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1794–95 United States Senate elections

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1794–95 United States Senate elections
← 1792 & 1793 Dates vary by state 1796 & 1797 →
10 of the 30 seats in the United States Senate (plus special elections)
16 seats needed for a majority
  Majority party Minority party
 
Party Federalist Democratic-Republican
Seats before 16
(as Pro-Administration) 		13
(as Anti-Administration)
Seats after 19 10
Seat change Increase 3 Decrease 3
Seats up 5
(as Pro-Administration) 		5
(as Anti-Administration)
Races won 8 2

     Federalist hold      Federalist gain
     Democratic-Republican hold
Majority Faction before election


Pro-Administration

Elected Majority Faction


Federalist

The 1794–95 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states. As these U.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1794 and 1795, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock. In these elections, terms were up for the senators in Class 3.

This was the first election cycle with organized political parties in the United States, with the Federalist Party emerging from the Pro Administration coalition, and the Democratic-Republican Party emerging from the Anti-Administration coalition.

Results summary

Senate party division, 4th Congress (1795–1797)

  • Majority party: Federalist (20)
  • Minority party: Democratic-Republican (10)
  • Other parties: 0
  • Total seats: 30

Change in composition

Before the elections

Note: There were no political parties in the 3rd Congress. Members are informally grouped here into factions of similar interest, based on an analysis of their voting record.

After the March 31, 1794 special election in Pennsylvania.

A5 A4 A3 A2 A1
A6 A7 A8 A9
Ga.
Ran 		A10
Ky.
Unknown 		A11
N.H.
Ran 		A12
N.C.
Unknown 		A13
Vt.
Ran 		V1
Del. 		P16
S.C.
Retired
Majority →
P6 P7 P8 P9 P10 P11 P12
Conn.
Retired 		P13
Md.
Ran 		P14
N.Y.
Ran 		P15
Pa.
Retired
P5 P4 P3 P2 P1

Results of the elections

A5 A4 A3 A2 A1
A6 A7 A8 DR1
N.H.
Gain
from A 		DR2
N.C.
Gain
from A 		V1
Del. 		F8
Vt.
Gain
from A 		F7
S.C.
Gain
from P 		F6
Pa.
Gain
from P 		F5
N.Y.
Gain
from P
  F4
Md.
Gain
from P
P6 P7 P8 P9 P10 P11 F1
Conn.
Gain
from P 		F2
Ga.
Gain
from A 		F3
Ky.
Gain
from A
P5 P4 P3 P2 P1

Beginning of the next Congress

See also: 4th United States Congress

Seven senators who were considered "Anti-Administration" became Democratic-Republicans and eleven "Pro-Administration" became Federalists.

DR5
Changed 		DR4
Changed 		DR3
Changed 		DR2
Changed 		DR1
Changed
DR6
Changed 		DR7
Changed 		DR8
Changed 		DR9 DR10 F20
Del.
Gain 		F19 F18 F17 F16
Majority →
F6
Changed 		F7
Changed 		F8
Changed 		F9
Changed 		F10
Changed 		F11
Changed 		F12 F13 F14 F15
F5
Changed 		F4
Changed 		F3
Changed 		F2
Changed 		F1
Changed
Key:
A# Anti-Administration
DR# Democratic-Republican
F# Federalist
P# Pro-Administration
V# Vacant

Race summaries

Except if/when noted, the number following candidates is the whole number vote(s), not a percentage.

Special elections during the 3rd Congress

In these special elections, the winner was seated before March 4, 1795; ordered by election date.

State Incumbent Results Candidates
Senator Party First elected
Pennsylvania
(Class 1) 		Albert Gallatin Anti-Administration 1793 (special) Incumbent disqualified February 28, 1794.
New senator elected March 31, 1794.
Pro-Administration gain.
Winner became a Federalist in the next Congress.
Virginia
(Class 1) 		James Monroe Anti-Administration 1790 (special) Incumbent resigned May 11, 1794 to become U.S. Minister to France.
New senator elected November 18, 1794.
Anti-Administration hold.
Winner became a Democratic-Republican in the next Congress.
Virginia
(Class 2) 		John Taylor Anti-Administration 1792 (special) Incumbent resigned May 11, 1794.
New senator elected November 18, 1794.
Anti-Administration hold.
Winner became a Democratic-Republican in the next Congress.
Delaware
(Class 1) 		Vacant George Read (P) resigned September 18, 1793 to become Chief Justice of Delaware.
New senator elected February 7, 1795.
Pro-Administration gain.
Winner became a Federalist in the next Congress.

Races leading to the 4th Congress

In these regular elections, the winner was seated on March 4, 1795; ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 3 seats.

State Incumbent Results Candidates
Senator Party First elected
Connecticut Stephen Mitchell Pro-Administration 1793 (appointed) Incumbent appointee retired.
New senator's election date unknown.
Federalist gain.
Georgia James Gunn Anti-Administration 1789 Incumbent re-elected November 13, 1794 as a Federalist.
Federalist gain.
Kentucky John Edwards Anti-Administration 1792 (new state) Incumbent retired or lost re-election.
New senator elected in 1794 on the second ballot.
Federalist gain.
Maryland John Henry Pro-Administration 1788 Incumbent re-elected in 1795 as a Federalist.
Federalist gain.
New Hampshire John Langdon Anti-Administration 1788 Incumbent re-elected on an unknown date as a Democratic-Republican.
Democratic-Republican gain.
New York Rufus King Pro-Administration 1789 Incumbent re-elected January 27, 1795 to a new party.
Federalist gain.
North Carolina Benjamin Hawkins Anti-Administration 1789 Incumbent retired or lost re-election.
New senator elected in 1795 on the fifth ballot.
Democratic-Republican gain.
Pennsylvania Robert Morris Pro-Administration 1788 Incumbent retired.
New senator elected February 26, 1795.
Federalist gain.
South Carolina Ralph Izard Pro-Administration 1789 Incumbent retired.
New senator elected in 1794 on the second ballot.
Federalist gain.
Vermont Stephen R. Bradley Anti-Administration 1791 (new state) Incumbent lost re-election.
New senator elected in 1794.
Federalist gain.

Elections during the 4th Congress

There were no elections in 1795 after March 4.

Connecticut

See also: List of United States senators from Connecticut
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2019)

Delaware (special)

Delaware special election
← 1790 February 7, 1795 1797 →
Class 1 Senator →
 
Nominee Henry Latimer John Dickinson
Party Federalist Democratic-Republican
Popular vote 15 14
Percentage 51.72% 48.28%
U.S. senator before election

George Read
Federalist

Elected U.S. Senator

Henry Latimer
Federalist

Main article: 1795 United States Senate special election in Delaware See also: List of United States senators from Delaware

The Delaware special election was held February 7, 1795. Incumbent Senator George Read had resigned to take the position of Chief Justice of the Delaware Supreme Court. Henry Latimer defeated the former Governor of Delaware, Governor of Pennsylvania and Continental Congressmen from Delaware and Pennsylvania by one vote.

1795 United States Senate election in Delaware
Party Candidate Votes %
Federalist Henry Latimer 15 51.72%
Democratic-Republican John Dickinson 14 48.28%
Total votes 29 100%

Georgia

See also: List of United States senators from Georgia
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2019)

Kentucky

See also: List of United States senators from Kentucky
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2019)

Maryland

See also: List of United States senators from Maryland
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2022)
1795 United States Senate election in Maryland
← 1788 December 16, 1794 1797 →
80 members of the Maryland General Assembly
 
Candidate John Henry James Lloyd
Party Federalist Democratic-Republican
Legislative vote -
Percentage -% %

John Henry won election over James Lloyd by an unknown number of votes for the Class 3 seat.

New Hampshire

See also: List of United States senators from New Hampshire
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2019)

New York

Main article: 1795 United States Senate election in New York See also: List of United States senators from New York
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2019)

North Carolina

See also: List of United States senators from North Carolina
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2019)

Pennsylvania

See also: List of United States senators from Pennsylvania and 1794 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania (special)

Senator James Ross
Main article: 1794 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania special election, March 31, 1794
Party Candidate Votes %
Pro-Administration James Ross 45 51.72%
Unknown Robert Coleman 35 40.23%
Federalist Samuel Sitgreaves 1 1.15%
N/A Not voting 6 6.70%
Total votes 87 100%

Pennsylvania (regular)

Senator William Bingham
Main article: 1795 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania

Incumbent Federalist Robert Morris, who was elected in 1788, was not a candidate for re-election to another term. The Pennsylvania General Assembly convened on February 26, 1795, to elect a senator for the term beginning March 4, 1795.

Pennsylvania general election, February 26, 1795
Party Candidate Votes %
Pro-Administration William Bingham 58 56.86%
Anti-Administration Peter Muhlenberg 35 34.31%
N/A Not voting 9 8.82%
Total votes 102 100%

South Carolina

See also: List of United States senators from South Carolina
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2019)

Vermont

See also: List of United States senators from Vermont
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2019)

Virginia

See also: List of United States senators from Virginia

Even though neither of Virginia's incumbent's terms were up, both resigned in 1794, leading to two special elections.

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2019)

Future-president James Monroe resigned March 27, 1794 to become U.S. Minister to France.

Stevens Thomson Mason was elected November 18, 1794 and would become a Democratic-Republican in the next Congress.

Virginia (special, class 2)

Senator Henry Tazewell
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2020)

Incumbent John Taylor of Caroline resigned May 11, 1794.

Henry Tazewell was elected November 18, 1794 and would become a Democratic-Republican in the next Congress.

See also

References

  1. "17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Direct Election of U.S. Senators (1913)". National Archives and Records Administration. February 8, 2022.
  2. Martis, Kenneth C. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress.
  3. "Delaware 1795 U.S. Senate, Special". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 4, 2018., citing South-Carolina State Gazette, and Timothy and Mason's Daily Advertiser (Charleston, SC). March 16, 1795.
  4. "Georgia 1794 U.S. Senate". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Archived from the original on March 18, 2020. Retrieved February 4, 2018., citing Aurora. General Advertiser (Philadelphia, PA). December 13, 1794.
  5. "Kentucky 1794 U.S. Senate, Ballot 2". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 4, 2018., citing Election of United States Senators by the General Assembly (typed manuscript). Kentucky Historical Society, Frankfort.
  6. "New York 1795 U.S. Senate". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 5, 2018., citing Journal of the New York Assembly, 1795. 32–33. Journal of the New York State Senate, 1795. 15.
  7. "North Carolina 1795 U.S. Senate". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 5, 2018., citing Legislative Papers. State Archives of North Carolina, Raleigh.
  8. "Pennsylvania 1795 U.S. Senate". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 5, 2018., citing Gazette of the United States (Philadelphia, PA). February 26, 1795.
  9. "South Carolina 1794 U.S. Senate, Ballot 2". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved January 30, 2018., citing Rogers, George C. Evolution of a Federalist: William Loughton Smith of Charleston (1758-1812). Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1962. 268.
  10. "1795 United States Senate election in Delaware".
  11. "Our Campaigns - MD US Senate Race - Dec 16, 1794". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved November 5, 2022.
  12. "PA US Senate - Special Election 1794". OurCampaigns. Retrieved December 21, 2012.
  13. "U.S. Senate Election - 26 February 1795" (PDF). Wilkes University. Retrieved September 28, 2013.

External links

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