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] ]. A ] has been abandoned.]]
{{Infobox person
The '''Dieppe Raid''', also known as '''The Battle of Dieppe''' or '''Operation Jubilee''', during ], was an ] attack on the ]-occupied port of ] on the Northern coast of ] on ], ]. Over 6,000 ]men, predominantly ], were supported by large ] ] and ] contingents. Intended to seize and hold a major port for a short period, both to prove it was possible and to gather intelligence from prisoners and captured materials while assessing the German responses, the raid was also intended to use air power to draw the '']'' into a large, planned encounter.
| name = Mufaddal Saifuddin
| honorific_suffix = {{small|'''] to the ] ] <br> of the ] community}}<ref name="perilous">{{cite web | url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/cover-story/A-perilous-transition/articleshow/29266169.cms|title=A perilous transition - Mumbai Mirror | accessdate=9 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="Huff Post" />
| image = Narendra Modi met Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin Sahib in Mumbai.jpg
| caption = Saifuddin (l) with ] (r)
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1946|8|20|df=yes}}
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| denomination = ] ] ] ] ]
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'''Mufaddal Saifuddin''' ({{lang-ar| مفضل سيف الدين}}; '''Abu Jafar-us-Sadiq Mufaddal Saifuddin''') is a claimant<ref name="perilous"/><ref name="Huff Post" /> to the title of 53rd ] (highest spiritual authority) of the ].<ref name="Huff Post">{{cite news | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rizwan-mawani/the-intricacies-of-succes_b_4687546.html | title=The Intricacies of Succession: Two Claimants Emerge for Dawoodi Bohra Leadership |work=Huffington Post | date=30 January 2014 | accessdate=11 February 2014 | author=Rizwan Mawani}}</ref> The Dawoodi Bohra are a sub group within the ], ] ] branch of ].


==Biography==
The raid was generally considered to be an unmitigated tactical disaster, with no major objectives accomplished and 4,384 of the 6,086 men who made it ashore were either killed, wounded, or captured. The ] and ] failed to lure the ''Luftwaffe'' into open battle, and lost 119 planes, whilst the ] suffered 555 casualties. The catastrophe at Dieppe may have later influenced Allied preparations for ] and ].


===Early life===
Mufaddal Saifuddin was born on 20 August 1946, on the night of ]<ref>Gulshan-e-Ma'alumaat Birth Date Article{{Full|date=March 2014}}</ref> in ],<ref name="FreePress">{{cite web
|url=http://freepressjournal.in/syedna-aali-qadr-mufaddal-saifuddin/
|title=Syedna Aali Qadr Mufaddal Saifuddin|publisher=Free Press Journal
|date=26 January 2014
|accessdate=17 May 2014
}}</ref> and was given the name Aali Qadr Mufaddal (Arabic:عالي قدر مفضل) by his grandfather Syedna ].<ref name="gulfnews.com"/> The gematric value of "Aali Qadr Mufaddal" in Arabic is 1365 which is the Islamic Hijri calendar year of his birth.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://believesyednaqutbuddin.com/2014/02/10/reason-51-syedna-taher-saifuddin-ra-and-the-title-aali-qadr/ | title=Aali Qadr | accessdate=12 January 2015}}</ref>


==The Plan== ===Travels===
Mufaddal Saifuddin was appointed ] by his father Burhanuddin in 1390 AH (1970 CE). After ], he travelled to ], ], ] and ]. During his trip to Yemen, he laid the foundations for the construction of the 3rd ]'s ]'s ]. After that journey Burhanuddin bestowed upon him the religious honorific title ''Aqeeq-ul-Yemen'' in 1391 AH/1971 AD.<ref name="gulfnews.com">{{cite web|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/world/india/profile-of-syedna-mufaddal-saifuddin-1.1279387 |title=Profile of Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin |publisher=GulfNews.com |date= |accessdate=2014-03-07}}</ref>
] as ], India, state guest]]


On 28 Rabi' al-thani 1435 AH (28 February 2014 CE), the Indian foreign minister ] accompanied Saifuddin to Mumbai airport to see him off for his first visit abroad after the passing of his father Burhanuddin in January of that year. Khurshid presented Mufaddal with a letter of good wishes from ], the president of the ], before departed to Najaf and Karbala in Iraq for a pilgrimage to the shrines of Imam ] and Imam ].<ref name="AfternoonDC">{{cite web
hi
|url=http://www.afternoondc.in/city-news/union-foreign-minister-salman-khurshid/article_104192
|title=Union Foreign Minister Salman Khurshid|publisher=Afternoon Dispatch and Courier
|date=28 February 2014
|accessdate=17 May 2014
}}</ref>


Later on, in Pakistan, he was received with state protocol and was welcomed at ] by ] Chief Minister Syed ].<ref name="DAWN">{{cite web
The origins of the raid are rather unusual. Various raids had been planned, but the Dieppe raid was brought into reality only by the desires of the new Chief of Combined Operations, ]. One of Mountbatten's principal assistants, Captain ], served as Naval Commander of the raid. The actual raid was undertaken ''without'' the approval of the Combined Chiefs of Staff and many elements in the planning suffered from the unofficial nature of the raid.
|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1089900
|title= Saifuddin receives warm welcome on brief visit
|last=Hasan
|first=Shazia
|publisher=DAWN.com
|date=28 February 2014
|accessdate=17 May 2014
}}</ref>


==Succession controversy==
The previous Chief of ], ], who had commanded the famous raid on ] in ], had been ordered to organize raids on occupied Europe. He was replaced by Mountbatten in ], through the direct intervention of ], and a number of raids took place &ndash; notably on ], ], and the larger attack on ]. Detractors of Mountbatten have contended that all the raids prior to Dieppe were originated under the leadership of Keyes.
{{main|53rd Syedna succession controversy (Dawoodi Bohra)}}


Burhanuddin did not publicly declare any successor as late as 2011 and there were fights between rival factions among Burhanuddin's several brothers and sons to succeed him as head of the vast empire he controls.<ref name="succession2011">{{cite web | url=http://www.rediff.com/news/special/special-bohra-dissenters-challenge-oppressive-priesthood/20110304.htm | title=bohra-dissenters-challenge-oppressive-priesthood/ | accessdate=9 December 2014}}</ref>
=== ''Operation <small>RUTTER</small>'' ===
The 1942 raid on Dieppe was initially planned for July and ]d ''Operation <small>RUTTER</small>''. The aim was relatively straightforward: to seize and hold a major port for a short period, firstly to see if it was possible, also to gather intelligence from prisoners and captured materials and to examine the German responses. The nature of combined operations would also allow the Air Force to draw the '']'' into a large, planned encounter and the use of Canadian troops would, it was hoped, satisfy the Canadian commanders following the long inactivity of Canadian forces in England. Churchill grew more supportive as the ] incited a wave of press and parliamentary criticism.


After Burhanuddin suffered a stroke in June 2011 in London, Mufaddal Saifuddin was declared as his successor by Muffadal's brothers.<ref>'Mufaddal Saifuddin as designate-successor', http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-claimant-to-syedna-seat-declares-official-challenge-1968682</ref> The Dawoodi Bohra community was reported of the succession by Mufaddal's brothers<ref>http://gulfnews.com/news/world/india/profile-of-syedna-mufaddal-saifuddin-1.1279387, 'With prayers and quiet celebrations at home, the Dawoodi Bohra community had welcomed their community leader’s choice of Mufaddal Saifuddin as his successor'</ref><ref name="hindustantimes Nass Article" >{{cite web | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mumbai/dawoodi-bohras-welcome-nomination-of-successor/article1-706589.aspx | title=Dawoodi Bohras welcome nomination of successor | date=7 June 2011 | location=Mumbai | website=Hindustan Times | publisher=HT Media}}</ref> a group formed in 2013 in support of Burhanuddin's half-brother ], who was Mazoon, serving second under Dai al Mutlaq.<ref name="rift">{{cite news |title=Talk of rift among Bohras over Syedna’s successor |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mumbai/talk-of-rift-among-bohras-over-syedna-s-successor/article1-1044475.aspx |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=15 April 2013}}</ref>
<small>RUTTER</small> was approved in May 1942. It consisted of a main attack onto the Dieppe town beach, two flanking attacks by ], a thousand sorties by Allied air forces and a naval bombardment. The Canadian 2nd Division would lead the attack, elements advancing as far as ]. The operation was scaled down, especially the RAF bombing support as destruction of the town was not desired, but the troops boarded their ships on ]. The weather became much worse while the ships were still in harbour and on ] the operation was cancelled.


After the Burhanuddin's death in January 2014, Mufaddal took up his office claiming to be dai,<ref name="rift"/><ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite web|title=Bohras protest Syedna's half-brother 's claim|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/Bohras-protest-Syednas-half-brothers-claim/articleshow/29391867.cms|accessdate=26 March 2014}}</ref><ref>http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-claimant-to-syedna-seat-declares-official-challenge-1968682, 'Mufaddal Saifuddin as designate-successor'.'Mufaddal took charge officially last month'</ref>
=== ''Operation <small>JUBILEE</small>'' ===
Qutbuddin, claiming to have been appointed heir 50 years earlier in secrecy,<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/><ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{cite web|title=Talk of rift among Bohras over Syedna’s successor|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mumbai/talk-of-rift-among-bohras-over-syedna-s-successor/article1-1044475.aspx|accessdate=26 March 2014}}</ref><ref>http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rizwan-mawani/the-intricacies-of-succes_b_4687546.html</ref> challenged Mufaddal's right to be Dai in court.<ref>http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-claimant-to-syedna-seat-declares-official-challenge-1968682, 'but this has been challenged by Khuzaima'</ref> Khuzaima also took the office as he 53rd Dai of Dawoodi Bohras having two headquarters one in Thane and primary being in the ancestral headquarter Saify Mahal where Mufaddal also resides.
Almost all concerned believed that a raid on Dieppe was now out of the question; however, though ] wanted it cancelled indefinitely, Mountbatten did not. He began reorganising the raid from ] as ''Operation <small>JUBILEE</small>''. Despite not receiving Combined Chiefs of Staff authorisation, Mountbatten instructed his staff to proceed in late July. This lack of top-level go-ahead resulted in certain dislocations in the planning. For example, the failure to inform the ] or the ] meant none of the intelligence agencies were involved, so no current information was added.


The faction of Dawoodi Bohras led by Qaid Johar Ezzuddin the brother of Mufaddal who follow Mufaddal Saifuddin supports Mufaddal Saifuddin as Dai,<ref>{{cite news |title=How is Syedna chosen? HC wants to know |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=April 30, 2014 |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/how-is-syedna-chosen-hc-wants-to-know/}}</ref> and have ] Qutbuddin and his faction.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bohras make anti-Syedna faction’s ex-communication official, stick by Mufaddal Saifuddin |url=http://www.dnaindia.com//mumbai/report-bohras-make-anti-syedna-faction-s-ex-communication-official-stick-by-mufaddal-saifuddin-1958375 |date=31 January 2014 |accessdate=30 June 2014 |website=]}}</ref>
It was later suggested detailed information was communicated to the Germans by their agents in Britain and by ] in ]. Post-war examination of German and British intelligence records has failed to substantiate this; while it did find British intelligence lacking in its assessment of Dieppe, particularly its defences. No comprehensive security measures were considered for the troops involved after the original ''Operation <small>RUTTER</small>'' was cancelled.

====Order of battle====
{{main|Operation Jubilee order of battle}}

Operation <small>JUBILEE</small> still relied on the ] to attack Dieppe, ] and ], while the paratroop assault on the flank gun batteries was replaced by an ] by ]. No.4 Commando to attack ] and ] to the west and No.3 Commando to attack ] to the east. 50 Men of the new ] were interspersed among the Commandos, and a small composite special section from ], ], ] and No.10 (Inter Allied) Commando conducted limited intelligence. Ground support was provided by thirty of the new ]s, delivered using the new ]s.

Dieppe was weakly defended in terms of quality of soldiers, though in numbers was up to strength. In respect of ]s, ]s and ] it was adequately protected with a concentration on the main approach, (particularly in the myriad of cliff caves), and with a reserve at the rear. The 571st Infantry Regiment, ], was firmly category two and their commander, '']'' Conrad Haase, wisely kept them concentrated in the town with the heavier guns carefully concealed. Elements of the 571st defended the ] near Pourville and the battery over the Scie at Varengeville. To the west the 570th Infantry Regiment manned a battery at Berneval.

===The Air Forces===
The massive Allied air support for the operation amounted to about 70 ]s, with the overwhelming majority coming from ], including 48 squadrons of ] including all three famed Eagle Squadrons. The opposing '']'' forces were: ''Jagdgeschwader 2'' (JG2) and 26, comprised of 200 fighters, mostly the new ]s and about 100 bombers from ''Kampfgeschwader 2'' (KG2), KG45 and KG77, mostly ]s. On paper at least, the Allies would have a significant numerical advantage. However, the air battle would be fought entirely over German-controlled territory.

==The Attack==
Almost 252 ships left various ports on the night of ] and as they approached the French coast. Early on the 19th things began to go wrong.

===Left Flank, Yellow Beaches: No. 3 Commando===
The ships carrying No. 3 Commando, approaching to the east, and due to the '']'' nature of the operation not warned of its known schedule, ran into a German ]. German ]s ]ed some of the ]s; coastal defences were alerted and 80% of the attacking force was destroyed. Only a handful of the scattered Allied craft landed and from these only 18 Commandos reached and engaged their target. Unable to destroy any of the guns, they were able to snipe on gun crews and prevent them firing on the main assault.

===Right Flank, Orange Beaches: No. 4 Commando===
No. 4 Commando landed in force and destroyed their targets, providing the only success of the operation. Most of No. 4 safely returned to England. This portion of the raid was considered a model for future commando raids. ] became famous as an officer here on Orange Beach.

===Main Assault: Canadians===
The Canadians in the centre suffered greatly, at least in part due to the inexperience of Roberts, who unwisely committed the reserve force to the main beaches. Poor small unit leadership has also been blamed for failures once men went ashore.

The landing at Puys by the ] was delayed and the potential advantages of surprise and darkness were lost. The well-placed German forces held the Canadians that did land on the beach with little difficulty. 225 men were killed, 264 surrendered and 33 made it back to England. The beach was defended by just 60 Germans, who at no time felt the need to reinforce their position. Several platoons of the ] were also employed at Blue Beach; some of their casualties were suffered in a ] accident on the transport ships during the channel crossing.

On the other side of the town at Pourville the ] and ] made it ashore with few losses. The Saskatchewan advance on Dieppe was soon halted while the Camerons were halted just short of their objective. Both regiments suffered more as they withdrew; the bravery of the landing craft crew allowed 341 men to embark but increasing pressure meant that the rest were left to surrender. Another 141 had died.

The main attack was at three points: the 14th Canadian Army Tank Regiment (Calgary Tanks) in the middle with the Essex Scottish to the east and ] to the west. Attacking thirty minutes after the flanking assaults and onto a steep pebble beach all the groups were met with intense fire. The eastern assault was held at the beach. The western assault gained a hold in a shore-front casino but few soldiers made it across the road and they were soon held. The tanks arrived a little late to discover their landing point was difficult. Twenty-nine tanks disembarked but only fifteen managed to climb the beach and cross the sea-wall onto the esplanade under unrelenting fire. However, they were completely stopped by ] blocks, were immobilized, or returned to the beach. The ] whose job it was to clear such obstacles were unable to do so because of heavy fire which the tanks could not suppress. Back on the beach, the tanks provided fire support as they could and covered the retreat.

The supporting ] was supplied by ]s, which did not have sufficient weight of broadside or range to destroy the German strongpoints without themselves coming under heavy fire. They were also not able to communicate directly with the those on shore to make their bombardment effective.

The debacle was compounded when, acting on fragmentary messages, the reserve were committed to the Dieppe beach at around 07.00. The 584 men of ] took fire all the way to the beach and on it. Only 125 made it back to England. The other part of the reserve comprised 369 men of No.40 Commando Royal Marines, ''(their first engagement and at this time termed 'A' Commando Royal Marines)'', who were ordered to White Beach. The first of their craft landed under withering machine gun fire and their commander, ] Joseph "Tiger" Phillips, donned white gloves to ] away the following craft, being hit and killed in the process. All but one saw the signal and complied, though several craft were already hit. None ashore achieved more than a matter of yards.

At 10:50 a general order to retreat was issued.

==Aftermath==
===Heavy losses===
Casualty figures vary: according to one source, of 6,090 men, 1,027 were killed and 2,340 captured. The Official History of the Canadian Army: Six Years of War (Vol 1 2nd ed) gives the figures of 907 Canadians being killed (including while ]) while about 2,210 Canadians out of the 4,963 that were sent made it back to England (it must be noted that nearly 1,000 of these never landed). (The Canadian source took mainly into account Canadian losses) The total number of fatal and non-fatal casualties, some of whom were evacuated off the beach, is given as 3,367. Overhead the Allied air forces lost 119 aircraft while the ''Luftwaffe'' lost just 46. The German commanders were impressed by the bravery displayed but condemned the attack, as it "mocked all rules of military strategy and logic."

===POW policies===
It transpired that a senior Canadian officer, ] William Southam, had brought ashore his copy of the assault plan, which was a secret document. Though he attempted to bury it under the pebbles at the time of the surrender, Southam's action was spotted and the plan retrieved by the Germans. The plan (later criticized for its size and needless complexity) contained orders to shackle prisoners. In addition there were reports of German POWs’ bodies washing ashore with their hands tied. When this was brought to ]'s attention he ordered the shackling of Canadian prisoners, which led to a reciprocating order by Churchill for German prisoners in Canada. Both orders quickly lost momentum in ] till being abandoned after intercession by the ]. It is however, believed to have contributed to Hitler's decision to issue his ] later that year.

===Second Front===
There have been various attempts to re-evaluate the raid against larger objectives. Picknet, Prince & Prior ("Friendly Fire" 2005) describe the raid's origins arising from fundamental disagreements between the Allies over strategy. ] was demanding a ]. They suspected the West of being quite happy to see the ] and ] destroy each other. ] in reality was eager to accommodate Stalin, and also motivated by ]. Left-wingers were following the Soviet line, former anti-war ]s were asking pointedly why ] was not to be dealt with first, and the Press were impatient for action either way. Without consulting his other ally he therefore promised to ] during meetings in Washington May/June 1942, that he was prepared to hazard up to 120,000 men that year to help relieve pressure on the ] (knowing well that they could not and would not be American forces, still organizing and building up).

Churchill was aghast. While he fully appreciated the need to keep Russia in the war and America focused on the ], and therefore saw the political logic for a show of force, understandably he balked at a full-scale strategic commitment uncertain of success. One ] in a lifetime was quite enough. Playing for time, he agreed to countersign their Washington Communique promising a second front in 1942, on the understanding it was to be "misinformation". The raid became the British response to this American and Russian '']'', a counterpart, unasked for "compromise". No evidence has ever come to light to support the dark rumours the operation was deliberately sabotaged. Nevertheless its failure had a desirable effect for the British on American overconfidence. One example of this retrospective justification was the presence by 1943 of 33 divisions on the ].

===Lessons Learned===
Some have argued that the hard lessons learned at Dieppe in 1942 were put to good use later in the war. The ]s at ] were only 3 months away. The more successful ] would occur later in 1944. Others still maintain amphibious assaults had already been developed in a modern sense as early as ], and the lessons allegedly learned at Dieppe would have been made in subsequent operations such as ] or the landings at ] and ].

Regardless, due to experience at Dieppe, the British developed a whole range of specialist armoured vehicles to allow their engineers to perform many if not all of their tasks under armour. These vehicles were used to great effect in the British and Canadian landing in Normandy in 1944. There were also huge improvements made in shore-to-sea communications, and many more and bigger ships available for ship-to-shore bombardment support.

===Trivia===
* Fifty US ]s went ashore at various locations in order to gain battle experience, suffering the first American land casualties of the war in Europe.
* 20 men of No. 3 Troop No. 10 (inter-allied) Commando participated in the raid. The various troops of No. 10 (inter-allied) Commando were generally known by their country of origin, be it ] (No. 1 Troop), ] (No. 2 Troop), ] (No. 4 Troop), ] (No. 5 Troop), ] (No. 6 Troop), or ]n (No. 7 Troop). No. 3 was also known as X-Troop because it was composed of ] speaking ] refugees from the continent. It was not until long after the war the origin of the men in this troop was made known.
* Three ]es were awarded for the operation, one British (]) and two Canadian (], and ]).
* The ] liberated Dieppe and held a victory parade shortly afterwards, in the first week of September 1944. The German ] had fled as the division approached.
* ] J.H. "Ham" Roberts, the commander of the 2nd Division, was not relieved right after Dieppe, and in fact commanded the division for several more months. In early 1943 he was transferred to command of reinforcement units in the United Kingdom. While some, including Roberts himself, feel he was made a ] for Dieppe, historian ] in his book ''The Generals'' insists Roberts was simply not up to commanding a division and the cause of his dismissal was failure to perform adequately on Exercise SPARTAN, well after Dieppe. Roberts had served in the ] as an ] officer, and won the ] in the summer of 1940 as a ] for saving the guns of his regiment (Royal Canadian Horse Artillery) from abandonment in France during the evacuation of the Second BEF.
* Seven Free-French ships joined the naval component.
* There were at least 69 RAF squadrons committed. This included British (46), Canadian (9), Polish (7), ] (2), Norwegian (2), Belgian (1), French (1), and ] (1) squadrons. ]s of 340th, 341st, 342nd, and 414th squadrons of the ] 97th Bombardment Group were also tasked.
*Foreign Ministry translator ] was tasked with the questioning of the captured Allied soldiers.
* Air losses consisted of 64 Spitfires (including 6 USAAF aircraft), 20 Hurricane fighter bombers, 6 Boston bombers and 10 Mustang Mk1 Army Co-operation aircraft (for 62 Killed, 30 wounded, 17 POW). Lufwaffe losses were 23 FW-190 fighters, and 25 Dornier Do-217.


==See also== ==See also==
{{Ismailism|collapsed=1}}
*]
*]
*]
*] *]
*]
*], a Canadian city named in honour of the fallen at Dieppe
*]

==Films==
Television ], 1993. Critical of Mountbatten and another planner, ], and based on Brian Loring-Villa's book, listed below. Discussion of the film and the raid . The film is an accurate portrayal of life for the common soldier of the Canadian Army in England. A low budget means only the attack on Blue Beach is depicted; however, the focus of the film is divided between the grand strategic aims of the high command, the operational aims of the division staff, and the personal lives of the soldiers.

]. Rebuttal to the above.

''Dieppe'', Bell Canada television commercial (?2003) depicts a modern-day Canadian traveler calling his grandfather at home in Canada from France. When the grandfather inquires about Paris, the traveler reports that he is actually in Dieppe, and called to offer his thanks.

==Popular culture==
The song "Nautical Disaster" by the Canadian rock band ] from their ] album ] uses what is believed to be imagery of the Dieppe raid as a metaphor for a difficult or failing relationship between the singer and his counterpart, a woman named Susan. Singer Gord Downie describes a dream about a battle "off the coast of France." Details which bear resemblance to the Dieppe raid are the location, the casualty count, and the description of a panicked evacuation. There were however, noticeable errors in the song. The lyrics also claim that 4,000 men died in the water, while in truth, there were a little over 1,000 troops killed. Secondly, the singer points it out in the lyrics as an afternoon, this is wrong since the raid took place in the morning.

The song "Dieppe", by French-Canadian folk-rock band (appearing on their 1990 eponymous album) speaks indirectly of the sacrifice of war and the proud, combative and fatally stubborn French-Canadian attitude of the time, as well as the disagreement between the Allied forces command. The lyrics of longest song on the album (4:36), "Dieppe", are in French, and never include any direct name references. Only concepts are explored. The lyrics are written by singer Rudy Caya.


==References== ==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
*Robertson, Terrence. ''The Shame and the Glory: Dieppe,'' Toronto: McLelland & Stewart, 1967. ISBN 0771075421
*Villa, Brian L. ''Unauthorized Action: Mountbatten and the Dieppe Raid,'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991. ISBN 0195408047
*Whitaker, Denis and Shelagh. ''Dieppe: Tragedy To Triumph,'' Whitby, ON.: McGraw-Hill Ryerson Trade, 1993. ISBN 0075516411


While dozens of books have been written on the subject, the three titles above are generally considered the best. The first contains a great deal of first person detail; the second is a detailed and very scholarly look at high level planning almost exclusively, and the last is a mixture of both first person account (Whitaker was the only officer of his brigade to return from the main beach unwounded and later commanded the ] in Northwest Europe) and scholarly history. Villa's book offers up tantalizing theories on deliberate leaks of information to the Germans, and attempts to prove the thesis that Admiral Mountbatten mounted the raid without approval from above. Whitaker's book attempts to prove that valuable lessons were learned at Dieppe and may be forgiven for some measure of bias due to his personal involvement in the historical action. Robertson's book is the most even-handed but suffers from being written before many files were available to researchers, especially those relating to ].

==Further reading==
*Ford, Ken. ''Dieppe 1942'', Prelude to D-Day; Osprey Campaign Series #127, Osprey Publishing, 2003. Primer, with good 3-dimensional artwork of the battle area.
*Leasor, Stephen. ''Green Beach'' (Corgi Books, London, UK 1976). Covers the actions of an RAF radar expert assigned to capture German radar equipment, and the men assigned to guard him - and kill him if it seemed he might fall into enemy hands.
*Mordal, Jacques ''Dieppe: The Dawn of Decision'' (Souvenir Press Ltd, UK, 1963) 288pp ISBN 0450050041 Decent, but not detailed, overview of the planning, mounting and execution of the Raid.
*Neillands, Robin. ''The Dieppe Raid: The Story of the Disastrous 1942 Mission '' (Aurum Press 2005 UK), ISBN 1845131169, A recent overview by a British Historian
*Reynolds, Quentin. ''Dress Rehearsal: The Story of Dieppe'' (Blue Ribbon Books, Random House, Inc., 1943). Story of the Dieppe Raid by a journalist; obviously written under wartime constraints. Author admits it is not a "profound dissertation".
*] drafted an early report which can be found at http://www.forces.gc.ca/dhh/downloads/cmhq/cmhq083.pdf
==External links== ==External links==
{{Sister project links | wikt=no | b=no | n=no |s=no | q=no | v=no | voy=no | species=no |d=Q6931989 | display=Mufaddal Saifuddin}}
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===Main articles===
| NAME = Mufaddal Saifuddin
{{World War II}}
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Indian religious leader
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1946
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Surat, India
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Saifuddin, Mufaddal}}
]
]
]

Revision as of 09:20, 29 January 2015

Mufaddal SaifuddinClaimant to the 53rd Da'i al-Mutlaq
of the Dawoodi Bohra community
Saifuddin (l) with Narendra Modi (r)
Born (1946-08-20) 20 August 1946 (age 78)
Surat, Gujarat, British Raj
ChildrenJafar us Sadiq (b. 1973)
ParentMohammed Burhanuddin
RelativesKhuzaima (half-uncle)

Mufaddal Saifuddin (Template:Lang-ar; Abu Jafar-us-Sadiq Mufaddal Saifuddin) is a claimant to the title of 53rd Dā'ī al-Mutlaq (highest spiritual authority) of the Dawoodi Bohra. The Dawoodi Bohra are a sub group within the Mustaali, Ismaili Shia branch of Islam.

Biography

Early life

Mufaddal Saifuddin was born on 20 August 1946, on the night of Laylat al-Qadr in Surat, Gujarat, and was given the name Aali Qadr Mufaddal (Arabic:عالي قدر مفضل) by his grandfather Syedna Taher Saifuddin. The gematric value of "Aali Qadr Mufaddal" in Arabic is 1365 which is the Islamic Hijri calendar year of his birth.

Travels

Mufaddal Saifuddin was appointed Amirul Hajj by his father Burhanuddin in 1390 AH (1970 CE). After Hajj, he travelled to Karbala, Shaam, Misr and Yemen. During his trip to Yemen, he laid the foundations for the construction of the 3rd Da'i al-Mutlaq's Syedna Hatim's mausoleum. After that journey Burhanuddin bestowed upon him the religious honorific title Aqeeq-ul-Yemen in 1391 AH/1971 AD.

During a visit to Udaipur as Rajasthan, India, state guest

On 28 Rabi' al-thani 1435 AH (28 February 2014 CE), the Indian foreign minister Salman Khurshid accompanied Saifuddin to Mumbai airport to see him off for his first visit abroad after the passing of his father Burhanuddin in January of that year. Khurshid presented Mufaddal with a letter of good wishes from Sonia Gandhi, the president of the Indian Congress, before departed to Najaf and Karbala in Iraq for a pilgrimage to the shrines of Imam Ali and Imam Husain.

Later on, in Pakistan, he was received with state protocol and was welcomed at Karachi airport by Sindh Chief Minister Syed Qaim Ali Shah.

Succession controversy

Main article: 53rd Syedna succession controversy (Dawoodi Bohra)

Burhanuddin did not publicly declare any successor as late as 2011 and there were fights between rival factions among Burhanuddin's several brothers and sons to succeed him as head of the vast empire he controls.

After Burhanuddin suffered a stroke in June 2011 in London, Mufaddal Saifuddin was declared as his successor by Muffadal's brothers. The Dawoodi Bohra community was reported of the succession by Mufaddal's brothers a group formed in 2013 in support of Burhanuddin's half-brother Khuzaima Qutbuddin, who was Mazoon, serving second under Dai al Mutlaq.

After the Burhanuddin's death in January 2014, Mufaddal took up his office claiming to be dai, Qutbuddin, claiming to have been appointed heir 50 years earlier in secrecy, challenged Mufaddal's right to be Dai in court. Khuzaima also took the office as he 53rd Dai of Dawoodi Bohras having two headquarters one in Thane and primary being in the ancestral headquarter Saify Mahal where Mufaddal also resides.

The faction of Dawoodi Bohras led by Qaid Johar Ezzuddin the brother of Mufaddal who follow Mufaddal Saifuddin supports Mufaddal Saifuddin as Dai, and have excommunicated Qutbuddin and his faction.

See also

Part of a series on Islam
Isma'ilism
Ismail lion calligram
Concepts
Seven Pillars
Musta'lism and NizarismBranches/sects

States

People

Centers

Other

Early leaders
Incumbent leaders
Islam portal

References

  1. ^ "A perilous transition - Mumbai Mirror". Retrieved 9 December 2014.
  2. ^ Rizwan Mawani (30 January 2014). "The Intricacies of Succession: Two Claimants Emerge for Dawoodi Bohra Leadership". Huffington Post. Retrieved 11 February 2014.
  3. Gulshan-e-Ma'alumaat Birth Date Article
  4. "Syedna Aali Qadr Mufaddal Saifuddin". Free Press Journal. 26 January 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
  5. ^ "Profile of Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin". GulfNews.com. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
  6. "Aali Qadr". Retrieved 12 January 2015.
  7. "Union Foreign Minister Salman Khurshid". Afternoon Dispatch and Courier. 28 February 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
  8. Hasan, Shazia (28 February 2014). "Saifuddin receives warm welcome on brief visit". DAWN.com. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
  9. "bohra-dissenters-challenge-oppressive-priesthood/". Retrieved 9 December 2014.
  10. 'Mufaddal Saifuddin as designate-successor', http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-claimant-to-syedna-seat-declares-official-challenge-1968682
  11. http://gulfnews.com/news/world/india/profile-of-syedna-mufaddal-saifuddin-1.1279387, 'With prayers and quiet celebrations at home, the Dawoodi Bohra community had welcomed their community leader’s choice of Mufaddal Saifuddin as his successor'
  12. "Dawoodi Bohras welcome nomination of successor". Hindustan Times. Mumbai: HT Media. 7 June 2011.
  13. ^ "Talk of rift among Bohras over Syedna's successor". Hindustan Times. 15 April 2013.
  14. ^ "Bohras protest Syedna's half-brother 's claim". Retrieved 26 March 2014.
  15. http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-claimant-to-syedna-seat-declares-official-challenge-1968682, 'Mufaddal Saifuddin as designate-successor'.'Mufaddal took charge officially last month'
  16. "Talk of rift among Bohras over Syedna's successor". Retrieved 26 March 2014.
  17. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rizwan-mawani/the-intricacies-of-succes_b_4687546.html
  18. http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-claimant-to-syedna-seat-declares-official-challenge-1968682, 'but this has been challenged by Khuzaima'
  19. "How is Syedna chosen? HC wants to know". The Indian Express. 30 April 2014.
  20. "Bohras make anti-Syedna faction's ex-communication official, stick by Mufaddal Saifuddin". Daily News and Analysis. 31 January 2014. Retrieved 30 June 2014.

External links

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