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Year 1391 (MCCCXCI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar.

Events

January–December

• June 6 – Massacre of 1391: Anti-Jewish pogroms erupt in Seville, Spain. Many thousands of Jews are massacred, and the violence spreads throughout Spain and Portugal, especially to Toledo, Barcelona and Mallorca. This event marks a turning-point in the history of the Spanish Jews, with most of the survivors leaving the Iberian Peninsula or being forced to convert.
• July 18 – Tokhtamysh–Timur war – Battle of the Kondurcha River: Timur defeats Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde, in present day southeast Russia.

Date unknown

• Manuel II Palaiologos becomes Byzantine emperor after his father, John V Palaiologos, dies of a nervous breakdown, due to his continued humiliation by the Ottoman Empire.
• Yusuf II succeeds Muhammed V, as Nasrid Sultan of Granada (now southern Spain).
• Stephen Dabiša succeeds Stephen Tvrtko I, as King of Bosnia.
• Shah Mansur becomes leader of the Timurid-occupied Muzaffarid Empire, in central Persia.
• A group of Muzaffarids under Zafar Khan Muzaffar establish a new Sultanate at Gujarat, in western India.
• Vytautas the Great, claimant to the throne of Lithuania, forms an alliance with Muscovy.
• Roman I succeeds Petru, as Prince of Moldavia (now Moldova and northeastern Romania).
• Konrad von Wallenrode succeeds Konrad Zöllner von Rotenstein, as Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights.
• Bridget of Sweden is canonized by Pope Boniface IX.
• Ushkuinik pirates from Novgorod sack the Muscovy towns of Zhukotin and Kazan.
• The Chinese invent toilet paper for use by their emperors.
• Henry I Sinclair, Earl of Orkney, takes control of the Shetland Islands and the Faroe Islands.
• The University of Ferrara is founded on the Italian Peninsula.
• The Ming government orders 50 million trees planted in the Nanjing area.

Births

• June 24 – Joan of France, Duchess of Brittany (d. 1433)
• July 31 – Cyriacus of Ancona, Italian merchant, "father of archaeology" (d. 1453/5)
• October 31 – Edward, King of Portugal (d. 1438)
• November 6 – Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March, English politician (d. 1425)
• Gedun Drub, 1st Dalai Lama (d. 1474)
• Thomas West, 2nd Baron West, English soldier (d. 1415)

Deaths

• January 16 – Emir Muhammed V of Granada (b. 1338)
• February 16 – John V Palaiologos, Byzantine emperor (b. 1332)
• March 10 – King Tvrtko I of Bosnia (b. 1338)
• November 1 – Amadeus VII, Count of Savoy (b. 1360)
• Gaston III, Count of Foix, co-prince of Andorra
• date unknown
  • Petru, Prince of Moldavia
  • Margaret, Countess of Mar (approximate date)

References

1. Freund, Scarlett; Ruiz (1994). "Jews, Conversos, and the Inquisition in Spain, 1391–1492: The Ambiguities of History". In Perry, Marvin; Schweitzer, Frederick M. (eds.). Jewish-Christian Encounters Over the Centuries: Symbiosis, Prejudice, Holocaust, Dialogue. P. Lang. pp. 169–195. ISBN 978-0-8204-2082-0.
2. Tucker, Spencer C. (December 23, 2009). A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East [6 volumes]: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. ABC-CLIO. p. 428. ISBN 978-1-85109-672-5.
3. Barker, John W. (1969). Manuel II Palaeologus (1391-1425); a study in late Byzantine statesmanship. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press. pp. xxiv. ISBN 0-8135-0582-8. OCLC 11370.
4. Grendler, Paul F. (September 29, 2004). The Universities of the Italian Renaissance. JHU Press. p. 99. ISBN 978-0-8018-8055-1.

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