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1912 Chinese National Assembly elections

← 1909 December 1912 − February 1913 1918 →
All 870 seats in the National Assembly (274 seats in the Senate and 596 seats in the House of Representatives)
First party Second party   Leader Song Jiaoren Li Yuanhong Party Kuomintang Republican Senate 132 46 House 269 120   Third party Fourth party   Leader Zhang Binglin Tang Hualong Party Unity Democratic Senate 6 8 House 18 16
Premier before election Zhao Bingjun Nonpartisan Elected Premier Zhao Bingjun Nonpartisan

The 1912 Chinese National Assembly elections, held in December 1912 to February 1913, were the first nation-wide elections for the newly founded National Assembly of the Republic of China, which was a bicameral parliament with a Senate and a House of Representatives. This assembly was called by the Chinese the Old Congress (laoguohui) to differentiate it from the future assemblies.

Overview

The election was indirect, as voters chose some 30,000 electors who chose about 2,000 members of the provincial assemblies and 596 members of the House of Representatives. The election was conducted relatively fairly, although some claim that this system had caused instances of bribery, duress, and violence.

The 274-member Senate were elected by the provincial assemblies who themselves had been elected in 1909 during the Qing dynasty.

Adult males over the age of 21 who were educated or owned property and paid taxes, and who could prove a two-year residency in a particular county, could vote. An estimated 40 million or 4-6% of China's population were registered for the election. This was an increase from the size of the electorate in the 1909 Chinese provincial elections, when less than 1% of the population was enfranchised.

The president had to pick the 64 members representing Tibet, Outer Mongolia, and Overseas Chinese due to the fact that the government in Beijing did not exercise enough control over these populations to organize elections. Despite the compromises, this election had the participation of over 300 civic groups and was the first and most competitive nationwide election in Chinese history.

The Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party) led by Song Jiaoren won a plurality in both houses of the assembly, and Song was expected to become the Premier of China. After losing the election, the Republican, Unity, and Democratic (formerly Constitutionalist) parties merged into the Progressive Party with Liang Qichao as leader. The Progressive Party became the main rival to the Nationalists.

Song was assassinated on 20 March 1913 in Shanghai. When the assembly convened for the first time on April 8 amid heated debate over the assassination, the Nationalists were divided over solutions on how to deal with Yuan Shikai, the provisional president, who was suspected of ordering the assassination. On 12 July, Sun Yat-sen led the Nationalists to launch an armed rebellion against Yuan, historically known as the Second Revolution. However, the Second Revolution was defeated within two months by Yuan's forces.

The National Assembly members were compromised by threats and bribes from Yuan. He confined the National Assembly (Congress) and forced them to elect him as the formal president in the October presidential election. Soon, Yuan outlawed the Nationalists and expelled them from the assembly. Without a quorum, the National Assembly could not convene. Consequently, Yuan disbanded this assembly (congress) on 10 January 1914. In other words, this body existed for only nine months, yet it left an enduring legacy to China as the first democratic experiment.

Voter and seat distributions

Results

Party		Seats
		Senate	House
	Kuomintang	132	269
	Republican Party	46	120
	Unity Party	6	18
	Democratic Party	8	16
	Multi-party candidates	38	147
	Independents	44	26
Total		274	596

Presidential elections in National Assembly

An important function of the National Assembly under the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China was to elect the President and Vice President of China. The following elections were held by the 1st National Assembly of Beiyang government.

• The 2nd Presidential election was held by the 2nd National Assembly elected in 1918

See also

• 1909 Chinese provincial elections
• History of the Republic of China
• National Assembly (Beiyang government)
• History of the Kuomintang
• Progressive Party (China)
• History of Beijing

References

1. Cambridge History of China, Vol 12, Part 1: 222-223
2. ^ Young, Ernest P. ""Politics in the Aftermath of Revolution: The Era of Yuan Shih-K'ai, 1912-16"". Cambridge History of China, Vol 12, Part 1. p. 222.

Bibliography

• Twitchett, Denis; Fairbank, John K, eds. (1983). The Cambridge History of China. Vol. 12, Part 1. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-23541-9.

v t e Elections in China
Presidential elections	1911 1912 1913 1916 1918 1923 1948 1949 1954 1959 1964 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008 2013 2018 2023
Parliamentary elections	1909 1912 1918 1936 1947 1948 1954 1959 1964 1974 1977 1982–83 1987–88 1992–93 1997–98 2002–03 2007–08 2012–13 2017–18 2022–23
Provincial elections	1909 1912 1918
Local elections	1907 1946 1948 1998 2012
See also: Elections in Hong Kong and Macau SARs; and Elections in Taiwan

• 1912 in China
• 1912 elections in Asia
• Legislative elections in the Republic of China (1912–1949)
• December 1912 events
• January 1913 events