1894 Istanbul earthquake

(Redirected from 1894 Istanbul Earthquake) Earthquake in Turkey

1894 Istanbul earthquake

UTC time	1894-07-10
Local date	10 July 1894 (1894-07-10)
Magnitude	7.0 M_s
Epicenter	40°44′N 29°15′E / 40.73°N 29.25°E / 40.73; 29.25
Areas affected	Ottoman Empire
Max. intensity	MMI IX (Violent)
Casualties	At least 1,349

The 1894 Istanbul earthquake occurred in the Çınarcık Basin or Gulf of Izmit in the Sea of Marmara on 10 July at 12:24pm. The earthquake had an estimated M_s magnitude of 7.0. At least an estimated 1,349 people were killed in towns around the Gulf of Izmit such as Yalova, Sapanca and Adapazarı, and in Ottoman Constantinople (present day Istanbul). The main shock caused a tsunami 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) high.

Background

The Sea of Marmara is a pull-apart basin formed at a releasing bend in the North Anatolian Fault, a right-lateral strike-slip fault. This local zone of extension occurs where this transform boundary between the Anatolian Plate and the Eurasian plate steps northwards to the west of Izmit from the Izmit Fault to the Ganos Fault. The pattern of faults within the Sea of Marmara basin is complex but near Istanbul there is a single main fault segment with a sharp bend. To the west, the fault trends west–east and is pure strike-slip in type. To the east, the fault is NW–SE trending and show evidence of both normal and strike-slip motion. Movement on the Gulf of Izmit section of the fault, which bounds the Çınarcık Basin, is the most likely cause of the 1894 event. Other possible causes are movement on the Princes' Islands segment of the fault (to the west of the Gulf of Izmit), and movement on a normal fault in the Çinarcik basin, separate from the North Anatolian Fault.

Damage

The earthquake is estimated to have generated shaking with a modified Mercalli intensity of 9 at Sapanca, 8.5 at Yalova, and 8 at Adapazarı, Büyükçekmece, Gebze, Kartal, Küçükçekmece and on the Princes' Islands. The quake killed 990 people in the area around Yalova and Sapanca, 83 in Adapazarı and 276 in Istanbul.

Response

Numerous civil society organisations in Belgrade, capital of the nascent Kingdom of Serbia, organized benefit events to collect aid for victims of the catastrophe.

References

Parsons, Tom (2004). "Recalculated probability of M ≥ 7 earthquakes beneath the Sea of Marmara, Turkey". Journal of Geophysical Research. 109 (B05304): B05304. Bibcode:2004JGRB..109.5304P. doi:10.1029/2003JB002667.
^ King, Geoffrey C.P.; Hubert-Ferrari, Aurélia; Nalbant, Süleyman S.; Meyer, Bertrand; Armijoa, Rolando; Bowman, David (2001). "Coulomb interactions and the 17 August 1999 Izmit, Turkey earthquake" (PDF). Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série IIA. 333 (9): 557–569. Bibcode:2001CRASE.333..557K. doi:10.1016/s1251-8050(01)01676-7. hdl:2268/103171.
^ Ambraseys, N. (January 2001). "The earthquake of 10 July 1894 in the Gulf of Izmit (Turkey) and its relation to the earthquake of 17 August 1999". Journal of Seismology. 5 (1): 117–128. Bibcode:2001JSeis...5..117A. doi:10.1023/A:1009871605267. ISSN 1573-157X. S2CID 128657125.
Armijo, R.; Meyer B.; Navarro S.; King G. & Narka A. (2002). "Asymmetric slip partitioning in the Sea of Marmara pull-apart: a clue to propagation processes of the North Anatolian Fault?" (PDF). Terra Nova. 14 (2): 80–86. Bibcode:2002TeNov..14...80A. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.546.4111. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3121.2002.00397.x. S2CID 49553634.
Dubravka Stojanović (2008). Калдрма и асфалт: урбанизација и европеизација Београда 1890–1914. Belgrade: Udruženje za društvenu istoriju. p. 260. ISBN 978-86-83227-25-9.

Ambraseys, N. (2009). Earthquakes in the Mediterranean and Middle East: A Multidisciplinary Study of Seismicity up to 1900 (First ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 774–779. ISBN 978-0521872928.
Ambraseys, N.N.; Finkel, C.F. (1991), "Long-term seismicity of Istanbul and of the Marmara Sea region", Terra Nova, 3 (5): 527–539, Bibcode:1991TeNov...3..527A, doi:10.1111/j.1365-3121.1991.tb00188.x, ISSN 0954-4879
Bein, Amit (2008), "The Istanbul Earthquake of 1894 and Science in the Late Ottoman Empire", Middle Eastern Studies, 44 (6): 909–924, doi:10.1080/00263200802426021, JSTOR 40262628, S2CID 144961288

v t e Earthquakes in the 1800s
1800s	1802 Vrancea 1803 Garhwal 1804 Kisakata 1804 Almería 1805 Molise
1810s	1810 Crete 1810 North Korea 1811–1812 New Madrid 1812 Caracas 1812 San Juan Capistrano 1812 Ventura 1815 Pinglu 1815 Bali 1816 North Atlantic 1816 Guatemala 1817 Santiago del Estero 1819 Copiapó 1819 Rann of Kutch
1820s	1822 Costa Rica 1822 Aleppo 1825 Blida 1828 Sanjō 1829 Torrevieja
1830s	1830 Cixian 1833 Bihar–Nepal 1833 Kunming 1833 Sumatra 1833 Shōnai 1834 Jerusalem 1834 Java 1835 Concepción 1837 Galilee 1837 Valdivia 1838 Vrancea 1838 San Andreas 1839 Ava
1840s	1840 Ahora 1841 Kamchatka 1841 Caída da Praia 1842 Cap-Haïtien 1843 Nias 1843 Guadeloupe 1843 Wanganui 1844 Salta 1847 Zenkoji 1848 Marlborough
1850s	1850 Xichang 1851 Vulture 1852 Banda Sea 1852 Acapulco 1853 Shiraz 1854 Iga–Ueno 1854 Tōkai 1854 Nankai 1855 Wairarapa 1855 Bursa 1855 Edo 1856 Djijelli 1856 Heraklion 1857 Fort Tejon 1857 Basilicata 1858 Hietsu 1859 Erzurum 1859 Shamakhi
1860s	1861 Sumatra 1861 Mendoza 1861 Mendoza 1863 Jujuy 1863 Hawke's Bay 1863 Manila 1865 Memphis 1866 Bingöl 1867 Manhattan 1867 Java 1867 Virgin Islands 1867 Keelung 1868 Hawaii 1868 Arica 1868 Ecuador 1868 Hayward 1869 Christchurch 1869 Cachar
1870s	1870 Batang 1870 Charlevoix 1871 Lānaʻi 1871 Orán 1871–72 Quchan 1872 Hamada 1872 Owens Valley 1872 Amik 1872 North Cascades 1873 Alpago 1875 Cúcuta 1877 Iquique 1879 Bozqush 1879 Surigao 1879 Gansu
1880s	1880 Southern Luzon 1880 Zagreb 1881 Chios 1881 Nicobar Islands 1882 Panama 1883 Casamicciola 1883 Çeşme 1884 Colchester 1884 Andalusian 1885 Belovodoskoe 1886 Peloponnese 1886 Charleston 1887 Sonora 1887 Verny 1888 Ritter Island 1888 Río de la Plata 1888 North Canterbury 1889 Chilik 1889 Kumamoto
1890s	1891 Port Waikato 1891 Mino–Owari 1892 Laguna Salada 1892 Catamarca 1892 Vacaville–Winters 1893 Malatya 1893 Quchan 1894 Vlorë 1894 Atalanti 1894 Tokyo 1894 Istanbul 1894 Shōnai 1894 San Juan 1895 Quchan 1895 Ljubljana 1895 Balkan 1895 Charleston 1896 Sanriku 1896 Rikuu Assam 1897 Mindanao 1898 Balıkesir 1898 Mare Island 1898 Trilj 1899 Yakutat Bay 1899 Aydın–Denizli 1899 Ceram 1899 San Jacinto

v t e Earthquakes in Turkey
Historical	AD 17 Lydia 115 Antioch 141 Lycia 262 SW Anatolia 447 Constantinople 526 Antioch 528 Antioch 557 Constantinople 840 Erzurum 847 Damascus 1114 Marash 1269 Cilicia 1509 Constantinople 1513 Marash 1598 Amasya–Çorum 1653 Smyrna 1668 North Anatolia 1688 Smyrna 1766 Istanbul 1766 Marmara 1840 Ahora 1855 Bursa 1856 Heraklion 1859 Erzurum 1866 Bingöl 1872 Antioch 1875 Dinar 1881 Chios 1883 Çeşme 1893 Malatya 1894 Istanbul 1898 Balıkesir 1899 Aydın–Denizli 1903 Manzikert 1912 Mürefte 1914 Burdur 1919 Ayvalık
Contemporary	1924 Pasinler 1926 Kars 1929 Suşehri 1930 Salmas 1935 Erdek–Marmara Islands 1935 Digor 1938 Kırşehir 1939 Erzincan 1941 Van–Erciş 1942 Niksar–Erbaa 1943 Adapazarı–Hendek 1943 Tosya–Ladik 1944 Bolu–Gerede 1944 Gulf of Edremit–Ayvacik 1946 Varto–Hınıs 1949 Karlıova 1951 Kurşunlu 1952 Hasankale 1953 Yenice–Gönen 1957 Fethiye 1957 Abant 1964 Manyas 1966 Varto 1967 Mudurnu 1968 Bartın 1969 Alaşehir 1970 Gediz 1971 Bingöl 1975 Lice 1976 Çaldıran–Muradiye 1983 Erzurum 1983 Biga 1986 Malatya 1992 Erzincan 1995 Dinar 1998 Adana–Ceyhan 1999 İzmit 1999 Düzce 2002 Afyon 2003 Bingöl 2004 Doğubayazıt 2010 Elazığ 2011 Kütahya 2011 Van 2014 Aegean Sea 2017 Aegean Sea 2019 Istanbul 2020 Elazığ 2020 Van 2020 Bingöl 2020 Aegean Sea 2022 Düzce 2023 Gaziantep–Kahramanmaraş

Earthquakes in Turkey

Historical

Contemporary

Categories:

Misplaced Pages

Background

Damage

Response

See also

References

Further reading