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Fort Smith, Arkansas, tornadoes of January 11, 1898

Destroyed homes in Fort Smith
Tornado outbreak
Tornadoes	≥5
Maximum rating	F4 tornado
Duration	January 11, 1898
Overall effects
Fatalities	56
Injuries	118
Damage	≥$453,000 (≥$16,590,000 in 2024 USD)
Areas affected	Arkansas, Missouri, and Indian Territory (now Oklahoma)
Part of the tornadoes and tornado outbreaks of 1898

On January 11, 1898, a series of tornadoes affected the U.S. states of Arkansas and Missouri, as well as the Indian Territory, presently Oklahoma. At least five in all, these included the Fort Smith tornado, which struck the city of Fort Smith, Arkansas. Retroactively rated a violent (F4) tornado on the modern-day Fujita scale, it was part of a tornado family that formed 60 mi (97 km) to the southwest, and struck the city around midnight, killing 55 people and injuring 113. The twister nearly destroyed the newly constructed Fort Smith High School that had opened in fall 1897. Other tornadoes were reported that night in Arkansas and Missouri. The Fort Smith tornado is tied with one that struck Warren in 1949, also rated F4, for the deadliest tornado to strike Arkansas.

Confirmed tornadoes

Prior to 1990, there is a likely undercount of tornadoes, particularly F0–1, with reports of weaker tornadoes becoming more common as population increased. A sharp increase in the annual average F0–1 count by approximately 200 tornadoes was noted upon the implementation of NEXRAD Doppler weather radar in 1990–1991. 1974 marked the first year where significant tornado (F2+) counts became homogenous with contemporary values, attributed to the consistent implementation of Fujita scale assessments.

Fort Smith, Arkansas

Part of a long-lived tornado family, this event may have first damaged trees near the Arkansas River in Oklahoma, beginning near Cache Creek. Intermittent damage to vegetation continued past the Poteau River. The tornado was confirmable at the Fort Smith National Cemetery, where it leveled a 1-mile-long (1.6 km), 5-foot-high (1.5 m) stretch of masonry, downed trees, and severely damaged a lodge. Farther on, it extensively damaged a schoolhouse. The tornado then tracked into the business district of Fort Smith, causing scores of fatalities. "Dozens" of businesses and residences were flattened, some homesites being left bare. At city hall, 40 large trees, up to 50 ft (15 m) tall, were felled, and an iron flagstaff, embedded in granite and fastened by 1-inch-thick (25 mm) guy wires, was pulled out, the wires being snapped. A 500-foot-long (150 m) brick wall, 1 ft (0.30 m) thick and 4+1⁄2 ft (1.4 m) tall, was leveled. A three-story brick building was moved off its foundation, and 30 homes in town, mostly frame, were destroyed, along with a quartet of churches. 130 other homes of similar composition were damaged. An iron beam, driven into a brick wall, could not be dislodged, clothing was found 30 mi (48 km) away, and signage from Fort Smith was carried 22 mi (35 km). Initial reports indicated that 33 people died instantly, while 18 later succumbed of injury. Of the 113 injuries, 44 were severe, 73 minor. Final tabulations totaled 55 dead and 113 injured, including three dead near Van Buren, where rural farmsteads were wrecked.

Notes

1. All losses are in 1898 USD unless otherwise noted.
2. ^ The Fujita scale was devised under the aegis of scientist T. Theodore Fujita in the early 1970s. Prior to the advent of the scale in 1971, tornadoes in the United States were officially unrated. Tornado ratings were retroactively applied to events prior to the formal adoption of the F-scale by the National Weather Service. While the Fujita scale has been superseded by the Enhanced Fujita scale in the U.S. since February 1, 2007, Canada used the old scale until April 1, 2013; nations elsewhere, like the United Kingdom, apply other classifications such as the TORRO scale.
3. Historically, the number of tornadoes globally and in the United States was and is likely underrepresented: research by Grazulis on annual tornado activity suggests that, as of 2001, only 53% of yearly U.S. tornadoes were officially recorded. Documentation of tornadoes outside the United States was historically less exhaustive, owing to the lack of monitors in many nations and, in some cases, to internal political controls on public information. Most countries only recorded tornadoes that produced severe damage or loss of life. Significant low biases in U.S. tornado counts likely occurred through the early 1990s, when advanced NEXRAD was first installed and the National Weather Service began comprehensively verifying tornado occurrences.
4. All dates are based on the local time zone where the tornado touched down; however, all times are in Coordinated Universal Time and dates are split at midnight CST/CDT for consistency.
5. The listed width values are primarily the average/mean width of the tornadoes, with those having known maximum widths denoted by ♯. From 1952 to 1994, reports largely list mean width whereas contemporary years list maximum width. Values provided by Grazulis are the average width, with estimates being rounded down (i.e. 0.5 mi (0.80 km) is rounded down from 880 yards to 800 yards).

References

1. Grazulis 1993, p. 141.
2. Grazulis 2001a, p. 131.
3. Edwards et al. 2013, p. 641–642.
4. Edwards, Roger (March 5, 2015). "Enhanced F Scale for Tornado Damage". The Online Tornado FAQ (by Roger Edwards, SPC). Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
5. "Enhanced Fujita Scale (EF-Scale)". Environment and Climate Change Canada. Environment and Climate Change Canada. June 6, 2013. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
6. "The International Tornado Intensity Scale". Tornado and Storm Research Organisation. Tornado and Storm Research Organisation. 2016. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
7. ^ Multiple sources:
   • O'Donnell 1898a, p. 7
   • O'Donnell 1898b, p. 19
8. Grazulis 1993, pp. 681–682, 941.
9. Grazulis, Thomas P.; Grazulis, Doris (26 April 2000). "The Most "Important" US Tornadoes by State". St. Johnsbury, Vermont: The Tornado Project of Environmental Films. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
10. Agee and Childs 2014, p. 1496.
11. Grazulis 2001a, pp. 251–4.
12. Edwards, Roger (March 5, 2015). "The Online Tornado FAQ (by Roger Edwards, SPC)". Storm Prediction Center: Frequently Asked Questions about Tornadoes. Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
13. Cook & Schaefer 2008, p. 3135.
14. Agee and Childs 2014, pp. 1497, 1503.
15. Agee and Childs 2014, p. 1494.
16. Brooks 2004, p. 310.
17. Grazulis 1990, p. ix.
18. ^ Grazulis 1993, p. 681.
19. Henry 1898, p. 9.
20. Douglass 1898.
21. ^ Grazulis 1993, p. 682.
22. Multiple sources:
    • Grazulis 1984, p. A-16
      • Grazulis 1993, pp. 681–2
    • O'Donnell 1898a
      • O'Donnell 1898b
    • "The Great Cyclone at Fort Smith". Fort Smith History. Fort Smith, Arkansas: Fort Smith Historical Society. July 2007. Retrieved 5 May 2024.
    • Thrash-Lick 1898

Sources

• Agee, Ernest M.; Childs, Samuel (June 1, 2014). "Adjustments in Tornado Counts, F-Scale Intensity, and Path Width for Assessing Significant Tornado Destruction". Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology. 53 (6). American Meteorological Society: 1494–1505. doi:10.1175/JAMC-D-13-0235.1.
• Brooks, Harold E. (April 2004). "On the Relationship of Tornado Path Length and Width to Intensity". Weather and Forecasting. 19 (2): 310–19. Bibcode:2004WtFor..19..310B. doi:10.1175/1520-0434(2004)019<0310:OTROTP>2.0.CO;2.
• Cook, A. R.; Schaefer, J. T. (August 2008). "The Relation of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) to Winter Tornado Outbreaks". Monthly Weather Review. 136 (8): 3121–3137. Bibcode:2008MWRv..136.3121C. doi:10.1175/2007MWR2171.1.
• Douglass, J. K. P. (January 1898). Written at Alma, Arkansas. Clarke, F. H. (ed.). "The tornado near Alma, Crawford County, January 11, 1898". Arkansas section. Climatological Data. 3 (1). Little Rock, Arkansas: 7 – via National Centers for Environmental Information.
• Edwards, Roger; LaDue, James G.; Ferree, John T.; Scharfenberg, Kevin; Maier, Chris; Coulbourne, William L. (May 1, 2013). "Tornado Intensity Estimation: Past, Present, and Future". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 94 (5). American Meteorological Society: 641–653. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00006.1.
• Henry, A. J. (January 1898). "The weather of the month". Monthly Weather Review. 26 (1). Washington, D.C.: 5–9. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1898)26[5:TWOTM]2.0.CO;2 – via American Meteorological Society.
• Grazulis, Thomas P. (May 1984). Violent Tornado Climatography, 1880–1982. OSTI (Technical report). NUREG. Washington, D.C.: Nuclear Regulatory Commission. OSTI 7099491. CR-3670.
  • — (November 1990). Significant Tornadoes 1880–1989. Vol. 2. St. Johnsbury, Vermont: The Tornado Project of Environmental Films. ISBN 1-879362-02-3.
  • — (July 1993). Significant Tornadoes 1680-1991. A Chronology and Analysis of Events. St. Johnsbury, VT: The Tornado Project of Environmental Films. ISBN 1-879362-03-1.
  • — (2001a). The Tornado: Nature's Ultimate Windstorm. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-3538-0.
  • — (2001b). F5-F6 Tornadoes. St. Johnsbury, Vermont: The Tornado Project of Environmental Films.
• O'Donnell, J. J. (January 1898) . Written at Fort Smith, Arkansas. Clarke, F. H. (ed.). "Report of the Ft. Smith tornado Jan. 11–12, 1898". Arkansas section. Climatological Data. 3 (1). Little Rock, Arkansas: 5–8 – via National Centers for Environmental Information.
  • — (January 1898) . Written at Fort Smith, Arkansas. "The tornado of January 12, at Fort Smith, Ark" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 26 (1). Washington, D.C.: 18–9. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1898)26[18:TTOJAF]2.0.CO;2. Archived from the original on 7 June 2012 – via American Meteorological Society.
• Photographic views of the cyclone at Fort Smith, Arkansas, Tuesday night, January 11, 1898. Fort Smith, Arkansas: Thrash-Lick Printing Company. January 1898. OL 23367074M – via Internet Archive.

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