Legislative elections were held in the Hawaiian Kingdom in 1886 to determine the composition of the 28-member House of Representatives. During the elections the National Party and Independent Party bitterly campaigned for control of the House of Representatives. Despite their efforts, the Independents once again lost to Premier Walter M. Gibson's National Party.
Background
In 1882 the popular member of the Hawaiian House of Representatives Walter M. Gibson was appointed Premier of the Hawaiian Kingdom by King Kalākaua. Walter Murray Gibson quickly became Kalākaua's "Minister of Everything" and set much of Hawai'i's domestic and foreign policy until 1887. Much of the Gibson's administration's agenda was based around keeping the Hawaiian government in control of indigenous Hawaiians and setting up a united Polynesian confederation with Hawai'i at its center. Supporters of the King and Premier Gibson rallied behind the National Party.
However, since the elections of 1884 opposition to Gibson's administration existed in the form of the Independent Party, led by wealthy American planters like Lorrin A. Thurston, Sanford B. Dole, and William R. Castle, with a few Native Hawaiian politicians who also opposed Gibson. In 1885, leaders of the Independents would meet in Honolulu, where they unanimously voted to run for election in 1886. This was the first meeting of the infamous Committee of 13 that would come to dominate Hawaiian politics.
National Party and Independent candidates fought hard and toured the islands of Maui, Moloka'i, and Hawai'i. National Party candidates painted the Independents and disgruntled foreign businessmen who planned to take over the Kingdom while Independents accused Government candidates of corruption, voting fraud, and handing over the kingdom to wealthy California capitalists.
Results
Despite the heavy campaigning, the Independents ended up losing seats overall from the 1884. Kuykendall attributes the victory to dubious voting practices on the hands of the King while Moblo points out that fear rose from the Native Hawaiian community that the Independents wanted to undermine Hawaiian control of government and the King, especially from the Committee of Thirteen, making in Hawaiians hesitant to vote Independent.
 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Seats | +/– | |
| National Party | 18 | +3 | |
| Independent (Kuokoa) Party | 10 | –3 | |
| Total | 28 | 0 | |
| Source: Kuykendall | |||
Aftermath
The Gibson and Kalākaua administration took the results of the election as a popular affirmation to their administration. In 1887 the Gibson administration purchased the tradership Kaimiloa and sent representatives to Samoa to convince negotiate a possible confederation between the two states, angering many Independent representatives and planters who saw the whole endeavor as a waste of resources. After their electoral defeat and the Samoa mission, the Committee of Thirteen would plot the illegal seizure of the King's government. In 1887 with the armed support of the Honolulu Rifles, they would present themselves to the King as his "Reform Cabinet", arrested Gibson and other Government Party ministers, and forced him to sign the Constitution of 1887, also known as the Bayonet Constitution because they held the King at gun point in order for him to sign it. The new constitution disenfranchised Asian subjects, empowered wealthy White foreigners, limited Native Hawaiian voting rights, and striped the King of much of his power. In fact, there was even plans to overthrow the monarchy entirely and establish a Hawaiian Republic with the intent to get annexed by the United States in L. A. Thurston's files, but these did not yet come to fruition.
References
- ^ Kuykendall, Ralph S. "The Hawaiian kingdom, vol. 3, 1874-1893, The Kalakaua dynasty". pp. 281–283. Retrieved May 30, 2024.
- Lowe, Ruby H. "David Kalākaua". puke.ulukau.org. p. 77. Retrieved May 30, 2024.
- Adler, Jacob; Kamins, Robert M. (1986). The Fantastic Life of Walter Murray Gibson: Hawaii's Minister of Everything. University of Hawaii Press. hdl:10125/63552. ISBN 978-0-8248-8367-6.
- ^ Moblo, Pennie (1999). "Leprosy, Politics, and the Rise of Hawaii's Reform Party". The Journal of Pacific History. 34 (1): 75–89. doi:10.1080/00223349908572892. ISSN 0022-3344. JSTOR 25169428. PMID 21991630.
- Kuykendall, Ralph S. "The Hawaiian kingdom, vol. 3, 1874-1893, The Kalakaua dynasty". pp. 280–281. Retrieved May 30, 2024.
- Lowe, Ruby H. "David Kalākaua". p. 78. Retrieved May 30, 2024.
- Kuykendall, Ralph S. "The Hawaiian kingdom, vol. 3, 1874-1893, The Kalakaua dynasty". pp. 350–352. Retrieved May 30, 2024.
- Kuykendall, Ralph S. "The Hawaiian kingdom, vol. 3, 1874-1893, The Kalakaua dynasty". p. 349. Retrieved May 30, 2024.