horse. Prohibited by the Horse Protection act 1970 , it is chock heavily weighted and fixed to compress the front feet, forcing the horse to move in an artificial way. Branding Related article: Branded . Branding is less common than in the past. In France and Germany, its main purpose is the marketing and promotion of the animals. The purpose of identification, proof of ownership of lost or stolen animals, became obsolete with the generalization of the microchip . The use of branding to identify animals and guard against theft is considered unreliable. According to a study conducted at the University of Göttingen (2013), buyers are willing to pay about 12% more for a horse marked PF 18 . The branding causes severe pain and may be seen as an act cruelty, a "suffering in the name of tradition and marketing." The red iron causes skin exposure to heat 700 degrees. The sharp iron horse keeps a higher body temperature of 4 ° C on the day of its marking, and 2 to 4 ° C the following six days. The body part that was marked presents the typical lesions of a burning third degree with necrotic flesh PF 18 . Interventions on the tail Big horse seen from behind which the cut tail has the appearance of a round ball of fur Draft horse Ardennes Belgian caudectomisé. Related Articles: Tail Docking and tail of the horse . There are many interventions on the tail of the horse , mainly for aesthetic reasons (the practical reasons having disappeared with the horse-drawn to scale). According to Sandra Tozzini, these practices are ethically reprehensible to the "criminal" and all generate suffering "without purpose" S 31 . Cut tail or artificially raise often drives the horse to have more action noted in his gaits S 32 . The docking (or caudotomie) is the most common interventions on the tail. Removal of the last vertebrae coccyx by cutting, it has a shorter tail or a round stump. Tail docking almost exclusively concerns the draft horses and hitch S 2 . Clean the Anglo-Saxon world, niquetage (English nickering ) is a shut-down of the muscles of the tail, which results in the face. The animal must wear a device called " tail set "after the operation for that muscle atrophy is complete. This device is unpleasant and prevents it from going outdoors S 33 . The tail block (" tail blocking ") is performed by injecting alcohol into the nerve that controls movement of this Appendix, preventing the horse to move his tail. This practice less invasive than previous unlawfully used for contests where the tail movement, discomfort horse testimony is a disqualifying reason S 34 . The block of the tail can cause complications such as ataxia S 35 . L 'introduction of alcohol, spices or other irritating substances into the anus or vagina , called gingering is used to force the horse to maintain its high tail and give the impression of a frisky animal 28 . Terms of breeding Covering in-hand Related Articles: Horse Reproduction and mare's milk . Breeding conditions of domestic horse show obvious differences with the wild, either reproductive, education foal or the use of other questionable practices and techniques. Riding in hand, reproduction method that involves impairment of a mare in heat before applying to the standard is treated as a " rape organized. " The lack of foreplay can panicking mare 29 . The withdrawal of the foal usually occurs much later released in a farm, where he was separated from his mother at the age of six months 30 . Although the six-month foal has passed the milk of its mother in a forage diet, age of separation is considered too early to ensure he has learned enough from his mother. This can lead the foal develop later stable defects or other problems. One way to avoid it is to wean foals group, and keep within that group one or more adult horses other than their mother, so that foals can continue to learn the social codes of their own species PF 19 . The mare's milk production also poses an ethical question, the presence of the foal being necessary to the flow of milk in the mare. Take milk means it will not be consumed by the colt, and induces a strong chance that it is sold at the abattoir (as deficient) SPA 6 . Some owners of young foals manipulate them excessively, leading the foal to consider the human as a member of its own species, and can cause serious behavioral problems 31 . The use of obstruction is known for some extensive farms in semi-freedom, to prevent some horses too far. In addition to forcing them to move in step, the obstruction causes pain. The selection criteria of certain breeds grow to give birth to horses that suffer from their morphology . This is the case of Quarter Horses and Paint Horses for Halter selected as hefty as possible on members purposes, which hurts the horse in the feet in addition to promoting the proliferation of a genetic disease of the muscles . Moreover, these horses are often supplemented with steroids and confined in small spaces, to keep their excessive musculature PF 20 . Detention conditions Horses detention conditions have changed little in developed countries. In the wild, these animals move every day 10 to 15 km and spend most of their lives to graze on fresh grass 32 . Box and stall Horses in their boxes in Hungary . Related Articles: Stable and Stable Vices . It usually remains locked up in stables , in a booth or stall when humans do not use. The size of the box is reduced (3 to 4 meters apart for 2.50 m high), one of the stall is even more so. The horse has very little room to move. This confinement stable, often reinforced by the presence of grids, also deprives him of contacts with other dogs. His food is thrown on the floor, where it is sometimes forced to urinate and defecate 32 . According to the definition of well-being of the horse advocated by INRA and Farm animal welfare council , life in box stalls or prevents the horse to express normal behavior of its kind, it is therefore a form maltreatment S 27 . Other scholars like Peter Enoff (which compares the horse box to a goldfish in a glass of water 32 ) and Laetitia Bataille (which compares the official term "equine detention" vocabulary prison ) PF 21 also believe that the box layout generates suffering. The evils of extended box stall or life are at the origin of stable vices . These domestic horse behavior problems often come from isolation and lack of exercise. Their expression can be varied 33 . The French Institute of the horse and riding advises to never leave the horse alone or pre or to the stable 34 . In the case of a formal or box stall, Swiss law requires that the horse is out at least two hours every day 35 . Finally, these living conditions generate aggression: they are more distant from the conditions offered in the wild, most relationship problems between horses increase PF 22 . Pre Life in the meadow on a surface allowing the horse to move and graze freely, however, is not an absolute guarantee of well-being. It remains dependent on humans for their care. The case of horses escaped from their pre straying may result from external malicious, but also of poor consideration of needs (lack of food, water freezing in the trough in winter near a scary element ...) that drives him to escape. The ramblings are causing many serious accidents, especially in collisions with vehicles PF 23 . The use of barbed wire is also a source of accidents. The horse must, in any case, have a shelter to protect from the elements and protection against the wind. To better meet the horse's needs while facilitating its maintenance, the Germans created the concept of "active team," which is based on new technologies . The horses are housed in groups, automatically fed according to their needs, and have unlimited access to resting and relaxing 34 . Transportation The transport of horses is inherently contrary to the five freedoms because of the limited space available, the lack of access to food and water. Studies also show a marked increase in the stress of the horse during the transport, in particular at the beginning. This stress decreases with the experiments, but still present. In addition, the movements of the van transporting force the horse to regularly correct its position, which can severely stress in the long run. The lack of water is a real problem, all the horses sweating a lot during transportation. Stops to allow him to drink are essential to his well-being, access to hay is a not insignificant 36 . Producing mares Premarin Related article: Premarin . Some horses are dedicated to the production of drugs or vaccines . Production of conjugated estrogens sold under the name Premarin (for pregnant mare urine designating the main ingredient, the urine of pregnant mares) has been widely criticized (including by PETA and Animal Liberation Front ) as an abuse. Approximately 100,000 pregnant mares are kept locked in stalls, foals are killed shortly after birth to the mare is again setting gestation SPA 7 , 8 SPA . These mares are kept in a permanent state of thirst to produce urine more concentrated, and living with a probe which causes itching. According to some accounts, they are frequently beaten and abort because of these living conditions. Despite repeated petitions to the lab, the continued production of Premarin likely (2014) under the same conditions as the market is very buoyant 37 . In this controversy addition suspicions about the carcinogenicity of estrogen , hormones and by-products from these mares in women 38 . Conditions of work Hitch with a little horse stood its members, ears back. Hitch horse suffering, probably suffering from laminitis . Other questions arise around how men put the horse to work. The riding well-conducted is like a sports training, it allows the horse to gain flexibility and muscle PF 24 . The wrong way to go, however, cause pain back due to the weight of the rider weighing on the vertebrae chest and back . The position with high and hollow neck (when the rider keeps his hands high and tight reins) is particularly deleterious PF 25 These problems are compounded by the. Overweight some jumpers with regard to the constitution of the horse: according to studies, the rider's weight should not exceed 20-29% (included material) of the horse. However, some breeds are more promising than others, especially the traits and features half- PF 26 . The operation of some horses for equestrian tourism mounted or harnessed, among other Camargue , generates considerable suffering for lack of rest or Care 27 PF . A petition is brought into Russia by Nevzorov Haute Ecole requesting a total ban of equestrian and horse sports, arguing that this practice is against nature for the horse, causing him great pain in the mouth (up to 300 kg of pressure per square inch) and damaged his neurological system. It follows a long investigation into the practical professional riders with photographs taken and realization of autopsies high horse with physical damage to the horse riding 39 . While the subject was taboo until at least 2015 PF 28 , a growing number of riders do not ride (or more) on horseback, believing that this is a source of discomfort for the animal PF 1 . The sociologist Jerome michalon believes that "this trend is in line with the company" PF 1 . Laetitia Bataille , however, described as "extremist" the idea that all forms of riding would be an abuse PF 29 . Material impact Head of a brown horse with eyes rolling back in ears, tongue out of the mouth. Polo mare enrênée Related Articles: Mors , whip , reins and bridle . Horse riding involves the use of a wide variety of material: artificial aid such reins and whip , and tack ( saddle and bridle with two bits, or without). Misuse of this material makes riding uncomfortable or even painful for the horse. The nosebands are often too tight, while the official recommendation is to insert two fingers between it and the head PF 30 , PF 31 . The jaws , which can affect the tongue or teeth of the horse according to the position of his head, created pressure that becomes a real pain when the reins are tightened 40 . Become chronic, the pain escalates into neuralgia which radiates the horse's head up his ears and his nose. To avoid this problem, some riders are working their horse without bit PF 32 . The saddle should fit snugly to the morphology of the animal to avoid pain, but this is not always the case. A study in Brazil showed that over 50% of stools are not adapted to the horse that carries them, 40% of them being placed too far forward on the backs PF 33 . In horses victims of a hard hand, tongue turns blue under the action of the bit and bridle, a "very painful" phenomenon that can cause "irreversible lingual lesions" 34 PF . The rider can also be misused the spurs and whip . In equestrian sports In the middle of horse racing , the growth of young foal is stimulated by a specific diet 41 . These foals are put to work at the age of eighteen months and those who do not adapt to the races are reformed . Reformed, which are an important part of slaughter for horse meat, frequently develop health and behavioral problems 42 . Harness trotters According to the Australian scientist Paul McGreevy, the use of the whip for the horse races is "the form of the most public and most televised violence in the world today" . It raises more ethical problem because of the pain inflicted on an animal generally exhausted by the effort PF 8 . His study demonstrates that the use (frequent) of shots whip does not translate into better performance in horses race, race horse breeds are already genetically selected to run as fast as possible S 36 . In addition, blows in the last 200 meters race often affect the horse in the sensitive part of the abdomen, leaving a mark clearly visible. The "pain-whip" invented in England is revealed in the facts as painful as other PF 8 . The discreet use of electric shocks on the horse race seems widespread since 1974, with hundreds of cases discovered. This cruel technology aimed to make them run faster is obviously prohibited officially AP 5 . In equestrian sports Dark brown horse with coiled neck and muzzle close to the chest. Dressage horse mounted under the vertical, an uncomfortable position S 37 . Main articles: Rollkur , Horse Dam obstacles and doping . The sports riding raises the issue of respect for physical and mental limits of the horse. All equestrian sports training require pushed and can be affected by the doping . Horses react poorly to the incessant repetition of the same exercise. Sports riders also tend to employ coercive mechanical means, including reins and severe jaw to push the horse in the attitude that they are looking at the link to get the animal itself to the term a dressage patient PF 35 . Some sports horse training methods are denounced even banned for their cruelty. This is the case of Rollkur (hyperflexion of the neck) in dressage, banned by the International Equestrian Federation if it is obtained by force or maintained more than ten minutes. The dam at the barrier , which consists of hitting the horse's legs to the passage of an obstacle for him to get up earlier, was officially banned in competition and in training. It would still commonly used discreetly. The use of the whip in show jumping competition does not result in better performance, according to a study conducted in 2013 in the UK 36 PF . The competitions of endurance are often at the heart of scandals involving the death of frames during or after the competition PF 37 , and a large number of doping cases PF 38 . These problems are likely the result of a cultural conflict between Western riders and those the Middle East PF 39 . When filming and performances The use of horses during the filming of television series or film frequently causes of animal abuse problems, as pointed out an investigation of the Hollywood refer in 2013. These cases can also occur during the filming of prestigious films such as The Hobbit Peter Jackson which saw the death of three horses in New Zealand . The Animal Humane Association recommends replacing horses as much as possible by the digital imaging . However, in France, there is no official regulations for the safety of horses on film sets PF 6 . Rodeo and uses as fighting animal A rider is about to stick a spade in the neck of a bull. A rejoneador at a Rejón corrida . Related Articles: Rodeo , Picador , Corrida Rejón , stallions Fighting , Horse-baiting and Horses in warfare . Historically, the use of horses as a fighting animal was very common, both in the context of the war than for rituals and entertainment such as horse-baiting . The stallions fighting organized persist in South-East Asia (Southern China and the Philippines). Result in numerous injuries. Some blows exchanged are splashing horses' eyes from their sockets. Stallions can even pull the ears of their rivals. Most animals end covered with bites SPA 9 , 43 , PA 6 . A "progress" has been achieved, however, in 2014, to the extent that the Chinese fighting stallions wounded are not systematically killed and consumed on-site cooking BBQ but treatment for their wounds PF 40 . The rodeo is accused of various interventions to increase the aggressiveness of the horse before the track entrance. Of electric shock are commonly used, leading to the death of an animal in 2012 PA 7 . The growing controversy around events like the Calgary Stampede and Rodeo Houston led to a total ban rodeos in parts of the Americas S 4 . The bullfight involves the participation of a rider, the picador , the frame is protected by a flank , with one or two blindfolded. The Rejón corrida done only on horseback and without protective flank. Accidents can still occur, during which horses were punctured by the bull PF 41 . Writing Horse magazine denounces the code of silence that reigns about the number of horses killed in bullfights. The anti-bullfighting alliance estimates that number to twenty horses per year PF 42 . Slaughter and horse meat Related Articles: horse meat , horse meat , Brumby and Mustang . A typical Asian woman cutting a big bloody carcass area along the coast with a long knife, the speed of the action being suggested by the blur of the photo. Cutting and preparation of carcasses of horses in Mongolia . The consumption of horse meat is a question of ethics , before asking that of animal suffering. This ethical aspect is invoked by protection associations such as SPA , which states that reformed horses are slaughtered for their meat after serving human activities: "First loved and carefully tended, whatever its merits, the brave horse will not experience a peaceful retreat: the first failure, it becomes butcher's meat, and will be led to the slaughter overnight SPA 10 ". The horses intended for human consumption are rarely slaughtered at the place where they are stationed . The question of welfare occurs during transport to the abattoir and slaughter itself. EC Regulation 1/2005 imposes rules throughout the EU , including the obligation to feed and water the animals, prohibiting transport a sick or injured animal and using double-decker trucks. The transport conditions are regularly denounced by animal welfare groups, despite the claims of industry professionals rarely comply with regulations 44 . European Regulation EC 853/2004 is supposed to ensure the horse prior stunning to prevent suffering. Professionals horsemeat say their industry is committed to animal welfare during slaughter. However, the horses of the slaughtering conditions are frequently denounced by associations, both in France than in Belgium , the Netherlands and especially in the Americas 45 . They found and filmed numerous abuses during investigations, such as animals regaining consciousness before bleeding, which leads them to a very great suffering. Eric Baratay and Jean-Pierre Digard explain the rejection of horse meat in developed countries by a change in status of the horse became close to the pet S 38 , S 39 . In the US, the horse is associated with heroic and prestigious cultural baggage which dissociates consumables animals in the public mind S 4 . Associations and protective measures in force There are many combinations of animal protection or expertise in the horse. Among the most active in France include Brigitte Bardot Foundation, (which militates against horse meat), the foundation 30 million friends , the French League for the Protection of the horse (the oldest), the hosting Equine Centre abused or One Voice PF 43 . Internationally, World Horse Welfare is under the patronage of Princess Anne . Some countries or states are very invested in protecting the horse. This is the case of Switzerland, the latest version of the Ordinance on the Protection of Animals in force since 1 st January 2014 prohibits many interventions on the horse, and requires detention conditions which respect their welfare including to allow him contact with other dogs, regular movements and outputs minimum two hours each day 35 . The California made the slaughter of horses and their transport to illegal logging, also banning rodeos. Residents of Massachusetts made much to demand an end to the slaughter in 2004 S 4 . The International Equestrian Federation prohibits obstacles Horse Dam and Rollkur if obtained "by force." The French federation riding has limited the number of shots whip authorized jumping three in 1990 S 21 . The course jumping and eventing are increasingly regulated internationally. The number of daily journey jumping horse is limited and any fall is eliminatory S 40 . Conversely, many countries have no law to protect the horses and animals in general. This is the case of China . Practice Country or organization that prohibited or restricted (date) Country or organization allowing full Docking (Other interventions on the tail generally enjoy a legal vacuum ) S 41 Germany 4 Austria (2004) 4 Belgium (2001) 4 Denmark (1991) 4 United Kingdom (1949) 4 Ireland (1965) 4 Norway (1974) 4 Switzerland 35 Tail docking is not specifically prohibited in France, but it prevents the participation of animals in competitions and horse riding, as well as any activity sponsored by the State since 1996 4 . In the absence of federal law, 12 US states prohibit (California, South Carolina, Connecticut, Columbia, Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New York, Ohio and Washington) S 42 , as well as five regions of Australia S 43 . Canada S 43 Branding Total ban: Denmark, Netherlands, Belgium, Scotland PF 18 . Limitation: France (mandatory labeling deleted from the classic cycle in 2005) PF 18 Germany ( Local anesthesia compulsory from 2019) PF 18 Névrectomies and insensibilisations skin in competition International Equestrian Federation Switzerland 35 Dam to the obstacle International Equestrian Federation (2008) S 44 United States ( United States Equestrian Federation , permitted only with a stick of bamboo until 2008, been banned since) S 44 Switzerland (2014) 35 Rollkur / Hyperflexion International Equestrian Federation (on any international competition if kept in force and / or more than ten minutes, February 2010) Switzerland (total ban, in January 2014) 35 , PF 44 Hot whip International Equestrian Federation, 3 in jumping competitions obstacles PF 8 French Equestrian Federation , 3 jumping competition (1990) and prohibition aim for the head. 7 strokes authorized horse race PF 45 Shaving whiskers Switzerland 35 Germany 23 Soring and other binding devices hooves United States (1970) Switzerland 35 Electrical Instruments Switzerland 35 Detention with a closing wire France (if establishment open to the public) 46 Switzerland (2010) 47 Slaughter without stunning France (1974) European Union (2004) 48 Country hippophages practicing the Muslim ritual slaughter : Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Turkmenistan (in theory) 49 . Slaughter United States (2007-2013) PF 46 . All others, including the UK PA 8 and the United States since 2013 PF 46 Reviews Wearing bust of a grizzled man sitting wearing glasses, shirt and vest in a relaxed break. The anthropologist Jean-Pierre Digard is very critical of the movement of the horse protection The ethnologist Jean-Pierre Digard is very critical of the Horse Protection Actions since the end of the xx th century. He believes that "these criticisms increasingly severe systematically made by some protectionist movements" (which he calls "animalitaires" S 17 ) and "complacently relayed and amplified by a part of the equestrian press " S 21 are likely to lead the prohibition of equestrian sports and riding, and the extinction of the horse itself for lack of use S 24 . This review is however not shared PF 47 , teaching a more ethical riding constituting a barrier to the threat of extinction of the horse for lack of use. In addition, the development of cloning will soon resurrect extinct species and breeds PF 48 . The anthropomorphism and horse against ignorance are real obstacles to proper consideration of animal welfare, many people wrongly believed to be the "good" horse S 27 . An example is the proliferation of " horse rescues internet . " Calls for donations are used to buy horses destined for slaughter, but the people who then host may not have the knowledge or financial means to ensure their well-being in the long term. These animals are then condemned to a "slow death" PF 49 . Another is the "false good idea" to ban horse slaughter, which generated more animal suffering in the end, when it was supposed the prevents PF 12 . Similarly, the fashion of natural horsemanship (treeless saddle without jaws mouth, barefoot ...) sometimes leads to inappropriate use of the equipment, or remove it then it would be necessary PF 50 . References Note ↑ Original version: To break horses . ↑ In the past, horse-drawn traffic bans were frequently motivated by motorist safety. His justification for the welfare of the horse is a novelty. References ↑ Enoff 2014 , p. 13-23 ↑ Among others, an edict issued in 1756 in Britain ordered to cut or carve out an ear to the Breton bidets top quality. View Antoine-Auguste (commander) Saint-Gal de Pons , Origins of Breton horse. Haras de Langonnet. Deposits from Lamballe and Hennebont. The deposit goes from Guingamp , Quimper, Celjoarion 1931 ( read online ) , p. 37 ↑ The cruelty of the Middle Ages spurs has likely given the popular expression "ride to spur cutting edge" in French. See: Brigitte Prévot and Bernard Ribémont , The Horse in France in the Middle Ages: its place in the medieval world; his medicine, the example of a veterinarian treated the xiv th century, Cirurgie horses , vol. 10 Medievalia, Caen, Paradigm, 1994, 522 p. ( ISBN 9782868780720 , online presentation ) , p . 155-156 ↑ a , b , c , d , e , f , g , h and i Diane Lefebvre (PhD), Caudotomie Belgian draft horse , Council of Welfare Belgian animal, June 2006 ( read online ) ↑ Reeve and Biggs 2011 , p. "The Birth of Equine Welfare" (eBook) ↑ a and b Reeve and Biggs 2011 , p. Welfare efforts in Britain ↑ a and b ( in ) Margo DeMello, Speaking for Animals: Animal Autobiographical Writing , Routledge, 2012 ( ISBN 0415808995 and 9780415808996 ) , Introduction; 224 ↑ ( in ) Merriam-Webster Merriam Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature 1995 ( ISBN 0877790426 and 9780877790426 ) , input "Black Beauty" ↑ a and b Ernest Hemingway (trans. René Daumal), Death in the Afternoon , Gallimard, 2012 ( ISBN 2072447712 and 9782072447716 ) , p. 1-6 ↑ Pascal Dibie , The Passion of the eyes: Test against the cold science , Métailié Editions, coll. "Crossings", 1998, 186 p. ( ISBN 9782864242895 ) , p. 141 . ↑ ( in ) " Our Mission " , The British Horse Society ↑ a and b Reeve and Biggs 2011 , p. 'efforts Welfare in America "(eBook) ↑ Elisabeth Hardouin-Fugier, history of bullfighting in the eighteenth to the twenty-first century Europe , Knowledge and Skills, 2005, 382 p. ( ISBN 9782753900493 ) , pp. 154-155 ↑ ( in ) " The Horse Protection Act " , Animal Care. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (accessed 15 March 2013 ) ↑ Carlos Pereira Henriques , the first Portuguese Riding treated Study: Livro da ensinança de bem cavalgar toda sela, King Dom Duarte , Editions L'Harmattan, 2001 ( ISBN 2747506789 and 9782747506786 ) , p. 74 ↑ La Cense , The natural horsemanship knowledge: Part 1 Knowledge 1 & 2 , Vol. 1, Le Cherche Midi, 2004, 87 pp. ( ISBN 9782749102085 ) , presentation editor ↑ Jez 2014 , p. 131-135 ↑ ( in ) James Gillett and Michelle Gilbert , Sports, Animals, and Society , Routledge, 2013, 306 p. ( ISBN 1135019150 and 9781135019150 , read online ) ↑ ( in ) Sharon Udasin, " Knesset panel Approves Ban on horse-drawn carts in cities " , The Jerusalem Post , September 22, 2014 (accessed 26 January 2015 ) ↑ P. Guerin, Mr. Orchard, J. Mos, G. Arnaud, N. and L. Baudoin Marnay, " estimate body condition " , The National Stud / IFCE, July 2014 (accessed 20 January 2015 ) ↑ Anne -Couroucé Malblanc , "Diseases of the old horse" in diseases of horses , France Agricultural Press, 2010 ( ISBN 2855571685 and 9782855571683 ) , pp. 294-302 ↑ Enoff 2014 , p. 65-66 ↑ a and b Dr. Marty Becker, " How Their whiskers help horses see " , June 18, 2014 ↑ Julie Deutsch , "gelding or stallion? " in the horse's behavior , Artemis Editions, coll. "The Équiguides", 2006 ( ISBN 2844166407 and 9782844166401 ) ↑ ( in ) Cherry Hill, " Gelding and aftercare " 2008 ↑ ( de ) ( en ) Päivi Nussbaumer, " Castration - the stallion becomes a gelding: Advice Bureau , " The Freiberger , n o 125, 2012, pp. 22-23 ( read online ) ↑ Enoff 2014 , p. 74-121 ↑ ( in ) John Ogilvie , Imperial Dictionary of the English Language , 1883, p. 272 . ↑ Julie Deutsch, care for horses , Artemis Editions, 2007 ( ISBN 2844166415 and 9782844166418 ) , p. 121 . ↑ Enoff 2014 , p. 58-61. ↑ Enoff 2014 , p. 50-52 ↑ a , b and c Enoff 2014 , p. Chapter "Open the cage open to horses! "P. 21-43 ↑ dossier compiled by Lucie Launay Dossier n o 6: Buildings and equestrian facilities engineering, wellness and Ecology , French Institute of horses and riding , 2011 ] ↑ a and b P. Doligez Mr. Vidament, L.Marnay and B. Ferry, " Housing horse welfare " , French Institute of horses and riding / National Stud, September 2014 (accessed 21 January 2015 ) ↑ a , b , c , d , e , f , g , h and i " 455.1 Ordinance on the Protection of Animals (OPA) " , Swiss Federal Council, December 29, 2014 ↑ Coegnet Carolina, " Transport, malaise source " Horse magazine , n o 515, October 2014, p. 76-77 ↑ Michel Dogna, Take Control of Your Health: All major diseases , t. 1, Guy Trédaniel, 2014 ( ISBN 281321163X and 9782813211637 ) , chap. Hormonothéraîe and natural progesterone . ↑ Dr. Louis de Brouwer MD, The pharmaceutical mafia and food , Louise Courteau Editor, ( ISBN 2897280166 and 9782897280161 ) , chap. "Premarin is carcinogenic." ↑ ( in ) Lydia Nevzorova, Nevzorov Haute Ecole Equine Anthology Vol 1 ] . ↑ Cook, Strasser and Kells 2003 , p. 38. ↑ Enoff 2014 , p. 156-158 ↑ Enoff 2014 , p. 162-167. ↑ ( in ) " Horse fighting " , League Against Cruel Sports, February 28, 2011 (accessed 19 November 2014 ) . ↑ " Proposed law to change the legal status of the horse by passing a pet farm animal " on http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/ (accessed August 12, 2010 ) . ↑ Karin Bosteels, " GAIA and Lidl denounce horses suffering " , March 14, 2014 (accessed 20 January 2014 ) ↑ Carius Manual, The right of the horse and riding , France Agricultural Press, 2005 ( ISBN 2855571278 and 9782855571270 ) , p. 25; 122 ↑ ( in ) Daniëlle Career, " Swiss woman fights Against barbed wire ban " , Horses International, June 13, 2013 (accessed 22 January 2015 ) ↑ " REGULATION (EC) No 853/2004 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 29 April 2004 laying down specific hygiene rules for food of animal origin " , the Official Journal of the French Republic , June 25 2004 , p. 22 ↑ The position of the Islamic tradition is mixed, see: ( in ) David Waines, An introduction to Islam , Cambridge University Press, 2004, 2 th ed. , 367 pp. ( ISBN 9780521539067 ) , p. 79and ( in ) Françoise Aubaile-Sallenave, Meat Mediterranean Among Muslims: Beliefs and Praxis , 2004, p. 129. Scientific References ↑ Sergio Dalla Bernardina, The Eloquence of the beasts: when man talking animals , Métailié, 2006, p. 184 ↑ a and b Tozzini 2003 , p. 161. ↑ a and b Georges Chapouthier " Respect for the animal in its historical roots: the animal-object to the sensitive animal , " Bull. Acad. Vet. France , vol. 162, n o 1, 2009, p. 5-12 ↑ a , b , c , d , e and f McIlwraith and Rollin 2011 , p. chap. 1 - Equine Welfare and Ethics, Bernard Rollin ↑ Favre 1993 , p. 3-4 ↑ ( in ) Ann Norton Greene , Horses at Work: Harnessing Power in Industrial America , Harvard University Press, 2009, 336 p. ( ISBN 9780674037908 ) , p. 252 ↑ Favre 1993 , p. 19-20 ↑ Favre 1993 , p. 29-30 ↑ Favre 1993 , p. 25-26 ↑ Favre 1993 , p. 5 ↑ Favre 1993 , p. 7-11 ↑ Favre 1993 , p. 14-15 ↑ Favre 1993 , p. 28 ↑ Favre 1993 , p. 30-31 ↑ a , b , c and d Maurice Agulhon , " The blood of beasts. The problem of animal protection in France in the XIX th century " Romance , n o 31, 1981, p. 81-110 ( read online ) ↑ a , b , c and d Jez 2014 , p. 44 ↑ a , b and c Digard 2007 , p. 183 ↑ Tozzini 2003 , p. 161-162 ↑ Arouna P. Ouedraogo and Pierre Le Neindre, man and beast: A social debate , Quæ editions, 1999 ( ISBN 2738008585 and 9782738008589 ) , pp. 146-148 ↑ Ghislaine Bouchet , The Horse in Paris in 1914 to 1850 , Paris, Librairie Droz, 1993 ( ISBN 9782600045360 , read online ) , p. 227 . ↑ a , b , c , d and e Digard 2007 , p. 186 ↑ Digard 2007 , p. 188 ↑ Jez 2014 , p. 65 ↑ a and b Digard 2007 , p. 188-190 ↑ Jez 2014 , p. 74 ↑ ( in ) P r René van Weeren , " About Rollkur, low, deep and round gold: Why Winston Churchill and Albert Einstein Were Right " , The Veterinary Journal , vol. 196, n o 3, 2013, pp. 290- 3 ( read online ) ↑ a , b and c Jez 2014 , p. 45 ↑ Kathrin Kienapfel Yvonne Link and Uta König von Borstel, " Prevalence of Different Positions in Head-Neck Horses Shown at Dressage Competitions and Their Relation to Conflict Behaviour and Performance Marks " PLoS ONE , vol. 9, n o 8, 4 August 2014 ( read online ) ↑ H. Hama, M. and Y. Yogo Matsuyama, " Effects of stroking horses on Both Humans 'and horses' heart rate responses , " Jpn Psychol. Res. , Vol. 38, 1996, p. 66-73 ↑ Hausberger et al. 2008 , p. 1 ↑ Tozzini 2003 , p. 159. ↑ Tozzini 2003 , p. 160. ↑ Tozzini 2003 , p. 169. ↑ Tozzini 2003 , p. 170. ↑ Tozzini 2003 , p. 171 ↑ ( in ) David Evans and Paul McGreevy, " An Investigation of Performance and Racing Whip Use by Jockeys in Thoroughbred Races " , PLoS ONE , vol. 6, n o 1, January 2011 ( read online ) ↑ ( in ) Uta König von Borstel and Paul McGreevy, " Behind the vertical and behind the times " , The Veterinary Journal , vol. 202, n o 3, December 2014, p. 403-404 ↑ Baratay 2003 , p. 129 ↑ Jean-Pierre Digard , " The Horse in the turmoil of social and cultural changes of the xxi th century " on FNC , National Federation of Horse , December 2008 (accessed 28 February 2011 ) . ↑ Jean-Pierre Digard in Daniel Roche and Daniel Reytier , on horseback! Squires, amazons & jumpers xiv th to xxi th century , Association for the Academy of Equestrian Art of Versailles, 2007, p. 260 ↑ Tozzini 2003 , p. 173-176. ↑ Tozzini 2003 , p. 162-163 ↑ a and b Tozzini 2003 , p. 168 ↑ a and b McIlwraith and Rollin 2011 , p. chap. 19.4 References in the French press ↑ a , b and c Lise Mayrand, " The equi-pedestrians, a new genre? " Horse magazine , n o 518, January 2015, p. 14-15 . ↑ Amélie Tsaag Valren " Black Beauty, a novel for the cause of the horses , " Know Horse , March 2014 ( read online ) ↑ DF, " Tolstoy found " , Le Nouvel Observateur, January 8, 2008 (accessed 21 January 2015 ) ↑ Marie-Morgane Le Moel, " In the Australian Queensland, wild horses is completed evil , " Le Monde , 13 March 2008 ( read online ) ↑ " Massacre of the Brumbies: it again! " Knowing Horse , n o 43, May 2013 ↑ a and b Lise Mayrand, " Lights, Camera ... " Horse magazine , n o 517, December 2014, p. 60-61 ↑ "Tom Dorrance and Ray Hunt, The first whisperers" in " Secrets of the whisperers " Horse magazine , Prest edit, n o 7 (special issue), October 2003 ( read online ) ↑ a , b , c and d Christa Lesté-Lasserre , " In the footsteps of the whip " Cheval magazine , n o 502, September 2013, p. 64-65 ↑ " The dressage rider Ulrike Prunthaller convicted of abuse " Knowing Horse , n o 40 February 2013 ( read online ) . ↑ " The video of a horse beaten by unworthy Saudi kingdom " , France24, February 17, 2014 (accessed 17 January 2015 ) ↑ " Journey to the death , " Horse magazine , n o 463, June 2010, p. 26 . ↑ a , b and c Christa Lesté-Lasserre, " The return of American slaughterhouses " Horse magazine , October 2013, p. 64-65 ↑ " In New York, the war rages around carriages in Central Park " , Science and the Future , March 6, 2014 (accessed 17 January 2015 ) ↑ " The plight of Colombian carriage horses , " Horse magazine , n o 516, November 2014, p. 58 ↑ Christian Carde and Laetitia Bataille , " The Roll Kur: What do you really think? " Knowing Horse , n o 5 November 2009 ( read online ) ↑ Christa Lesté-Lasserre, " When pain is seen " Horse magazine , n o 516, November 2014, p. 45-48 ↑ a and b Laure Marandet " Skip barefoot smooth " Horse magazine , n o 497, April 2013, p. 48-49 ↑ a , b , c , d and e Christa -Lesse Laserre " Marqués iron " Horse magazine , n o 506, January 2014, p. 64-65 ↑ Clémence Lesimple " Weaning: How to ease the transition , " Horse Magazine , n o 517, December 2014, p. 54-55 . ↑ Christa Lesté-Lasserre, " Mr. "Horse Universe" , " Horse magazine , n o 512, July 2014, p. 56-57 ↑ Laetitia Bataille , " Prisoners " Knowing Horse , n o 46 September 2013 ( read online ) ↑ Laure Marandet " Aggressiveness, a "human" problem " Horse magazine , n o 502, September 2013, p. 58-59 . ↑ Delylle Antoinette, " Horses "SDF" , " Horse magazine , n o 497, April 2013, p. 56-57 ↑ " What is the impact of riding on the horse's body? " Horse magazine , n o 511, June 2014, p. 37-38 . ↑ Lesimple Clemence, " Look after her posture at work " Horse magazine , n o 508, March 2014, p. 46-47 . ↑ Christa Lesté-Lasserre, " When overweight becomes "too much weight" , " Horse magazine , n o 514, September 2014, pp. 51_53 . ↑ Antoinette Delylle " rides Plants " magazine Horse , n o 488, July 2012, p. 64-65 . ↑ " These riders are on foot , " Horse magazine , n o 511, June 2014, p. 36 ↑ " Will he athletes happy? " Knowing Horse , n o 59 December 2014 ( read online ) . ↑ Colonel Christian Carde , " Tighten the noseband ... " Knowing Horse , n o 22, June 2011 ( read online ) . ↑ Isa Danne, " Plea against tight noseband " Knowing Horse , n o 37 November 2012 ( read online ) . ↑ Elise Chadeau-Argaud " Working without jaws, a good idea? " Horse magazine , n o 507, February 2014, p. 50 . ↑ Fanny Lattach " inappropriate Saddle: Attention danger " Horse magazine , October 2013, p. 60-61 ↑ D r Jacques Laurent, " How is the phenomenon of "blue tongue"? " Knowing Horse , n o 52 April 2014 ( read online ) . ↑ Christa Lesse Lasserre, " Reconciling well-being ... and competition , " Horse magazine , n o 509, April 2014, p. 56-57 . ↑ " The whip does not jump the horses! " Horse magazine , n o 512, July 2014, p. 58 ↑ MK, " Endurance scandal " , Replay Grand Prix , October 11, 2013 (accessed 23 June 2014 ) . ↑ Stéphane Mandard, " Princess Haya, nag and viper venom " , Le Monde , October 7, 2013 (accessed 19 June 2014 ) . ↑ Yves Riou, " Endurance: a cultural conflict? " Knowing Horse , n o 48, November 2013 ( read online ) . ↑ " barbaric game " Horse magazine , n o 509, April 2014, p. 63 . ↑ " Tragic end for bullfighting horse " , Horse magazine, May 10, 2012 ↑ Delylle Antoinette, " The horses bullfighters have no room for error , " Horse magazine , n o 501, August 2013, p. 56-57 ↑ Delylle Antoinette, " Engage! " Horse magazine , n o 480, November 2011, p. 82-83 ↑ " The Rollkur prohibited in Switzerland " , Horse Knowledge, December-January 2014 ↑ " The Triumph of the whip " , Horse magazine , October 9, 2012 (accessed 21 January 2015 ) ↑ a and b " The United States will allow first horse slaughterhouses since 2007 " , Le Monde , May 4, 2013 (accessed 20 January 2014 ) ↑ " Riding indispensable to the survival of horses? " Horse magazine]] , n o 511, June 2014, p. 39 ↑ Amélie Tsaag Valren, " Can the horse disappear? Travel to the future ... " Knowing Horse , n o 52 April 2014 ( read online ) ↑ Delylle Antoinette, " The slow death of the internet rescued horses , " Horse magazine , n o 511, May 2014, p. 12-13 ↑ " The horse is there an interest to be mounted? " Horse magazine , n o 511, June 2014, p. 35 References to the English press ↑ ( in ) Catrin Einhorn, " Horses Spared in US Face Death Across the Border " , The New York Times , January 11, 2008 (accessed February 4, 2011 ) . ↑ ( in ) Amy Hamilton, " Horse Abandonment Rises " , trib.com, January 24, 2010 (accessed February 4, 2011 ) . ↑ ( in ) " Cases of horse neglect, abandonment Growing in Colorado " , Colorado Springs Gazette, January 24, 2010 (accessed February 4, 2011 ) . ↑ ( in ) Cynthia Wolff, " Do not ban horse slaughter in Illinois " , Chicago Sun-Times , 1 st May 2007 . ↑ ( in ) " was Seamy Side of Sports: Horses With prodding Shocks " , The New York Times , March 27, 2014 ( read online ) ↑ ( in ) Danny Penman, " Tournament of Blood: The sheer horror of horse-fighting " , Daily Mail , February 18, 2008 (accessed 19 November 2014 ) . ↑ ( in ) John M. Glionna, " Electric prod used on horses at Reno Rodeo; group claims coverup " , Los Angeles Times, July 3, 2012 (accessed 21 January 2015 ) ↑ Tom Rawstorne, " How 5,000 horses a year secretly go to slaughter " , Mail Online, January 10, 2008 (accessed 21 January 2015 ) References animal protection associations ↑ " They Shoot Horses, Do not They? " on One Voice (accessed 13 January 2010 ) ↑ ( in ) " Dealing with fallout from horse slaughter ban " , Animal People, November-December 2007 (accessed 3 March 2011 ) . ↑ ( in ) Alisa Mullins, " Israel Becomes First Country to Ban Horse-Drawn Carts " , PETA, September 22, 2014 (accessed 25 January 2015 ) ↑ ( in ) " Investigation Exposes Mumbai's Filthy Horse Stables " , PETA, 2013 (accessed 26 January 2015 ) ↑ " Social behavior " , French League for the Protection of the horse (accessed 21 January 2015 ) ↑ Pili " mare's milk " on http://www.protection-des-animaux.org/ . ↑ ( in ) " Premarin: A Prescription for Cruelty " , PETA (accessed 22 January 2015 ) ↑ ( in ) " Keeping Mares Pregnant Women Can Consume n That Horse Urine " , Animals Liberation Front (accessed 22 January 2015 ) . ↑ ( in ) ' Horse Fighting: Barbaric " , PETA, November 30, 2007 (accessed 19 November 2014 ) . ↑ " horse meat " on SPA asso , Society for the Protection of Animals (accessed October 9, 2009 ) . Annexes On other Wikimedia projects: Abused horses on Wikimedia Commons Related articles Natural horsemanship Animal welfare Animal rights Antispécisme External links Practical Guide for the welfare of the horse , a publication of the Department of French agriculture Reflections on Ethics and the horse , publication of the agroscope Swiss References Pierre Enoff , horses Silence: Advocacy for another equestrian world , Amphora, April 19, 2014, 256 pp. ( ISBN 2851808761 and 978-2851808769 ) Works used for the drafting of Article ( in ) Moira C. Reeve and Sharon Biggs ( photogr. Bob Langrish) "The Birth of equine welfare" in The Original Horse Bible: The Definitive Source for All Things Horse , BowTie Press, 15 September 2011 ( ISBN 1937049256 and 9781937049256 , read online ) Works used for the drafting of Article Academic Work collective , Code of Practice for the care and handling of horses: Literature review on priority issues , the Scientific Committee responsible for the Equine Code of Practice, July 2012 ( read online ) Eric Baratay , The Stepford animals: history of a condition , Odile Jacob . al "Humanities", 2003, 376 pp. ( ISBN 9782738112477 ) Works used for the drafting of Article ( by ) William Robert Cook Hiltrud Strasser and Sabine Kells , Metal in the mouth: the abusive effects of bitted bridles , Sabine Kells, 2003, 138 p. ( ISBN 0968598854 and 9780968598856 ) Jean-Pierre Digard , A history of horse art, technology, society , Actes Sud, coll. "Nature", 1 st March 2007, 296 p. ( ISBN 978-2742764839 ) Works used for the drafting of Article ( by ) David S. Favre , The Development of Anti-Cruelty Laws During The 1800s , Michigan State University College of Law, 1993 ( read online ) Works used for the drafting of Article Martine Hausberger , Hélène Roche , Séverine Henry and E. Kathalijne Visser , " Synthesis human relationship - Horse " Applied Animal Behaviour Science , University of Rennes I , Vol. 109, 2008, p. 1 -37 ( read online ) Christine Jez , the French horse industry in 2030 , Editions Quae, March 20, 2014, 158 p. ( ISBN 2759221288 and 9782759221288 , read online ) Works used for the drafting of Article ( in ) C. Wayne McIlwraith and Bernard E. Rollin , Equine Welfare , vol. 8 UFAW Animal Welfare, John Wiley & Sons, 2011, 488 p. ( ISBN 1444397818 and 9781444397819 , read online ) Works used for the drafting of Article ( in ) S. Tozzini , " Hair today, gone tomorrow: equine crimes and cosmetic --other Details of woe " , Animal Law Review , 2003, pp. 159-181 ( read online )

French language and machine translation don't get along very well

Welfare of the horse Main article: Animal Welfare .

Horse rescued by a protection group while he was starving. The welfare of the horse means the conditions of life and acceptable use for this species domesticated as opposed to setting any voluntary or involuntary suffering, whether through beatings, mutilation, neglect or ill treatment suitable. Debates about the welfare and abuse in the horse are recent. In the nineteenth century , when the horse died at work is commonplace, a first wave of awareness is born with the Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and the publication of the novel Black Beauty in England . France is following suit with the creation of the French League for the Protection of the horse and Grammont law in 1850. Similar concerns affecting the United States. The debate intensifies and extends throughout the West in the next century regarding the use of the horse during the wars , the end of his presence in the city, its sports training, the hippophagie or its conditions of livestock and detention. The United States ratify the 1970 Horse protection act to stop the soring and gingering . In the early twenty-first century broke new controversies, especially around the training Rollkur , the endurance and circulation of horse-drawn vehicles .

The notion of well-being is complex as regards the horse. Long considered incapable of feeling pain in the Western world, this animal is very quiet and it shows only few signs of its eventual discomfort, which makes its detection particularly difficult. Sociable, the horse needs to spend and spend most of their time feeding in nature. He suffers prolonged confinement in stable, isolates and unable to graze .

The International Equestrian Federation now prohibits obstacles Horse Dam and Rollkur. Several countries, including Switzerland , have passed laws to protect horses. The docking , too long transport and artificial aids in equestrian sports competitions or horse are subject to bans or national or European limitations. Transport to slaughterhouses are regulated. In the context of increased research welfare for the horse, new practices such as the natural horsemanship , setting "barefoot" even refusal of riding developed. They suggest a major concern for the welfare of the horse in the future.

History Engraving of a horse right, by two dogs attacked This Themselves Encouraged by two men left. Scene Horse-baiting from an engraving of Joseph Strutt in the fourteenth century : this English entertainment is to fight a horse against one or more other animals, usually dogs. The domestication of the horse allowed the man to use this animal for a variety of tasks: plowing, transport, war ... the very use of the horse, from one point of view antispéciste , is the implementation of species in slavery and the workers work. The horse may become useless even slaughter and processing food source for humans. Pierre Enoff believes that overall, this is closer to a drive that imposes conditions of life "prison" to the horse, as a symbiosis between humans and animals . Italian anthropologist Sergio Dalla Bernardina explains this horse by the desire of a part of the human population to be "Master" and "bully living beings": "Those who love total submission prefer dogs or horses. Followers of the light submission choose cats " . Volunteers injuries, mutilations and horses kills (witness the sacrifices , the hippophagie the horse-baiting and organization of stallions fighting ) are well documented in many parts of the world. Horses are commonly killed on the battlefield , marked with iron , cut from ear to be recognized more quickly , spurred , or caudectomisés (amputated tail) from the seventeenth century , to prevent the tail trapping between their harnesses .

The consideration of a concept of well-being of the horse is recent in history. Religious and philosophical conception of animals in the Western world has long denied them any pain sensitivity (and therefore the ability to feel a malaise), according to the theory of machine pet stated by René Descartes in the seventeenth century . However, the civilization of Islam testifies at a time of great respect for the horse, granting it (among others) the opportunity to spend the night in the tent of his master . In the early twenty-first century , the horse is widely recognized by biologists (and the scientific world in general) as a "sentient" . This change accompanies that of any Western society, entrance from the middle of the twentieth century in a benevolent movement against pets, with a growing recognition of their individuality . A common mistake is the belief that advances in respect for the well-being of the horse from the ethical and scientific considerations. In reality, these advances have been almost exclusively obtained by the demands of activists and the general public .

nineteenth century Related article: Horse in the nineteenth century . England Related article: Black Beauty . The first movement awareness to the cause of the horses born in England in the late eighteenth century . A law prohibits willfully beat the horse is proposed in the 1820s , but not adopted . The Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals was founded in 1824 in London , in response to this animal suffering. Its logo is an angel came to punish a man strikes his horse .

The novel Black Beauty , published in 1877 in Victorian England, is known as the first book that focuses on the welfare of the horse . Its originality is to defer to several horses who recount their daily suffering, as an autobiography . It results in a high awareness for this cause horses. The author Anna Sewell is very ahead of its time in terms of animal welfare , the novel takes sides against the reins in tow, the blinkers and tail docking . According Amélie Tsaag Valren he "somehow prefigures the disappearance of the horse in town. Anna Sewell shows that animal flesh and blood, who feels pain and sorrow, has no place in the urban environment and the industrial society of London " . This novel caused controversy by England to its output. It is that over time it becomes a bestseller . Anna Sewell, died five months after its publication, says his goal was to improve the plight of horses in this country . The result is beyond his expectation, since the output of the novel in the United States in a pervasive suffering equine context allows debate to settle in this country. Multiple translations of the novel have even led to debates in Europe .

United States A carriage pulled by a horse That opens her mouth wide and semble to-have frozen in place American print published in 1880, advising control carriage horses restive by the application of electric shocks . US documents relate several cases of exploitation of the horse leading to abuse, especially in omnibus companies and trams . These horse-drawn vehicles are often overloaded, horses towing an implement them are beaten and subjected to hard labor .

Early definitions of a notion of abuse of horses are moving on their deprivation of food and care, and hitting the . The Court New York is a pioneer, publishing a law that punishes those who deliberately kill or torture an animal (including horses) 1829. The state court of New Jersey addresses the case of a man who beat his horse died in 1858, but found nothing illegal to hit his own horse in spite of the problem with such a public spectacle . In 1860, the State of Pennsylvania condemn those who beat a horse to a fine of two hundred dollars, double what risk a mother who beat her child under seven years. The horse theft and mutilation of animals belonging to others are severely punished, reflecting mainly financial incentives and 'societal'. Beat his horse without reason is considered "evil" and immoral, but the pain felt by the animal is not taken into account. The punishment of those who abuse their own horses is not immediately on the agenda , the law can not be applied if proof is provided that the horse was beaten with real "bad intentions" . The notion of " torture "of animals was introduced into US law in the late nineteenth century , for the case of a man who used acid on the hoofs of his horses . The trend is also felt by lawsuits involving omnibus leaders accused of over-exploiting the horses .

In France Etching a horse suspended Vertically, straw entre les legacy. Descent of a horse in a mine in France. In the early nineteenth century, abuse is very common, especially for draft horses at the time of the July Monarchy . The side frustrates carters, quick to use the whip and scream their horses, leaves behind the phrase "swear like a trooper." When a horse falls into his harness, Carter tries often to do stand up and kicked in the stomach . Often horses die of exhaustion at work, in the street . Multiple witnesses, including a poem by Victor Hugo wrote in 1838 demonstrate the pervasiveness of this public abuse work horses . The development of savage capitalism grows to cruel treatment, especially when the horse unable to work is sent to the knacker . Considered useless, these horses sometimes wait for days before being shot and dying as a result of hunger and thirst. This contrast between the condition of the working horses and the horses of the middle class and the wealthy classes causes discomfort in French society . In 1845, the Humane Society was born to protect horses from abuse . Jacques-Philippe Delmas de Grammont , a former officer of cavalry , created the French League for the Protection of the horse in 1850 and makes vote the law bearing his name that year, prohibiting the deliberate abuse of animals. A debate however agitated France at the end of the century regarding the bullfighting (including hernias horse), contrary to the law Grammont .

Other countries Tolstoy published in 1885 the new Le Cheval , leaving the floor to a piebald horse named Surveyor. He relates in particular its castration , debuting in harness, harnessed and ability to race until his death, bled by the knacker .

xx century Related article: Horse in the twentieth century . Ernest Hemingway , Death in the Afternoon (1932) I can not see a horse fall into the street without feeling this show the urgent need to help the animal .

There are more changes in the perception of well-being of the horse since the second half of the twentieth century than in any past history . According to Jean-Pierre Digard , sensitivity to the treatment of horses pass respect to a true love , bringing with it a new problem. While abuse were usually the result of people who physically exploited horses in the past, the twentieth century saw the birth of abuse ignorance of the animal's needs, anyone can own a particular horse for leisure S . Jean-Pierre Digard also think that the feminization of the equestrian world contributes significantly to the development of the phenomenon .

Anti-docking movements Opposition to the docking born in the United States at the beginning of the century, when automobiles replaced horses for transportation. The first US state laws are created to ban, arguing that it is a cruel practice and become useless, which prevents the horse to hunt insects with his tail . It is progressively banned or severely discouraged in many countries. France to limit the possibilities of use in 1996, at the instigation of Brigitte Bardot . Philippe Vasseur then approves a "series of actions to enforce a code of conduct towards animals" .

Anti-slaughter movement and anti-hippophagie Related article: Wild and free-roaming horses and burros act 1971 . The hippophagie becomes the target of criticism from growing. While in the 1910s , this consumption is common for French , it decreases in the second half of the century. A food taboo also affects horse meat in the Anglo-Saxon world .

In England, the movement of "Horse welfare" his first big emerging activist Ada Cole at the beginning of the century. Moved by the plight of the British working horses, exploited their whole lives before being exported to Belgium and slaughtered for their meat, it created in 1927 the International League for the Protection of Horses . It succeeds in passing the ban on the export of live horses for meat British ten years later. The organization she founded, since renamed World Horse Welfare , continued his horse protection campaigns worldwide . In 1947 the British Horse Society created in the UK includes the protection of the horse ("welfare") among its tasks . The great figure of the defense equine mid-century, however, is the US Velma Bronn Johnston , called "Wild Horse Annie". Born in 1912, she began to campaign in 1950 to end the movement and slaughter of mustangs and wild donkeys under pressure from settlers. According to his testimony, this commitment comes the day when she found out on the road, a truck mustangs dripping blood on the way to the slaughterhouse. In 1959, its action pushes the US government to issue a federal law that prohibited the slaughter of mustangs on state-owned lands. Considering this lack of victory, Velma Bronn Johnston manages to adopt the Wild Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act in 1971 by Richard Nixon , which prohibits mistreatment of mustangs .

Conversely, the Australia takes no special law in favor of its local wild horses introduced in the late eighteenth century century to meet the needs of the settlers, nor donkeys. From the 1980s until 2013, the slaughter of these animals for helicopters sparks outrage many animal advocates. Meat Brumbies then used to make the dog mash , . Long live bled, horses slaughtered for meat in the West are now stunned with a captive bolt pistol to to save their suffering. Brigitte Bardot , however, reveals the conditions of transport of Polish horses for slaughter to the public in 1983, causing a stir . The equestrian centers , which house the majority of riders, hiding from the 1990s reformed sending horses to slaughterhouses for fear of losing customers. The first rescue centers for abused or threatened equine resale to the slaughter are created at the same time . The hippophagie down 60% between 1980 and 2001 in France .

Regulation of bullfighting in Spain In Spain, the frequent horse étripements in arenas bullfighting grow Miguel Primo de Rivera in 1928 to impose the protective flank the peto . Therefore, the opposition to bullfighting is greatly reduced . In 1932, Ernest Hemingway writes in Death in the Afternoon the indefensible side of these horses murder from the perspective of his contemporaries, although their finds himself a comic side .

Horse protection act 1970

Branding of a horse in the United States in 1938. Main article: Horse protection act 1970 . In the US, the 'Animal Humane Association was created in 1940 to oppose the many horses died during the film shooting Western . A movement of opinion (mainly supported by lawyers) denounces the cruelty of multiple practices on horses: use of severe jaw, excessive use of the whip , drives with electric shocks , cuts of the language in reining and more generally the attitude macho of a large sector of the horse industry, that it is normal to hit a horse to establish a relationship of dominance and show "who is the master" . This movement led to the vote of Horse protection act 1970 , to ban soring (compression clogs in a compensated wedge) and gingering (introduction of irritating substances into the vagina or anus, to give the horses a feisty attitude) . Between the 1950s and 2010s, a dozen horse protection associations are created in the US

Other controversies Towards the end of the century, new controversies appear against practices such as obstacles dam horse (of striking the legs of a horse crossing an obstacle for him to get up earlier the next hop), the marking iron red (banned in several countries of the European Union), the harnessing of trotters and journey of endurance riding . Several US organizations are trying to ban cross-proof Atlanta Olympics in 1996, citing the danger of fixed obstacles for horses . The development of natural horsemanship is inseparable from this growing sensitivity to the horse at the end of the twentieth century . Early practitioners from the middle of the western US. They develop this approach with reaction to the traditional practices of cowboys who "break horses" , to offer an alternative to western riding . The pioneers are Tom Dorrance and Ray Hunt . Since the 1980s , this trend has gradually in the equestrian landscape and know that vehicle is codified . The hit movie of Robert Redford , The Horse Whisperer (1998) popularized the principles of natural horsemanship to a wide audience .

xxi century a brown and black horse in the middle of a road, a big piece of wood hanging on one leg. Horse wearing a hindrance in Galicia . In the twenty-first century , the concern for the protection of the horse is still present in Western society, and increasingly internationalized. Some professional riders are singled out or convicted for abuse. The American show jumping rider Michal Morrissey scoop € 5,000 fine and three month suspension for having given 13 to whip his horse on a competition in Florida in 2010 . The rider dressage Austrian Ulrike Prunthalier was sentenced to a fine of € 4,000 in 2012 to have led his horses with pebbles under the noseband and electric shocks .

Existing laws for the protection of the horse in France in 2014 are considered by INRA as concerned about the well-being of the animal . The same year, the video of a horse beaten in Saudi Arabia creates a strong reaction in the country where the animal is pampered . The prospective considering the increased concern for the welfare of the horse throughout the twenty-first century , which could lead to the gradual ban on horse racing , a stricter regulation of riding as learning riding center and development of companionship with the horse, at least in France and in Western countries , , .

Rollkur Main article: Rollkur . The controversial Rollkur begins in 2005 with the release of a German newspaper article denouncing the Dutch training methods in dressage , including that of placing the horse with his nose in the chest with the help of reins . It causes a violent debate in the world of equestrian sports , going to the death threats riders surprised to train their horses Rollkur, and competition organizers allowed them to do so. The International Equestrian Federation eventually created a distinction between Rollkur itself and relaxation in a position "low and round" without use of force, in 2010 . Despite this official ban, no reprimand and no sanctions were sent to coaches and dressage riders known to practice Rollkur .

Controversy over the closure of US slaughterhouses A violent debate stirs the US, around the closure of slaughter horses. First supported and promoted in 2005, it has gradually canceled since 2013. The original idea was to protect the horses from a cruel death, but in reality, the closure of abattoirs on American soil resulted by sending massive horses that nobody wants ("unwanted horses") to the US border, where they earn the neighboring countries . According to US sources, the number of dropouts and cruelty to horses increased , . The Los Angeles Times reported a greater number of interventions for abused horses in California , where horse slaughter was banned earlier than in other states , however, contradicted information by the University of California Davis , who claims not to have observed increase in abuse . Unwanted horses from the US territory are sent to Mexico , to Canada and Brazil to be slaughtered, traveling over enormous distances and in hellish conditions to achieve the slaughterhouses, which means for them a high level of stress . Reopening US slaughterhouses has been advocated in 2013 for protection reasons .

Infuriated by the threats of the horse protection associations, a horse slaughterhouse worker in New Mexico has released a video in which he shot his own horse with a bullet. The slaughter of his own horse being legal in this country, it has had no conviction. This animal called "Justice" is now celebrated as the martyr of the equine slaughter. This act has exacerbated the controversy surrounding the slaughter in this country .

Traffic horse-drawn carriages Hitch brown horse emaciated. Horse-drawn vehicle in Saharanpur , India. Much controversy broke out in 2013 and 2014 regarding the use of horse-drawn urban or highways . In New York , the ban on carriage of Central Park , symbols of the city for a century, is proposed by the mayor for protection reasons. However, the survey shows a possible collusion with real estate . Israel is the first country to completely ban horse-drawn carriages traffic on the roads and in the streets of its cities in 2014, to fight against abuse which experienced by horses and donkeys. The only exception is the tourist carriages . This action is accompanied by a peace march that brings together 4,000 supporters to animal rights .

The death of carriage horses doomed to tourist visits in the streets of Cartagena , Colombia, is denounced as an abuse , like the detention conditions of carriage horses at Mumbai in India .

Signs and sources of discomfort in the horse

Emaciated horse put to work during the great famine of 1932-1933 in Ukraine. To facilitate a definition of the concept of "well-being of the horse", the INRA advises to refer to the "five freedoms" defined by the Farm Animal Welfare Council in 1979 :

absence of hunger, thirst and malnutrition; Freedom from discomfort; absence of physical pain, illness and injury; opportunity to express normal behavior of the species; absence of fear and anxiety. The first three criteria are quite simple to recognize and enforce, but this is rarely the case for the last two . Unlike other domestic animals such as dogs, horses expresses very few external signs of malaise in particular, it does not scream . The fouaillements nuisance tail reflect his discomfort , but they can also be a way for him to hunt insects. The lameness is easy to detect, refusing to lift a limb or let it be touched may indicate pain. In general, a horse sweats profusely, agitated, lies down and rolls on the ground or trembling certainly experiencing suffering. The look towards the belly is especially a sign of colic . The expression of the head with ears laid back as a valuable information.The psychological pain manifested among others by a profound lack of concern over the environment, and other symptoms quite similar to those of depression . A sudden drop in performance, stiffness in the work indicate a physical problem hidden PF 16 .

If too thin horse is clearly suffering, the state of overweight , more difficult to identify, generate as much physical problems including a high risk of laminitis 20 . Similarly, a thin horse may not be abused, the old age home involving an increased susceptibility to disease and difficulty gaining weight 21 . The condition of the shoes is also a clue. A horse whose hooves are very long (including returned slipper) or split neglect and suffering.

Different cases problematic for the welfare of the horse

Injury resulting from part of polo

Obesity

Fouaillement tail and attempt to escape the jaws

Painful attachment

Emotional factors are suspected to cause discomfort. If horses show no signs of discomfort as they are viewed in the eyes or not, a study suggests they perceive the emotional state of man, and are influenced by it. Their heart rate increases in the presence of a person who claims to have fear or dislike horses, while it is normal in the presence of a person who claims to love the animal or be neutral to its presence S 29 .

Debated practices Many questions arise about the conditions of life that man requires the domestic horse. They often turn away from the life of the species at large . The horse is a social animal in nature, which supports badly isolation. It is up depressed and stop eating if their contact needs are not met SPA 5 . However, the horse can experience ill-being without human not had the intention of many cases resulting from ignorance or negligence. Man also tend to think that the horse should be permanently available 22 . A deficit in the living conditions offered to horses often leads to problems of human-horse relationship S 30 .

Physical intervention The horse can undergo various physical interventions, including castration , the docking (tail section), the branding or cutting the whiskers. The attack on the physical integrity of a horse raises ethical questions as that in terms of well-being. As in other animal species, the whiskers of the horse are tactile organs (located around the nose and mouth) that help to perceive the environment outside its field of vision . Banned by Switzerland and Germany, created a real shave their discomfort by reducing the perception of the animal, which can lead the example banging 23 .

Castration Related Articles: Castration and Gelding . Castration is practiced primarily for the convenience of humans, since it usually makes the male horse softer and easier to handle 24 and reduces the risk of conflict between males, while allowing to control the gene pool of rearing 25 . According to Päivi Nussbaumer, veterinarian at the Swiss Institute of equine medicine (ISME), "surgical castration is demanding, painful and can lead to severe complications" 26 .

Forged, soring and other interventions on the foot

Image to X-ray showing the foot of a Tennessee Walking Horse victim soring . Related Articles: Hinges and Soring . The case of manufacture is special. Originally, it was a measure of protection of the equine foot against the wear and tear on the different types of hard floors. However, its usefulness is questioned by a growing number of riders who feel that putting "barefoot" more consistent with the nature of the horse PF 17 . According to Pierre Enoff, the horse did not really need a fitting, it's frustrating locomotion and sensory perception by forcing it to rely solely on the hoof walls, unable to use his sole nor assess the difficult terrain 27 . The dominant position of professionals of the horse world, including farriers , is to see in the fitting protective act for the shoe. Similarly, setting barefoot too fast can be harmful to a horse that has long lived if his foot rail unprepared PF 17 .

The practice of soring in Tennessee in the United States is denounced against unambiguously as an abuse, by different veterinarians and specialists of the horse. Prohibited by the Horse Protection act 1970 , it is chock heavily weighted and fixed to compress the front feet, forcing the horse to move in an artificial way.

Branding Related article: Branded . Branding is less common than in the past. In France and Germany, its main purpose is the marketing and promotion of the animals. The purpose of identification, proof of ownership of lost or stolen animals, became obsolete with the generalization of the microchip . The use of branding to identify animals and guard against theft is considered unreliable. According to a study conducted at the University of Göttingen (2013), buyers are willing to pay about 12% more for a horse marked PF 18 . The branding causes severe pain and may be seen as an act cruelty, a "suffering in the name of tradition and marketing." The red iron causes skin exposure to heat 700 degrees. The sharp iron horse keeps a higher body temperature of 4 ° C on the day of its marking, and 2 to 4 ° C the following six days. The body part that was marked presents the typical lesions of a burning third degree with necrotic flesh PF 18 .

Interventions on the tail Big horse seen from behind which the cut tail has the appearance of a round ball of fur Draft horse Ardennes Belgian caudectomisé. Related Articles: Tail Docking and tail of the horse . There are many interventions on the tail of the horse , mainly for aesthetic reasons (the practical reasons having disappeared with the horse-drawn to scale). According to Sandra Tozzini, these practices are ethically reprehensible to the "criminal" and all generate suffering "without purpose" S 31 . Cut tail or artificially raise often drives the horse to have more action noted in his gaits S 32 .

The docking (or caudotomie) is the most common interventions on the tail. Removal of the last vertebrae coccyx by cutting, it has a shorter tail or a round stump. Tail docking almost exclusively concerns the draft horses and hitch S 2 . Clean the Anglo-Saxon world, niquetage (English nickering ) is a shut-down of the muscles of the tail, which results in the face. The animal must wear a device called " tail set "after the operation for that muscle atrophy is complete. This device is unpleasant and prevents it from going outdoors S 33 . The tail block (" tail blocking ") is performed by injecting alcohol into the nerve that controls movement of this Appendix, preventing the horse to move his tail. This practice less invasive than previous unlawfully used for contests where the tail movement, discomfort horse testimony is a disqualifying reason S 34 . The block of the tail can cause complications such as ataxia S 35 . L 'introduction of alcohol, spices or other irritating substances into the anus or vagina , called gingering is used to force the horse to maintain its high tail and give the impression of a frisky animal 28 .

Terms of breeding

Covering in-hand Related Articles: Horse Reproduction and mare's milk . Breeding conditions of domestic horse show obvious differences with the wild, either reproductive, education foal or the use of other questionable practices and techniques. Riding in hand, reproduction method that involves impairment of a mare in heat before applying to the standard is treated as a " rape organized. " The lack of foreplay can panicking mare 29 .

The withdrawal of the foal usually occurs much later released in a farm, where he was separated from his mother at the age of six months 30 . Although the six-month foal has passed the milk of its mother in a forage diet, age of separation is considered too early to ensure he has learned enough from his mother. This can lead the foal develop later stable defects or other problems. One way to avoid it is to wean foals group, and keep within that group one or more adult horses other than their mother, so that foals can continue to learn the social codes of their own species PF 19 . The mare's milk production also poses an ethical question, the presence of the foal being necessary to the flow of milk in the mare. Take milk means it will not be consumed by the colt, and induces a strong chance that it is sold at the abattoir (as deficient) SPA 6 .

Some owners of young foals manipulate them excessively, leading the foal to consider the human as a member of its own species, and can cause serious behavioral problems 31 . The use of obstruction is known for some extensive farms in semi-freedom, to prevent some horses too far. In addition to forcing them to move in step, the obstruction causes pain.

The selection criteria of certain breeds grow to give birth to horses that suffer from their morphology . This is the case of Quarter Horses and Paint Horses for Halter selected as hefty as possible on members purposes, which hurts the horse in the feet in addition to promoting the proliferation of a genetic disease of the muscles . Moreover, these horses are often supplemented with steroids and confined in small spaces, to keep their excessive musculature PF 20 .

Detention conditions Horses detention conditions have changed little in developed countries. In the wild, these animals move every day 10 to 15 km and spend most of their lives to graze on fresh grass 32 .

Box and stall

Horses in their boxes in Hungary . Related Articles: Stable and Stable Vices . It usually remains locked up in stables , in a booth or stall when humans do not use. The size of the box is reduced (3 to 4 meters apart for 2.50 m high), one of the stall is even more so. The horse has very little room to move. This confinement stable, often reinforced by the presence of grids, also deprives him of contacts with other dogs. His food is thrown on the floor, where it is sometimes forced to urinate and defecate 32 . According to the definition of well-being of the horse advocated by INRA and Farm animal welfare council , life in box stalls or prevents the horse to express normal behavior of its kind, it is therefore a form maltreatment S 27 . Other scholars like Peter Enoff (which compares the horse box to a goldfish in a glass of water 32 ) and Laetitia Bataille (which compares the official term "equine detention" vocabulary prison ) PF 21 also believe that the box layout generates suffering. The evils of extended box stall or life are at the origin of stable vices . These domestic horse behavior problems often come from isolation and lack of exercise. Their expression can be varied 33 . The French Institute of the horse and riding advises to never leave the horse alone or pre or to the stable 34 . In the case of a formal or box stall, Swiss law requires that the horse is out at least two hours every day 35 . Finally, these living conditions generate aggression: they are more distant from the conditions offered in the wild, most relationship problems between horses increase PF 22 .

Pre Life in the meadow on a surface allowing the horse to move and graze freely, however, is not an absolute guarantee of well-being. It remains dependent on humans for their care. The case of horses escaped from their pre straying may result from external malicious, but also of poor consideration of needs (lack of food, water freezing in the trough in winter near a scary element ...) that drives him to escape. The ramblings are causing many serious accidents, especially in collisions with vehicles PF 23 . The use of barbed wire is also a source of accidents. The horse must, in any case, have a shelter to protect from the elements and protection against the wind. To better meet the horse's needs while facilitating its maintenance, the Germans created the concept of "active team," which is based on new technologies . The horses are housed in groups, automatically fed according to their needs, and have unlimited access to resting and relaxing 34 .

Transportation The transport of horses is inherently contrary to the five freedoms because of the limited space available, the lack of access to food and water. Studies also show a marked increase in the stress of the horse during the transport, in particular at the beginning. This stress decreases with the experiments, but still present. In addition, the movements of the van transporting force the horse to regularly correct its position, which can severely stress in the long run. The lack of water is a real problem, all the horses sweating a lot during transportation. Stops to allow him to drink are essential to his well-being, access to hay is a not insignificant 36 .

Producing mares Premarin Related article: Premarin . Some horses are dedicated to the production of drugs or vaccines . Production of conjugated estrogens sold under the name Premarin (for pregnant mare urine designating the main ingredient, the urine of pregnant mares) has been widely criticized (including by PETA and Animal Liberation Front ) as an abuse. Approximately 100,000 pregnant mares are kept locked in stalls, foals are killed shortly after birth to the mare is again setting gestation SPA 7 , 8 SPA . These mares are kept in a permanent state of thirst to produce urine more concentrated, and living with a probe which causes itching. According to some accounts, they are frequently beaten and abort because of these living conditions. Despite repeated petitions to the lab, the continued production of Premarin likely (2014) under the same conditions as the market is very buoyant 37 . In this controversy addition suspicions about the carcinogenicity of estrogen , hormones and by-products from these mares in women 38 .

Conditions of work Hitch with a little horse stood its members, ears back. Hitch horse suffering, probably suffering from laminitis . Other questions arise around how men put the horse to work. The riding well-conducted is like a sports training, it allows the horse to gain flexibility and muscle PF 24 . The wrong way to go, however, cause pain back due to the weight of the rider weighing on the vertebrae chest and back . The position with high and hollow neck (when the rider keeps his hands high and tight reins) is particularly deleterious PF 25 These problems are compounded by the. Overweight some jumpers with regard to the constitution of the horse: according to studies, the rider's weight should not exceed 20-29% (included material) of the horse. However, some breeds are more promising than others, especially the traits and features half- PF 26 . The operation of some horses for equestrian tourism mounted or harnessed, among other Camargue , generates considerable suffering for lack of rest or Care 27 PF .

A petition is brought into Russia by Nevzorov Haute Ecole requesting a total ban of equestrian and horse sports, arguing that this practice is against nature for the horse, causing him great pain in the mouth (up to 300 kg of pressure per square inch) and damaged his neurological system. It follows a long investigation into the practical professional riders with photographs taken and realization of autopsies high horse with physical damage to the horse riding 39 . While the subject was taboo until at least 2015 PF 28 , a growing number of riders do not ride (or more) on horseback, believing that this is a source of discomfort for the animal PF 1 . The sociologist Jerome michalon believes that "this trend is in line with the company" PF 1 . Laetitia Bataille , however, described as "extremist" the idea that all forms of riding would be an abuse PF 29 .

Material impact Head of a brown horse with eyes rolling back in ears, tongue out of the mouth. Polo mare enrênée Related Articles: Mors , whip , reins and bridle . Horse riding involves the use of a wide variety of material: artificial aid such reins and whip , and tack ( saddle and bridle with two bits, or without). Misuse of this material makes riding uncomfortable or even painful for the horse. The nosebands are often too tight, while the official recommendation is to insert two fingers between it and the head PF 30 , PF 31 . The jaws , which can affect the tongue or teeth of the horse according to the position of his head, created pressure that becomes a real pain when the reins are tightened 40 . Become chronic, the pain escalates into neuralgia which radiates the horse's head up his ears and his nose. To avoid this problem, some riders are working their horse without bit PF 32 . The saddle should fit snugly to the morphology of the animal to avoid pain, but this is not always the case. A study in Brazil showed that over 50% of stools are not adapted to the horse that carries them, 40% of them being placed too far forward on the backs PF 33 .

In horses victims of a hard hand, tongue turns blue under the action of the bit and bridle, a "very painful" phenomenon that can cause "irreversible lingual lesions" 34 PF . The rider can also be misused the spurs and whip .

In equestrian sports In the middle of horse racing , the growth of young foal is stimulated by a specific diet 41 . These foals are put to work at the age of eighteen months and those who do not adapt to the races are reformed . Reformed, which are an important part of slaughter for horse meat, frequently develop health and behavioral problems 42 .

Harness trotters According to the Australian scientist Paul McGreevy, the use of the whip for the horse races is "the form of the most public and most televised violence in the world today" . It raises more ethical problem because of the pain inflicted on an animal generally exhausted by the effort PF 8 . His study demonstrates that the use (frequent) of shots whip does not translate into better performance in horses race, race horse breeds are already genetically selected to run as fast as possible S 36 . In addition, blows in the last 200 meters race often affect the horse in the sensitive part of the abdomen, leaving a mark clearly visible. The "pain-whip" invented in England is revealed in the facts as painful as other PF 8 .

The discreet use of electric shocks on the horse race seems widespread since 1974, with hundreds of cases discovered. This cruel technology aimed to make them run faster is obviously prohibited officially AP 5 .

In equestrian sports Dark brown horse with coiled neck and muzzle close to the chest. Dressage horse mounted under the vertical, an uncomfortable position S 37 . Main articles: Rollkur , Horse Dam obstacles and doping . The sports riding raises the issue of respect for physical and mental limits of the horse. All equestrian sports training require pushed and can be affected by the doping . Horses react poorly to the incessant repetition of the same exercise. Sports riders also tend to employ coercive mechanical means, including reins and severe jaw to push the horse in the attitude that they are looking at the link to get the animal itself to the term a dressage patient PF 35 . Some sports horse training methods are denounced even banned for their cruelty. This is the case of Rollkur (hyperflexion of the neck) in dressage, banned by the International Equestrian Federation if it is obtained by force or maintained more than ten minutes. The dam at the barrier , which consists of hitting the horse's legs to the passage of an obstacle for him to get up earlier, was officially banned in competition and in training. It would still commonly used discreetly. The use of the whip in show jumping competition does not result in better performance, according to a study conducted in 2013 in the UK 36 PF .

The competitions of endurance are often at the heart of scandals involving the death of frames during or after the competition PF 37 , and a large number of doping cases PF 38 . These problems are likely the result of a cultural conflict between Western riders and those the Middle East PF 39 .

When filming and performances The use of horses during the filming of television series or film frequently causes of animal abuse problems, as pointed out an investigation of the Hollywood refer in 2013. These cases can also occur during the filming of prestigious films such as The Hobbit Peter Jackson which saw the death of three horses in New Zealand . The Animal Humane Association recommends replacing horses as much as possible by the digital imaging . However, in France, there is no official regulations for the safety of horses on film sets PF 6 .

Rodeo and uses as fighting animal A rider is about to stick a spade in the neck of a bull. A rejoneador at a Rejón corrida . Related Articles: Rodeo , Picador , Corrida Rejón , stallions Fighting , Horse-baiting and Horses in warfare . Historically, the use of horses as a fighting animal was very common, both in the context of the war than for rituals and entertainment such as horse-baiting . The stallions fighting organized persist in South-East Asia (Southern China and the Philippines). Result in numerous injuries. Some blows exchanged are splashing horses' eyes from their sockets. Stallions can even pull the ears of their rivals. Most animals end covered with bites SPA 9 , 43 , PA 6 . A "progress" has been achieved, however, in 2014, to the extent that the Chinese fighting stallions wounded are not systematically killed and consumed on-site cooking BBQ but treatment for their wounds PF 40 .

The rodeo is accused of various interventions to increase the aggressiveness of the horse before the track entrance. Of electric shock are commonly used, leading to the death of an animal in 2012 PA 7 . The growing controversy around events like the Calgary Stampede and Rodeo Houston led to a total ban rodeos in parts of the Americas S 4 . The bullfight involves the participation of a rider, the picador , the frame is protected by a flank , with one or two blindfolded. The Rejón corrida done only on horseback and without protective flank. Accidents can still occur, during which horses were punctured by the bull PF 41 . Writing Horse magazine denounces the code of silence that reigns about the number of horses killed in bullfights. The anti-bullfighting alliance estimates that number to twenty horses per year PF 42 .

Slaughter and horse meat Related Articles: horse meat , horse meat , Brumby and Mustang . A typical Asian woman cutting a big bloody carcass area along the coast with a long knife, the speed of the action being suggested by the blur of the photo. Cutting and preparation of carcasses of horses in Mongolia . The consumption of horse meat is a question of ethics , before asking that of animal suffering. This ethical aspect is invoked by protection associations such as SPA , which states that reformed horses are slaughtered for their meat after serving human activities: "First loved and carefully tended, whatever its merits, the brave horse will not experience a peaceful retreat: the first failure, it becomes butcher's meat, and will be led to the slaughter overnight SPA 10 ". The horses intended for human consumption are rarely slaughtered at the place where they are stationed . The question of welfare occurs during transport to the abattoir and slaughter itself.

EC Regulation 1/2005 imposes rules throughout the EU , including the obligation to feed and water the animals, prohibiting transport a sick or injured animal and using double-decker trucks. The transport conditions are regularly denounced by animal welfare groups, despite the claims of industry professionals rarely comply with regulations 44 . European Regulation EC 853/2004 is supposed to ensure the horse prior stunning to prevent suffering. Professionals horsemeat say their industry is committed to animal welfare during slaughter. However, the horses of the slaughtering conditions are frequently denounced by associations, both in France than in Belgium , the Netherlands and especially in the Americas 45 . They found and filmed numerous abuses during investigations, such as animals regaining consciousness before bleeding, which leads them to a very great suffering.

Eric Baratay and Jean-Pierre Digard explain the rejection of horse meat in developed countries by a change in status of the horse became close to the pet S 38 , S 39 . In the US, the horse is associated with heroic and prestigious cultural baggage which dissociates consumables animals in the public mind S 4 .

Associations and protective measures in force There are many combinations of animal protection or expertise in the horse. Among the most active in France include Brigitte Bardot Foundation, (which militates against horse meat), the foundation 30 million friends , the French League for the Protection of the horse (the oldest), the hosting Equine Centre abused or One Voice PF 43 . Internationally, World Horse Welfare is under the patronage of Princess Anne .

Some countries or states are very invested in protecting the horse. This is the case of Switzerland, the latest version of the Ordinance on the Protection of Animals in force since 1 st January 2014 prohibits many interventions on the horse, and requires detention conditions which respect their welfare including to allow him contact with other dogs, regular movements and outputs minimum two hours each day 35 . The California made the slaughter of horses and their transport to illegal logging, also banning rodeos. Residents of Massachusetts made much to demand an end to the slaughter in 2004 S 4 . The International Equestrian Federation prohibits obstacles Horse Dam and Rollkur if obtained "by force." The French federation riding has limited the number of shots whip authorized jumping three in 1990 S 21 . The course jumping and eventing are increasingly regulated internationally. The number of daily journey jumping horse is limited and any fall is eliminatory S 40 . Conversely, many countries have no law to protect the horses and animals in general. This is the case of China .

Practice Country or organization that prohibited or restricted (date) Country or organization allowing full Docking (Other interventions on the tail generally enjoy a legal vacuum ) S 41 Germany 4 Austria (2004) 4 Belgium (2001) 4 Denmark (1991) 4 United Kingdom (1949) 4 Ireland (1965) 4 Norway (1974) 4 Switzerland 35 Tail docking is not specifically prohibited in France, but it prevents the participation of animals in competitions and horse riding, as well as any activity sponsored by the State since 1996 4 . In the absence of federal law, 12 US states prohibit (California, South Carolina, Connecticut, Columbia, Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New York, Ohio and Washington) S 42 , as well as five regions of Australia S 43 . Canada S 43 Branding Total ban: Denmark, Netherlands, Belgium, Scotland PF 18 . Limitation: France (mandatory labeling deleted from the classic cycle in 2005) PF 18 Germany ( Local anesthesia compulsory from 2019) PF 18 Névrectomies and insensibilisations skin in competition International Equestrian Federation Switzerland 35 Dam to the obstacle International Equestrian Federation (2008) S 44 United States ( United States Equestrian Federation , permitted only with a stick of bamboo until 2008, been banned since) S 44 Switzerland (2014) 35 Rollkur / Hyperflexion International Equestrian Federation (on any international competition if kept in force and / or more than ten minutes, February 2010) Switzerland (total ban, in January 2014) 35 , PF 44 Hot whip International Equestrian Federation, 3 in jumping competitions obstacles PF 8 French Equestrian Federation , 3 jumping competition (1990) and prohibition aim for the head. 7 strokes authorized horse race PF 45 Shaving whiskers Switzerland 35 Germany 23 Soring and other binding devices hooves United States (1970) Switzerland 35 Electrical Instruments Switzerland 35 Detention with a closing wire France (if establishment open to the public) 46 Switzerland (2010) 47 Slaughter without stunning France (1974) European Union (2004) 48 Country hippophages practicing the Muslim ritual slaughter : Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Turkmenistan (in theory) 49 . Slaughter United States (2007-2013) PF 46 . All others, including the UK PA 8 and the United States since 2013 PF 46 Reviews Wearing bust of a grizzled man sitting wearing glasses, shirt and vest in a relaxed break. The anthropologist Jean-Pierre Digard is very critical of the movement of the horse protection The ethnologist Jean-Pierre Digard is very critical of the Horse Protection Actions since the end of the xx th century. He believes that "these criticisms increasingly severe systematically made by some protectionist movements" (which he calls "animalitaires" S 17 ) and "complacently relayed and amplified by a part of the equestrian press " S 21 are likely to lead the prohibition of equestrian sports and riding, and the extinction of the horse itself for lack of use S 24 . This review is however not shared PF 47 , teaching a more ethical riding constituting a barrier to the threat of extinction of the horse for lack of use. In addition, the development of cloning will soon resurrect extinct species and breeds PF 48 .

The anthropomorphism and horse against ignorance are real obstacles to proper consideration of animal welfare, many people wrongly believed to be the "good" horse S 27 . An example is the proliferation of " horse rescues internet . " Calls for donations are used to buy horses destined for slaughter, but the people who then host may not have the knowledge or financial means to ensure their well-being in the long term. These animals are then condemned to a "slow death" PF 49 . Another is the "false good idea" to ban horse slaughter, which generated more animal suffering in the end, when it was supposed the prevents PF 12 . Similarly, the fashion of natural horsemanship (treeless saddle without jaws mouth, barefoot ...) sometimes leads to inappropriate use of the equipment, or remove it then it would be necessary PF 50 .

References Note ↑ Original version: To break horses . ↑ In the past, horse-drawn traffic bans were frequently motivated by motorist safety. His justification for the welfare of the horse is a novelty. References ↑ Enoff 2014 , p. 13-23 ↑ Among others, an edict issued in 1756 in Britain ordered to cut or carve out an ear to the Breton bidets top quality. View Antoine-Auguste (commander) Saint-Gal de Pons , Origins of Breton horse. Haras de Langonnet. Deposits from Lamballe and Hennebont. The deposit goes from Guingamp , Quimper, Celjoarion 1931 ( read online ) , p. 37 ↑ The cruelty of the Middle Ages spurs has likely given the popular expression "ride to spur cutting edge" in French. See: Brigitte Prévot and Bernard Ribémont , The Horse in France in the Middle Ages: its place in the medieval world; his medicine, the example of a veterinarian treated the xiv th century, Cirurgie horses , vol. 10 Medievalia, Caen, Paradigm, 1994, 522 p. ( ISBN 9782868780720 , online presentation ) , p . 155-156 ↑ a , b , c , d , e , f , g , h and i Diane Lefebvre (PhD), Caudotomie Belgian draft horse , Council of Welfare Belgian animal, June 2006 ( read online ) ↑ Reeve and Biggs 2011 , p. "The Birth of Equine Welfare" (eBook) ↑ a and b Reeve and Biggs 2011 , p. Welfare efforts in Britain ↑ a and b ( in ) Margo DeMello, Speaking for Animals: Animal Autobiographical Writing , Routledge, 2012 ( ISBN 0415808995 and 9780415808996 ) , Introduction; 224 ↑ ( in ) Merriam-Webster Merriam Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature 1995 ( ISBN 0877790426 and 9780877790426 ) , input "Black Beauty" ↑ a and b Ernest Hemingway (trans. René Daumal), Death in the Afternoon , Gallimard, 2012 ( ISBN 2072447712 and 9782072447716 ) , p. 1-6 ↑ Pascal Dibie , The Passion of the eyes: Test against the cold science , Métailié Editions, coll. "Crossings", 1998, 186 p. ( ISBN 9782864242895 ) , p. 141 . ↑ ( in ) " Our Mission " , The British Horse Society ↑ a and b Reeve and Biggs 2011 , p. 'efforts Welfare in America "(eBook) ↑ Elisabeth Hardouin-Fugier, history of bullfighting in the eighteenth to the twenty-first century Europe , Knowledge and Skills, 2005, 382 p. ( ISBN 9782753900493 ) , pp. 154-155 ↑ ( in ) " The Horse Protection Act " , Animal Care. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (accessed 15 March 2013 ) ↑ Carlos Pereira Henriques , the first Portuguese Riding treated Study: Livro da ensinança de bem cavalgar toda sela, King Dom Duarte , Editions L'Harmattan, 2001 ( ISBN 2747506789 and 9782747506786 ) , p. 74 ↑ La Cense , The natural horsemanship knowledge: Part 1 Knowledge 1 & 2 , Vol. 1, Le Cherche Midi, 2004, 87 pp. ( ISBN 9782749102085 ) , presentation editor ↑ Jez 2014 , p. 131-135 ↑ ( in ) James Gillett and Michelle Gilbert , Sports, Animals, and Society , Routledge, 2013, 306 p. ( ISBN 1135019150 and 9781135019150 , read online ) ↑ ( in ) Sharon Udasin, " Knesset panel Approves Ban on horse-drawn carts in cities " , The Jerusalem Post , September 22, 2014 (accessed 26 January 2015 ) ↑ P. Guerin, Mr. Orchard, J. Mos, G. Arnaud, N. and L. Baudoin Marnay, " estimate body condition " , The National Stud / IFCE, July 2014 (accessed 20 January 2015 ) ↑ Anne -Couroucé Malblanc , "Diseases of the old horse" in diseases of horses , France Agricultural Press, 2010 ( ISBN 2855571685 and 9782855571683 ) , pp. 294-302 ↑ Enoff 2014 , p. 65-66 ↑ a and b Dr. Marty Becker, " How Their whiskers help horses see " , June 18, 2014 ↑ Julie Deutsch , "gelding or stallion? " in the horse's behavior , Artemis Editions, coll. "The Équiguides", 2006 ( ISBN 2844166407 and 9782844166401 ) ↑ ( in ) Cherry Hill, " Gelding and aftercare " 2008 ↑ ( de ) ( en ) Päivi Nussbaumer, " Castration - the stallion becomes a gelding: Advice Bureau , " The Freiberger , n o 125, 2012, pp. 22-23 ( read online ) ↑ Enoff 2014 , p. 74-121 ↑ ( in ) John Ogilvie , Imperial Dictionary of the English Language , 1883, p. 272 . ↑ Julie Deutsch, care for horses , Artemis Editions, 2007 ( ISBN 2844166415 and 9782844166418 ) , p. 121 . ↑ Enoff 2014 , p. 58-61. ↑ Enoff 2014 , p. 50-52 ↑ a , b and c Enoff 2014 , p. Chapter "Open the cage open to horses! "P. 21-43 ↑ dossier compiled by Lucie Launay Dossier n o 6: Buildings and equestrian facilities engineering, wellness and Ecology , French Institute of horses and riding , 2011 ] ↑ a and b P. Doligez Mr. Vidament, L.Marnay and B. Ferry, " Housing horse welfare " , French Institute of horses and riding / National Stud, September 2014 (accessed 21 January 2015 ) ↑ a , b , c , d , e , f , g , h and i " 455.1 Ordinance on the Protection of Animals (OPA) " , Swiss Federal Council, December 29, 2014 ↑ Coegnet Carolina, " Transport, malaise source " Horse magazine , n o 515, October 2014, p. 76-77 ↑ Michel Dogna, Take Control of Your Health: All major diseases , t. 1, Guy Trédaniel, 2014 ( ISBN 281321163X and 9782813211637 ) , chap. Hormonothéraîe and natural progesterone . ↑ Dr. Louis de Brouwer MD, The pharmaceutical mafia and food , Louise Courteau Editor, ( ISBN 2897280166 and 9782897280161 ) , chap. 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Ouedraogo and Pierre Le Neindre, man and beast: A social debate , Quæ editions, 1999 ( ISBN 2738008585 and 9782738008589 ) , pp. 146-148 ↑ Ghislaine Bouchet , The Horse in Paris in 1914 to 1850 , Paris, Librairie Droz, 1993 ( ISBN 9782600045360 , read online ) , p. 227 . ↑ a , b , c , d and e Digard 2007 , p. 186 ↑ Digard 2007 , p. 188 ↑ Jez 2014 , p. 65 ↑ a and b Digard 2007 , p. 188-190 ↑ Jez 2014 , p. 74 ↑ ( in ) P r René van Weeren , " About Rollkur, low, deep and round gold: Why Winston Churchill and Albert Einstein Were Right " , The Veterinary Journal , vol. 196, n o 3, 2013, pp. 290- 3 ( read online ) ↑ a , b and c Jez 2014 , p. 45 ↑ Kathrin Kienapfel Yvonne Link and Uta König von Borstel, " Prevalence of Different Positions in Head-Neck Horses Shown at Dressage Competitions and Their Relation to Conflict Behaviour and Performance Marks " PLoS ONE , vol. 9, n o 8, 4 August 2014 ( read online ) ↑ H. Hama, M. and Y. Yogo Matsuyama, " Effects of stroking horses on Both Humans 'and horses' heart rate responses , " Jpn Psychol. Res. , Vol. 38, 1996, p. 66-73 ↑ Hausberger et al. 2008 , p. 1 ↑ Tozzini 2003 , p. 159. ↑ Tozzini 2003 , p. 160. ↑ Tozzini 2003 , p. 169. ↑ Tozzini 2003 , p. 170. ↑ Tozzini 2003 , p. 171 ↑ ( in ) David Evans and Paul McGreevy, " An Investigation of Performance and Racing Whip Use by Jockeys in Thoroughbred Races " , PLoS ONE , vol. 6, n o 1, January 2011 ( read online ) ↑ ( in ) Uta König von Borstel and Paul McGreevy, " Behind the vertical and behind the times " , The Veterinary Journal , vol. 202, n o 3, December 2014, p. 403-404 ↑ Baratay 2003 , p. 129 ↑ Jean-Pierre Digard , " The Horse in the turmoil of social and cultural changes of the xxi th century " on FNC , National Federation of Horse , December 2008 (accessed 28 February 2011 ) . ↑ Jean-Pierre Digard in Daniel Roche and Daniel Reytier , on horseback! Squires, amazons & jumpers xiv th to xxi th century , Association for the Academy of Equestrian Art of Versailles, 2007, p. 260 ↑ Tozzini 2003 , p. 173-176. ↑ Tozzini 2003 , p. 162-163 ↑ a and b Tozzini 2003 , p. 168 ↑ a and b McIlwraith and Rollin 2011 , p. chap. 19.4 References in the French press ↑ a , b and c Lise Mayrand, " The equi-pedestrians, a new genre? " Horse magazine , n o 518, January 2015, p. 14-15 . ↑ Amélie Tsaag Valren " Black Beauty, a novel for the cause of the horses , " Know Horse , March 2014 ( read online ) ↑ DF, " Tolstoy found " , Le Nouvel Observateur, January 8, 2008 (accessed 21 January 2015 ) ↑ Marie-Morgane Le Moel, " In the Australian Queensland, wild horses is completed evil , " Le Monde , 13 March 2008 ( read online ) ↑ " Massacre of the Brumbies: it again! " Knowing Horse , n o 43, May 2013 ↑ a and b Lise Mayrand, " Lights, Camera ... 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" Knowing Horse , n o 5 November 2009 ( read online ) ↑ Christa Lesté-Lasserre, " When pain is seen " Horse magazine , n o 516, November 2014, p. 45-48 ↑ a and b Laure Marandet " Skip barefoot smooth " Horse magazine , n o 497, April 2013, p. 48-49 ↑ a , b , c , d and e Christa -Lesse Laserre " Marqués iron " Horse magazine , n o 506, January 2014, p. 64-65 ↑ Clémence Lesimple " Weaning: How to ease the transition , " Horse Magazine , n o 517, December 2014, p. 54-55 . ↑ Christa Lesté-Lasserre, " Mr. "Horse Universe" , " Horse magazine , n o 512, July 2014, p. 56-57 ↑ Laetitia Bataille , " Prisoners " Knowing Horse , n o 46 September 2013 ( read online ) ↑ Laure Marandet " Aggressiveness, a "human" problem " Horse magazine , n o 502, September 2013, p. 58-59 . ↑ Delylle Antoinette, " Horses "SDF" , " Horse magazine , n o 497, April 2013, p. 56-57 ↑ " What is the impact of riding on the horse's body? " Horse magazine , n o 511, June 2014, p. 37-38 . ↑ Lesimple Clemence, " Look after her posture at work " Horse magazine , n o 508, March 2014, p. 46-47 . ↑ Christa Lesté-Lasserre, " When overweight becomes "too much weight" , " Horse magazine , n o 514, September 2014, pp. 51_53 . ↑ Antoinette Delylle " rides Plants " magazine Horse , n o 488, July 2012, p. 64-65 . ↑ " These riders are on foot , " Horse magazine , n o 511, June 2014, p. 36 ↑ " Will he athletes happy? " Knowing Horse , n o 59 December 2014 ( read online ) . ↑ Colonel Christian Carde , " Tighten the noseband ... " Knowing Horse , n o 22, June 2011 ( read online ) . ↑ Isa Danne, " Plea against tight noseband " Knowing Horse , n o 37 November 2012 ( read online ) . ↑ Elise Chadeau-Argaud " Working without jaws, a good idea? " Horse magazine , n o 507, February 2014, p. 50 . ↑ Fanny Lattach " inappropriate Saddle: Attention danger " Horse magazine , October 2013, p. 60-61 ↑ D r Jacques Laurent, " How is the phenomenon of "blue tongue"? " Knowing Horse , n o 52 April 2014 ( read online ) . ↑ Christa Lesse Lasserre, " Reconciling well-being ... and competition , " Horse magazine , n o 509, April 2014, p. 56-57 . ↑ " The whip does not jump the horses! " Horse magazine , n o 512, July 2014, p. 58 ↑ MK, " Endurance scandal " , Replay Grand Prix , October 11, 2013 (accessed 23 June 2014 ) . ↑ Stéphane Mandard, " Princess Haya, nag and viper venom " , Le Monde , October 7, 2013 (accessed 19 June 2014 ) . ↑ Yves Riou, " Endurance: a cultural conflict? " Knowing Horse , n o 48, November 2013 ( read online ) . ↑ " barbaric game " Horse magazine , n o 509, April 2014, p. 63 . ↑ " Tragic end for bullfighting horse " , Horse magazine, May 10, 2012 ↑ Delylle Antoinette, " The horses bullfighters have no room for error , " Horse magazine , n o 501, August 2013, p. 56-57 ↑ Delylle Antoinette, " Engage! " Horse magazine , n o 480, November 2011, p. 82-83 ↑ " The Rollkur prohibited in Switzerland " , Horse Knowledge, December-January 2014 ↑ " The Triumph of the whip " , Horse magazine , October 9, 2012 (accessed 21 January 2015 ) ↑ a and b " The United States will allow first horse slaughterhouses since 2007 " , Le Monde , May 4, 2013 (accessed 20 January 2014 ) ↑ " Riding indispensable to the survival of horses? " Horse magazine]] , n o 511, June 2014, p. 39 ↑ Amélie Tsaag Valren, " Can the horse disappear? Travel to the future ... " Knowing Horse , n o 52 April 2014 ( read online ) ↑ Delylle Antoinette, " The slow death of the internet rescued horses , " Horse magazine , n o 511, May 2014, p. 12-13 ↑ " The horse is there an interest to be mounted? " Horse magazine , n o 511, June 2014, p. 35 References to the English press ↑ ( in ) Catrin Einhorn, " Horses Spared in US Face Death Across the Border " , The New York Times , January 11, 2008 (accessed February 4, 2011 ) . ↑ ( in ) Amy Hamilton, " Horse Abandonment Rises " , trib.com, January 24, 2010 (accessed February 4, 2011 ) . ↑ ( in ) " Cases of horse neglect, abandonment Growing in Colorado " , Colorado Springs Gazette, January 24, 2010 (accessed February 4, 2011 ) . ↑ ( in ) Cynthia Wolff, " Do not ban horse slaughter in Illinois " , Chicago Sun-Times , 1 st May 2007 . ↑ ( in ) " was Seamy Side of Sports: Horses With prodding Shocks " , The New York Times , March 27, 2014 ( read online ) ↑ ( in ) Danny Penman, " Tournament of Blood: The sheer horror of horse-fighting " , Daily Mail , February 18, 2008 (accessed 19 November 2014 ) . ↑ ( in ) John M. Glionna, " Electric prod used on horses at Reno Rodeo; group claims coverup " , Los Angeles Times, July 3, 2012 (accessed 21 January 2015 ) ↑ Tom Rawstorne, " How 5,000 horses a year secretly go to slaughter " , Mail Online, January 10, 2008 (accessed 21 January 2015 ) References animal protection associations ↑ " They Shoot Horses, Do not They? " on One Voice (accessed 13 January 2010 ) ↑ ( in ) " Dealing with fallout from horse slaughter ban " , Animal People, November-December 2007 (accessed 3 March 2011 ) . ↑ ( in ) Alisa Mullins, " Israel Becomes First Country to Ban Horse-Drawn Carts " , PETA, September 22, 2014 (accessed 25 January 2015 ) ↑ ( in ) " Investigation Exposes Mumbai's Filthy Horse Stables " , PETA, 2013 (accessed 26 January 2015 ) ↑ " Social behavior " , French League for the Protection of the horse (accessed 21 January 2015 ) ↑ Pili " mare's milk " on http://www.protection-des-animaux.org/ . ↑ ( in ) " Premarin: A Prescription for Cruelty " , PETA (accessed 22 January 2015 ) ↑ ( in ) " Keeping Mares Pregnant Women Can Consume n That Horse Urine " , Animals Liberation Front (accessed 22 January 2015 ) . ↑ ( in ) ' Horse Fighting: Barbaric " , PETA, November 30, 2007 (accessed 19 November 2014 ) . ↑ " horse meat " on SPA asso , Society for the Protection of Animals (accessed October 9, 2009 ) . Annexes On other Wikimedia projects: Abused horses on Wikimedia Commons Related articles Natural horsemanship Animal welfare Animal rights Antispécisme External links Practical Guide for the welfare of the horse , a publication of the Department of French agriculture Reflections on Ethics and the horse , publication of the agroscope Swiss References Pierre Enoff , horses Silence: Advocacy for another equestrian world , Amphora, April 19, 2014, 256 pp. ( ISBN 2851808761 and 978-2851808769 ) Works used for the drafting of Article ( in ) Moira C. Reeve and Sharon Biggs ( photogr. Bob Langrish) "The Birth of equine welfare" in The Original Horse Bible: The Definitive Source for All Things Horse , BowTie Press, 15 September 2011 ( ISBN 1937049256 and 9781937049256 , read online ) Works used for the drafting of Article Academic Work collective , Code of Practice for the care and handling of horses: Literature review on priority issues , the Scientific Committee responsible for the Equine Code of Practice, July 2012 ( read online ) Eric Baratay , The Stepford animals: history of a condition , Odile Jacob . al "Humanities", 2003, 376 pp. ( ISBN 9782738112477 ) Works used for the drafting of Article ( by ) William Robert Cook Hiltrud Strasser and Sabine Kells , Metal in the mouth: the abusive effects of bitted bridles , Sabine Kells, 2003, 138 p. ( ISBN 0968598854 and 9780968598856 ) Jean-Pierre Digard , A history of horse art, technology, society , Actes Sud, coll. "Nature", 1 st March 2007, 296 p. ( ISBN 978-2742764839 ) Works used for the drafting of Article ( by ) David S. Favre , The Development of Anti-Cruelty Laws During The 1800s , Michigan State University College of Law, 1993 ( read online ) Works used for the drafting of Article Martine Hausberger , Hélène Roche , Séverine Henry and E. Kathalijne Visser , " Synthesis human relationship - Horse " Applied Animal Behaviour Science , University of Rennes I , Vol. 109, 2008, p. 1 -37 ( read online ) Christine Jez , the French horse industry in 2030 , Editions Quae, March 20, 2014, 158 p. ( ISBN 2759221288 and 9782759221288 , read online ) Works used for the drafting of Article ( in ) C. Wayne McIlwraith and Bernard E. Rollin , Equine Welfare , vol. 8 UFAW Animal Welfare, John Wiley & Sons, 2011, 488 p. ( ISBN 1444397818 and 9781444397819 , read online ) Works used for the drafting of Article ( in ) S. Tozzini , " Hair today, gone tomorrow: equine crimes and cosmetic --other Details of woe " , Animal Law Review , 2003, pp. 159-181 ( read online )

Gina M. Dorré (2006). Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. (ed.). Victorian Fiction and the Cult of the Horse. p. 158-160. ISBN 9780754655152.