1872–73 United States Senate elections

(Redirected from 1872 United States Senate election in Maryland)

Dates vary by state
(And other dates for special elections)

24 of the 74 seats in the United States Senate (with special elections)
38 seats needed for a majority

	Majority party	Minority party

Leader	Henry B. Anthony
Party	Republican	Democratic
Leader since	March 4, 1863
Leader's seat	Rhode Island
Last election	58 seats	9 seats
Seats before	56	17
Seats won	18	5
Seats after	54	19
Seat change	2	2
Seats up	20	3

	Third party

Party	Liberal Republican
Last election	0 seats
Seats before	1
Seats won	0
Seats after	0
Seat change	1
Seats up	1

Results of the elections:
     Democratic gain      Democratic hold
     Republican gain      Republican hold
     Liberal Republican gain      Legislature Failed to Elect

Majority Party before election

Republican

Elected Majority Party

Republican

The 1872–73 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states, coinciding with President Ulysses S. Grant's re-election. As these U.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1872 and 1873, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock. In these elections, terms were up for the senators in Class 3.

The Republican Party, while still retaining a commanding majority, lost two seats. By the beginning of the Congress, however, they would lose three more: two as defections to the Liberal Republican Party, and one a resignation of Henry Wilson to become U.S. Vice President. This remains the last election in which Republicans held a 2/3 majority in the Senate.

Results summary

Senate party division, 43rd Congress (1873–1875)

Majority party: Republican (50–51)
Minority party: Democratic (19–20)
Other parties: Liberal Republican (3–2)
Vacant: (2–1)
Total seats: 74

Change in composition

Before the elections

After the January 30, 1872 special election in North Carolina.

D₇	D₆	D₅	D₄	D₃	D₂	D₁
D₈	D₉	D₁₀	D₁₁	D₁₂	D₁₃	D₁₄	D₁₅ Ran	D₁₆ Unknown	D₁₇ Unknown
R₄₈ Unknown	R₄₉ Unknown	R₅₀ Unknown	R₅₁ Retired	R₅₂ Retired	R₅₃ Retired	R₅₄ Retired	R₅₅ Retired	R₅₆ Resigned	LR₁ Retired
R₄₇ Ran	R₄₆ Ran	R₄₅ Ran	R₄₄ Ran	R₄₃ Ran	R₄₂ Ran	R₄₁ Ran	R₄₀ Ran	R₃₉ Ran	R₃₈ Ran
Majority →									R₃₈ Ran
R₂₈	R₂₉	R₃₀	R₃₁	R₃₂	R₃₃	R₃₄	R₃₅	R₃₆	R₃₇ Ran
R₂₇	R₂₆	R₂₅	R₂₄	R₂₃	R₂₂	R₂₁	R₂₀	R₁₉	R₁₈
R₈	R₉	R₁₀	R₁₁	R₁₂	R₁₃	R₁₄	R₁₅	R₁₆	R₁₇
R₇	R₆	R₅	R₄	R₃	R₂	R₁

Result of the elections

D₇	D₆	D₅	D₄	D₃	D₂	D₁
D₈	D₉	D₁₀	D₁₁	D₁₂	D₁₃	D₁₄	D₁₅ Hold	D₁₆ Hold	D₁₇ Hold
R₄₈ Hold	R₄₉ Hold	R₅₀ Hold	R₅₁ Hold	R₅₂ Hold	R₅₃ Gain	LR₁ Re-elected, new party	V₁ R Loss	D₁₉ Gain	D₁₈ Gain
R₄₇ Hold	R₄₆ Hold	R₄₅ Hold	R₄₄ Hold	R₄₃ Re-elected	R₄₂ Re-elected	R₄₁ Re-elected	R₄₀ Re-elected	R₃₉ Re-elected	R₃₈ Re-elected
Majority →									R₃₇ Re-elected
R₂₈	R₂₉	R₃₀	R₃₁	R₃₂	R₃₃	R₃₄	R₃₅	R₃₆	R₃₇ Re-elected
R₂₇	R₂₆	R₂₅	R₂₄	R₂₃	R₂₂	R₂₁	R₂₀	R₁₉	R₁₈
R₈	R₉	R₁₀	R₁₁	R₁₂	R₁₃	R₁₄	R₁₅	R₁₆	R₁₇
R₇	R₆	R₅	R₄	R₃	R₂	R₁

Beginning of the next Congress

D₇	D₆	D₅	D₄	D₃	D₂	D₁
D₈	D₉	D₁₀	D₁₁	D₁₂	D₁₃	D₁₄	D₁₅	D₁₆	D₁₇
R₄₈	R₄₉	R₅₀	LR₁	LR₂ Changed	LR₃ Changed	V₁	V₂ Resigned	D₁₉	D₁₈
R₄₇	R₄₆	R₄₅	R₄₄	R₄₃	R₄₂	R₄₁	R₄₀	R₃₉	R₃₈
Majority →									R₃₇
R₂₈	R₂₉	R₃₀	R₃₁	R₃₂	R₃₃	R₃₄	R₃₅	R₃₆	R₃₇
R₂₇	R₂₆	R₂₅	R₂₄	R₂₃	R₂₂	R₂₁	R₂₀	R₁₉	R₁₈
R₈	R₉	R₁₀	R₁₁	R₁₂	R₁₃	R₁₄	R₁₅	R₁₆	R₁₇
R₇	R₆	R₅	R₄	R₃	R₂	R₁

Key:

D_#	Democratic
LR_#	Liberal Republican
R_#	Republican
V_#	Vacant

Race summaries

Special elections during the 42nd Congress

In these elections, the winners were seated during 1872 or in 1873 before March 4; ordered by election date.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
North Carolina (Class 2)	Vacant			Legislature had failed to elect. New senator elected January 30, 1872. Democratic gain.	▌Y Matt W. Ransom (Democratic) [data missing]
Kentucky (Class 3)	Willis B. Machen	Democratic	1872 (appointed)	Interim appointee elected January 21, 1873. Winner was not elected to the next term; see below.	▌Y Willis B. Machen (Democratic) 104 ▌Tarvin Baker (Republican) 18
Louisiana (Class 3)	William P. Kellogg	Republican	1868	Incumbent resigned November 1, 1872 to become Governor of Louisiana. Legislature failed to elect. The seat remained vacant until January 12, 1876, due to a Senate dispute; see below. Republican loss.	▌P. B. S. Pinchback (Republican) ▌John Ray (Unknown) [data missing]

Races leading to the 43rd Congress

In these regular elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1873; ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 3 seats.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
Alabama	George E. Spencer	Republican	1868 (readmission)	Incumbent re-elected in 1872.	▌Y George E. Spencer (Republican) [data missing]
Arkansas	Benjamin F. Rice	Republican	1868 (readmission)	Incumbent retired or lost re-election. New senator elected in 1872 or 1873. Republican hold.	▌Y Stephen W. Dorsey (Republican) [data missing]
California	Cornelius Cole	Republican	1866–67	Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election. New senator elected in 1872 or 1873. Republican hold.	▌Y Aaron A. Sargent (Republican) [data missing]
Connecticut	Orris S. Ferry	Republican	1866	Incumbent re-elected May 15, 1872 as a Liberal Republican. Liberal Republican gain.	▌Y Orris S. Ferry (Liberal Republican) 51.55% ▌Joseph R. Hawley (Republican) 48.45%
Florida	Thomas W. Osborn	Republican	1868 (readmission)	Incumbent retired. New senator elected in 1872 or 1873. Republican hold.	▌Y Simon B. Conover (Republican) [data missing]
Georgia	Joshua Hill	Republican	1867 (not seated) 1871 (admitted)	Incumbent retired. New senator elected in 1873. Democratic gain.	▌Y John Brown Gordon (Democratic) [data missing]
Illinois	Lyman Trumbull	Liberal Republican	1855 1861 1867	Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected January 20, 1873. Republican gain.	▌Y Richard J. Oglesby (Republican) 54.53% ▌Lyman Trumbull (Liberal Republican) 42.47%
Indiana	Oliver P. Morton	Republican	1867	Incumbent re-elected in 1873.	▌Y Oliver P. Morton (Republican) [data missing]
Iowa	James Harlan	Republican	1855 1857 (election voided) 1857 (special) 1860 1865 (resigned) 1866	Incumbent lost renomination. New senator elected January 17, 1872. Republican hold.	▌Y William B. Allison (Republican) ▌Joseph C. Knapp (Democratic)
Kansas	Samuel C. Pomeroy	Republican	1861 1867	Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected in 1873. Republican hold.	▌Y John Ingalls (Republican) [data missing]
Kentucky	Willis B. Machen	Democratic	1872 (appointed)	Interim appointee retired or lost re-election. New senator elected in 1872. Democratic hold. Winner was not elected to finish the current term, see above.	▌Y Thomas C. McCreery (Democratic) ▌John Marshall Harlan (Republican)
Louisiana	William P. Kellogg	Republican	1868	Incumbent resigned November 1, 1872 to become Governor of Louisiana. Legislature failed to elect and the seat remained vacant until January 12, 1876 due to a Senate dispute.	▌P. B. S. Pinchback (Republican) ▌William L. McMillen (Republican) [data missing]
Maryland	George Vickers	Democratic	1868 (special)	Incumbent retired or lost re-election. New senator elected in 1872 or 1873. Democratic hold.	▌Y George R. Dennis (Democratic) [data missing]
Missouri	Francis Blair	Democratic	1871 (special)	Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected in 1872 or 1873. Democratic hold.	▌Y Lewis V. Bogy (Democratic) [data missing]
Nevada	James W. Nye	Republican	1865 1867	Incumbent retired. New senator elected in 1873. Republican hold.	▌Y John P. Jones (Republican) [data missing]
New Hampshire	James W. Patterson	Republican	1866–67	Incumbent lost renomination. New senator elected in 1872. Republican hold.	▌Y Bainbridge Wadleigh (Republican) [data missing]
New York	Roscoe Conkling	Republican	1867	Incumbent re-elected January 21, 1873.	▌Y Roscoe Conkling (Republican) ▌Charles A. Wheaton (Democratic) ▌William M. Evarts (Republican) ▌Henry R. Selden (Liberal Republican)
North Carolina	John Pool	Republican	1868 (readmission)	Incumbent retired. New senator elected in 1872. Democratic gain.	▌Y Augustus Merrimon (Democratic) [data missing]
Ohio	John Sherman	Republican	1861 (special) 1866	Incumbent re-elected in 1872.	▌Y John Sherman (Republican) [data missing]
Oregon	Henry W. Corbett	Republican	1866–67	Incumbent retired. New senator elected in 1872. Republican hold.	▌Y John H. Mitchell (Republican) [data missing]
Pennsylvania	Simon Cameron	Republican	1867	Incumbent re-elected January 21, 1873.	▌Y Simon Cameron (Republican) 57.14% ▌William A. Wallace (Democratic) 37.59% ▌Thomas Marshall (Liberal Republican) 0.75% ▌Hendrick B. Wright (Democratic) 0.75%
South Carolina	Frederick A. Sawyer	Republican	1868	Incumbent retired or lost re-election. New senator elected in 1872 or 1873. Republican hold.	▌Y John J. Patterson (Republican) [data missing]
Vermont	Justin S. Morrill	Republican	1866	Incumbent re-elected in 1872.	▌Y Justin S. Morrill (Republican) [data missing]
Wisconsin	Timothy O. Howe	Republican	1861 1867	Incumbent re-elected January 22, 1873.	▌Y Timothy O. Howe (Republican) ▌ Henry L. Palmer (Democratic) ▌ Charles A. Eldredge (Democratic)

Elections during the 43rd Congress

In this election, the winner was elected in 1873 after March 4.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
Massachusetts (Class 2)	Henry Wilson	Republican	1855 (special) 1859 1865 1871	Incumbent resigned to become U.S. Vice President. New senator elected March 12, 1873. Republican hold.	▌Y George S. Boutwell (Republican) 152 ▌Henry L. Dawes (Republican) 115 ▌George B. Loring (Republican) 2 ▌John K. Tarbox (Democratic) 2 ▌William Whiting (Democratic) 2 ▌C. G. Greene (Unknown) 2 votes
California (Class 1)	Eugene Casserly	Democratic	1868	Incumbent resigned. New senator elected December 23, 1873. Democratic hold.	▌Y John S. Hager (Democratic) ▌ Cole (Republican) ▌ Goodwin (Unknown) ▌ Swift (Unknown) ▌ Lewis (Unknown) ▌ Edgerton (Unknown)

Early election

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
California (Class 1)	Eugene Casserly	Democratic	1868	Incumbent resigned November 29, 1873. New senator elected early December 20, 1873. Anti-Monopoly gain.	▌Y Newton Booth (Anti-Monopoly) 60 [data missing]

Alabama

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Arkansas

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California

California (regular, class 3)

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California (special)

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California (early)

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Connecticut

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Florida

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Georgia

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Illinois

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Indiana

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Iowa

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Kansas

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Kentucky

Kentucky (regular)

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Kentucky (special)

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Louisiana

Louisiana (special)

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Louisiana (regular)

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Maryland

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1872 United States Senate election in Maryland

← 1868

January 18, 1872

1878 →

80 members of the Maryland General Assembly


Candidate	George R. Dennis	Lewis Henry Steiner
Party	Democratic	Republican
Legislative vote	81	11
Percentage	87.10%	11.83%

George R. Dennis was elected by a margin of 75.27%, or 70 votes, for the Class 3 seat.

Massachusetts (special)

Main article: 1873 United States Senate special election in Massachusetts See also: List of United States senators from Massachusetts

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Missouri

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Nevada

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New Hampshire

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New York

Main article: 1873 United States Senate election in New York See also: List of United States senators from New York and 1872 United States House of Representatives elections in New York

The New York election was held January 21, 1873. Republican Roscoe Conkling had been elected in January 1867 to this seat, and his term would expire on March 3, 1873.

At the State election in November 1871, 21 Republicans and 11 Democrats were elected for a two-year term (1872–1873) in the State Senate. In 1872, a faction of the Republican Party opposed the re-election of President Ulysses S. Grant and the Radical Republicans who supported him, and under the name Liberal Republican Party nominated a joint ticket with the Democratic Party. At the State election in November 1872, 91 Republicans, 35 Democrats and 2 Independents were elected for the session of 1873 to the Assembly. The 96th New York State Legislature met from January 7 to May 30, 1873, at Albany, New York.

The caucus of Republican State legislators met on January 8, State Senator William B. Woodin, of Auburn (25th D.), presided. 18 state senators and 88 assemblymen were present. They re-nominated Conkling unanimously. The caucus of the Democratic State legislators nominated Ex-First Judge of Dutchess County Charles Wheaton.

Roscoe Conkling was the choice of both the Assembly and the State Senate, and was declared elected.

House	Republican		Democratic		Republican		Liberal Republican
State Senate (32 members)	Roscoe Conkling	20	Charles A. Wheaton	5	William M. Evarts	1	Henry R. Selden	1
State Assembly (128 members)	Roscoe Conkling	92	Charles A. Wheaton	26

Note: The vote for Ex-U.S. Attorney General William M. Evarts was cast by Norman M. Allen (32nd district), the vote for Ex-Judge of the New York Court of Appeals Henry R. Selden by Gabriel T. Harrower (27th district). Allen, Harrower and Abiah W. Palmer (11th district) were the three Liberal Republicans in the State Senate.

North Carolina

North Carolina (regular)

North Carolina (late)

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Ohio

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Oregon

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Pennsylvania

Main article: 1873 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania See also: List of United States senators from Pennsylvania and 1872 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania

The Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives and the Pennsylvania State Senate, voted on January 21, 1873. Incumbent Republican Simon Cameron, who was elected in 1867, won re-election.

State Legislature Results
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Simon Cameron (Incumbent)	76	57.14
	Democratic	William A. Wallace	50	37.59
	Liberal Republican	Thomas Marshall	1	0.75
	Democratic	Hendrick Wright	1	0.75
	N/A	Not voting	5	3.76
Totals			133	100.00%

South Carolina

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Vermont

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Wisconsin

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Notes

as Republican Conference Chair
Possibly Cornelius Cole
Although the votes were cast on January 21, both Houses met in a joint session on January 22 to compare nominations, and declare the result.
Charles A. Wheaton (1834-1886), lawyer, of Poughkeepsie, First Judge of the Dutchess County Court 1863-67

References

"17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Direct Election of U.S. Senators (1913)". National Archives and Records Administration. February 8, 2022.
Kleber, John E. (October 17, 2014). The Kentucky Encyclopedia. University Press of Kentucky. p. 598. ISBN 9780813159010.
^ Taft, pp. 483–512.
"LA - Louisiana". www.senate.gov.
"CT US Senate". OurCampaigns.com. May 25, 2016. Retrieved October 31, 2019., citing The Journal of the House of Representatives of Connecticut 1872.
"Our Campaigns - IL US Senate Race - Jan 20, 1873". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved October 31, 2019.
Clark, p. 167.
Kleber, John E. (October 17, 2014). The Kentucky Encyclopedia. University Press of Kentucky. p. 595. ISBN 9780813159010.
^ "Election of Ex-Secretary Boutwell as United States Senator". The New York Times. March 13, 1873. p. 1. Retrieved February 17, 2020.
"UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT. RECENT DECISIONS / CURIOUS LAWSUIT. SENATOR HAGAR, OF CALIFORNIA". The New York Times. December 26, 1873. p. 1. Retrieved February 17, 2020.
"THE CALIFORNIA SENATORSHIP". The New York Times. December 17, 1873. p. 1. Retrieved February 17, 2020.
^ "THE CALIFORNIAN SENATORSHIP ELECTION OF BOOTH". The New York Times. December 21, 1873. p. 1. Retrieved February 17, 2020.
"Our Campaigns - MD US Senate Race - Jan 18, 1872". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved November 5, 2022.
^ "U.S. Senate Election - 21 January 1873" (PDF). Wilkes University. Retrieved December 22, 2013.

Sources

Party Division in the Senate, 1789-Present, via Senate.gov
Byrd, Robert C. (October 1, 1993). Wolff, Wendy (ed.). The Senate, 1789-1989: Historical Statistics, 1789-1992. United States Senate Historical Office (volume 4 Bicentennial ed.). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. ISBN 9780160632563.
Clark, Dan Elbert (1913). "History of Senatorial Elections in Iowa". Iowa City, Iowa.
Taft, George S.; Furber, George P.; Buck, George M.; Webb, Charles A.; Pierce, Herbert R. (1913). "Compilation of Senate Election Cases from 1789 to 1913". U.S. Senate Committee on Privileges and Elections. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Members of the 43rd United States Congress
ALBANY.; Unanimous Nomination of Roscoe Conkling for U.S. Senator in NYT on January 9, 1873
ALBANY.; Nomination of Roscoe Conkling as United States Senator in NYT on January 22, 1873
The Life and Letters of Roscoe Conkling: Orator, Statesman and Advocate by Alfred R. Conkling (page 449)
Pennsylvania Election Statistics: 1682-2006 from the Wilkes University Election Statistics Project

v t e (1871 ←) 1872 United States elections (→ 1873)
President	1872 United States presidential election
U.S. Senate	Alabama Alabama (Specials) California Connecticut Kentucky New Hampshire North Carolina North Carolina (Special) Ohio Oregon Vermont Wisconsin
U.S. House	Alabama Arkansas California Connecticut 1st sp Delaware Florida Georgia Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Territory Nebraska Nevada New Jersey New York North Carolina Ohio 1st sp Oregon Pennsylvania 13th sp Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas District of Columbia Vermont Virginia West Virginia Wisconsin
State governors	Alabama Arkansas Connecticut Florida Georgia Illinois Indiana Kansas Louisiana Maine Massachusetts Michigan Missouri Nebraska New Hampshire North Carolina Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Vermont West Virginia
Mayors	Boston, MA Manchester, NH
States	Alabama Arkansas California Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Vermont Virginia Washington, D.C. West Virginia Wisconsin

v t e (1872 ←) 1873 United States elections (→ 1874)
U.S. Senate	California California (Special) Illinois Indiana Kansas Kentucky (Special) Massachusetts (Special) Nevada New York Pennsylvania
U.S. House	Connecticut Massachusetts 3rd sp Michigan 5th sp Oregon At-large sp New Hampshire
State governors	Connecticut Iowa Maine Massachusetts Minnesota Mississippi New Hampshire Ohio Rhode Island Texas Virginia Wisconsin
State legislatures	Iowa Senate New Jersey Senate
Mayors	Boston, MA Chicago, IL Manchester, NH
States	California Connecticut Georgia Illinois Indiana Kansas Kentucky Massachusetts Minnesota Mississippi Nevada New Hampshire New York Pennsylvania Virginia

United States Senate elections

1788–1913
(elected by state
legislatures)

1788–89
1790–91
1792–93
1794–95
1796–97
1798–99
1800–01
1802–03
1804–05
1806–07
1808–09
1810–11
1812–13
1814–15
1816–17
1818–19
1820–21
1822–23
1824–25
1826–27
1828–29
1830–31
1832–33
1834–35
1836–37
1838–39
1840–41
1842–43
1844–45
1846–47
1848–49
1850–51
1852–53
1854–55
1856–57
1858–59
1860–61
1862–63
1864–65
1866–67
1868–69
1870–71
1872–73
1874–75
1876–77
1878–79
1880–81
1882–83
1884–85
1886–87
1888–89
1890–91
1892–93
1894–95
1896–97
1898–99
1900–01
1902–03
1904–05
1906–07
1908–09
1910–11
1912–13

1914–present
(popular election)

Regulars and even-year specials	1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028
Odd-year specials	1921 1923 1925 1931 1933 1937 1941 1947 1949 1957 1959 1961 1974–75 1983 1991 1993 2013 2017 2020–21 List of all specials

Elections by state

Reconstruction era

Participants

Federal government

Presidents

Congress

Federal judiciary

Federal bureaucracy

State governments

Others

Elections

Presidential	1864 DNC National Union Convention Radical Democracy Party 1868 DNC RNC 1872 DNC RNC Liberal Republican Party Straight-Out Democratic Party Victoria Woodhull 1876 DNC RNC Greenback Convention Prohibition Convention Electoral Commission Compromise of 1877
U.S. Senate	1864–65 1866–67 1868–69 1870–71 1872–73 1874–75 1876–77
U.S. House	1864–65 1866–67 1868–69 1870–71 1872–73 1874–75 1876–77
Gubernatorial	1863 AL CA CT KY MA MN NH OH PA VA VT WI WV 1864 CT IL IN LA MD MA MI MO NH VT WV 1865 CT FL LA MA MN NJ OH SC VT WI 1866 CT DE MA ME MI NC OR PA TX VT WV 1867 CA CT MA MD ME MN OH VT WI 1868 AL CT FL IL IN LA MA ME MI MO NC NJ SC VT WV 1869 CT IA MA ME MN MS OH PA RI VA VT WI 1870 AL CT DE MA ME MI MO OR RI SC VT WV 1871 CA CT IA KY MA MD ME MN NJ OH RI WI 1872 AL CT FL IL IN LA MA ME MI MO NC PA RI SC VT WV 1873 CT IA MA ME MN MS OH TX VA WI 1874 AL CT DE KS MA ME MI MO NJ NV OR SC VT 1875 CA CT IA KY MA MD ME MN OH OH WI 1876 AL CO CT Apr. CT Nov. FL IL IN KS LA MA ME MI MO NC RI SC VT WV
U.S. elections	1864 1866 1868 1870 1872 1874 1876

Key events

Prelude	American Indian Wars Slavery in the United States A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) The Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women (1838) Woman in the Nineteenth Century (1839) Seneca Falls Convention (1848) National Women's Rights Convention (1850) American Civil War Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act (1862) Militia Act of 1862
1863	Emancipation Proclamation General Order No. 143 Lincoln's presidential Reconstruction Ten percent plan National Bank Act Women's Loyal National League New York City draft riots 1863 State of the Union Address
1864	Wade–Davis Bill 1864 elections 1864 State of the Union Address
1865	13th Amendment Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln Address Black Codes Special Field Orders No. 15 Freedmen's Bureau Freedmen's Bureau bills Confederates surrender at Appomattox Assassination of Abraham Lincoln Shaw University New Departure 1865 State of the Union Address Founding of the Ku Klux Klan
1866	Civil Rights Act of 1866 Memphis massacre of 1866 New Orleans Massacre of 1866 Swing Around the Circle Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Fort Smith Conference and Cherokee Reconstruction Treaty of 1866 Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty of Washington of 1866 Tennessee readmitted to Union Petition for Universal Freedom National Labor Union Ex parte Garland Ex parte Milligan Slave Kidnapping Act of 1866 1866 elections
1867	Tenure of Office Act Command of Army Act Indian Peace Commission Knights of the White Camelia Pulaski riot Reconstruction Acts Reconstruction military districts Constitutional conventions of 1867 Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 Peonage Act of 1867 First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson 1867 State of the Union Address
1868	14th Amendment Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson Impeachment of Andrew Johnson Timeline Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson Impeachment managers investigation Articles of impeachment Arkansas readmitted to Union Florida readmitted to Union North Carolina readmitted to Union South Carolina readmitted to Union Louisiana readmitted to Union Alabama readmitted to Union Opelousas massacre Fourth Reconstruction Act Georgia v. Stanton 1868 elections 1868 State of the Union Address
1869	National Woman Suffrage Association American Woman Suffrage Association Alabama Claims Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo Board of Indian Commissioners Public Credit Act of 1869 Black Friday (1869) Ex parte McCardle First transcontinental railroad 1869 State of the Union Address
1870	15th Amendment Enforcement Act of 1870 Justice Department Naturalization Act of 1870 Kirk–Holden war Shoffner Act 1870 elections 1870 State of the Union Address
1871	Ku Klux Klan hearings Second Enforcement Act Ku Klux Klan Act Alcorn State University Meridian race riot of 1871 Treaty of Washington New York custom house ring Civil service commission United States expedition to Korea 1871 State of the Union Address
1872	General Mining Act of 1872 Crédit Mobilier scandal Modoc War Star Route scandal Salary Grab Act Amnesty Act 1872 elections 1872 State of the Union Address
1873	Panic of 1873 Colfax massacre Timber Culture Act Slaughter-House Cases Virginius Affair Coinage Act of 1873 Long Depression Comstock laws 1873 State of the Union Address
1874	Brooks–Baxter War Battle of Liberty Place Coushatta massacre Red River War Timber Culture Act White League Election Massacre of 1874 Vicksburg massacre Black Hills Gold Rush Sanborn incident Anti-Moiety Acts 1874 elections 1874 State of the Union Address
1875	United States v. Cruikshank Civil Rights Act of 1875 Red Shirts Mississippi Plan Clifton Riot of 1875 Yazoo City Riot of 1875 Specie Payment Resumption Act Whiskey Ring Wheeler Compromise Delano affair Pratt & Boyd 1875 State of the Union Address
1876	Hamburg massacre South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876 Ellenton massacre Great Sioux War of 1876 Battle of the Little Bighorn United States v. Reese Trader post scandal Centennial Exposition Cattellism Safe burglary conspiracy 1876 elections 1876 State of the Union Address
1877	Electoral Commission Compromise of 1877 Nez Perce War Desert Land Act Great Railroad Strike of 1877
Aftermath	Posse Comitatus Act (1878) Civil Rights Cases (1883) United States v. Harris (1883) Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Williams v. Mississippi (1898) Wilmington insurrection of 1898 Giles v. Harris (1903) Disenfranchisement

Aspects

Historiography	Bibliography of the Reconstruction era James Shepherd Pike The Prostrate State (1874) James Bryce The American Commonwealth (1888) Claude G. Bowers The Tragic Era (1929) Columbia University John Burgess Walter Lynwood Fleming Dunning School William Archibald Dunning Charles A. Beard Howard K. Beale W. E. B. Du Bois Black Reconstruction in America (1935) C. Vann Woodward Joel Williamson William R. Brock The American Crisis (1963) John Hope Franklin From Slavery to Freedom (1947) After Slavery (1965) Leon Litwack Been in the Storm So Long (1979) Eric Foner Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877 (1988) Kenneth M. Stampp Steven Hahn A Nation Under Our Feet (2003) The Second Founding: How the Civil War and Reconstruction Remade the Constitution (2019)
Memory	Winslow Homer A Visit from the Old Mistress (1876) Thomas Dixon Jr. The Leopard's Spots (1902) The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan (1905) D. W. Griffith The Birth of a Nation (1915) United Daughters of the Confederacy Gone with the Wind (1939) David W. Blight Race and Reunion (2001)
Legacy	Women's suffrage in the United States Labor history of the United States Gilded Age Jim Crow era Civil rights movement American frontier
Other topics	African American founding fathers of the United States Forty acres and a mule Habeas corpus History of the United States (1865–1917) Paramilitary Race (human categorization) Reconstruction Treaties Suffrage Technological and industrial history of the United States White supremacy Whitecapping

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