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1938 United States Senate elections

← 1936 November 8, 1938 1940 →
← 1937 (AR)
35 of the 96 seats in the United States Senate 49 seats needed for a majority
Majority party Minority party   Leader Alben Barkley Charles McNary Party Democratic Republican Leader since July 22, 1937 March 4, 1933 Leader's seat Kentucky Oregon Seats before 77 15 Seats after 69 23 Seat change 8 8 Seats up 32 3 Races won 24 11   Third party Fourth party   Party Farmer–Labor Progressive Seats before 2 1 Seats after 2 1 Seat change Seats up 0 0 Races won 0 0   Fifth party   Party Independent Seats before 1 Seats after 1 Seat change Seats up 0 Races won 0
Results of the elections:      Democratic hold      Republican gain      Republican hold      No election
Majority Leader before election Alben Barkley Democratic Elected Majority Leader Alben Barkley Democratic

The 1938 United States Senate elections occurred in the middle of Franklin D. Roosevelt's second term. The 32 seats of Class 3 were contested in regular elections, and special elections were held to fill vacancies. The Republicans gained eight seats from the Democrats, though this occurred after multiple Democratic gains since the 1932 election, leading to the Democrats retaining a commanding lead over the Republicans with more than two-thirds of the legislative chamber.

A contemporary account cited a number of reasons for the losses suffered by the Democrats. The Recession of 1937 had continued into the first half of 1938, and had arguably weakened public confidence in the administration's New Deal economic policies, along with controversy over the Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937 (Roosevelt's "court-packing" plan).

There were, in addition, strains between the more liberal New Deal supporters and the conservative wing of the Democratic party centered in the Southern states, which were exacerbated by an effort led by President Roosevelt to target certain conservative senators for defeat in Democratic primaries, including Walter George of Georgia, Millard Tydings of Maryland, Robert Rice Reynolds of North Carolina, and Ellison Smith of South Carolina. While a number of New Deal supporters won primary elections, such as Alben Barkley in Kentucky, who defeated Governor Happy Chandler, James P. Pope of Idaho, a prominent New Deal supporter, lost his bid for re-nomination, as did California's William McAdoo — though McAdoo's Democratic opponent, Sheridan Downey, had campaigned as a liberal New Dealer on many issues who would also do more to improve pension plans.

President Franklin D. Roosevelt had faced opposition from conservative Democrats and the Republicans in Congress since the beginning of his presidency. Josiah Bailey, Edward R. Burke, Harry F. Byrd, James F. Byrnes, Walter F. George, Peter G. Gerry, Carter Glass, Pat Harrison, Rush Holt Sr., Kenneth McKellar, and Ellison D. Smith were the conservative Democratic senators that opposed Roosevelt's policies although Harrison, Burke, Byrnes, and McKellar had initially supported the First New Deal. Vice President John Nance Garner pushed for Roosevelt to support more conservative policies. The Republicans gained eight seats in the Senate while the Democrats maintained their majority. However, there were around twenty unreliable Democratic votes for Roosevelt which allowed conservatives to block some of his policies.

Gains, losses, and holds

Retirements

One Democrat retired instead of seeking re-election, one Democrat retired instead of seeking election to finish the unexpired term and one Democrat retired instead of seeking election to finish the unexpired term and election to a full term.

Defeats

Seven Democrats sought re-election but lost in the primary or general election. One Democrat sought election to a full term but lost in the primary election and one Democrat sought election to finish the unexpired term but lost in the primary election.

Death

One Democrat died on June 17, 1938, and his seat remained vacant until the election.

Post-election changes

Change in composition

Before the elections

Result of the elections

Race summaries

Special elections during the 75th Congress

In these special elections, the winner was seated during 1938 or before January 3, 1939; ordered by election date.

Races leading to the 76th Congress

In these general elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning January 3, 1939; ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 3 seats.

Closest races

Thirteen races had a margin of victory under 10%:

There is no tipping point state.

Alabama

There were 2 elections due to the August 19, 1937, resignation of two-term Democrat Hugo Black. Democrat Dixie Bibb Graves was appointed August 20, 1937 (by her husband, the governor) to finish Black's term.

Alabama (special)

1938 United States Senate Democratic primary special election in Alabama

← 1932 January 4, 1938 1938 (regular) →

Nominee Lister Hill James Thomas Heflin Party Democratic Democratic Popular vote 90,601 50,189 Percentage 61.81% 34.24%

County results Hill:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%      >90% Heflin:      50–60%      60–70%

U.S. senator before election Dixie Bibb Graves Democratic Elected U.S. Senator J. Lister Hill Democratic

After congressman J. Lister Hill won the January 4, 1938, Democratic primary, Graves resigned and Hill was appointed to continue the term until the April 26, 1938, special election, which he won unopposed.

Hill was then easily re-elected in November to the next term.

Alabama (regular)

1938 United States Senate Election in Alabama

← 1938 (special) November 8, 1938 1944 →

Nominee Lister Hill J. M. Pennington Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 113,413 17,885 Percentage 86.38% 13.62%

County results Hill:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%      90-100% Heflin:      50–60%

U.S. senator before election J. Lister Hill Democratic Elected U.S. Senator J. Lister Hill Democratic

Arizona

1938 United States Senate election in Arizona

← 1932 November 8, 1938 1944 →

Nominee Carl Hayden Burt H. Clingan Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 82,714 25,378 Percentage 76.52% 23.48%

County results Hayden:      70–80%      80–90%      >90%

U.S. senator before election Carl Hayden Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Carl Hayden Democratic

Incumbent Democrat Carl Hayden was re-elected to a third term, defeating Republican nominee Burt H. Clingan, chairman of the Arizona Industrial Commission, in the general election.

In contrast to previous elections, Hayden was easily reelected, receiving only token opposition from a relatively unknown Republican challenger.

Arkansas

1938 United States Senate election in Arkansas

← 1932 November 8, 1938 1944 →

Nominee Hattie Caraway C. D. Atkinson Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 122,883 14,290 Percentage 89.58% 10.42%

County results Caraway:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%      >90%

U.S. senator before election Hattie Caraway Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Hattie Caraway Democratic

California

1938 United States Senate election in California

← 1932 November 8, 1938 1944 →

Nominee Sheridan Downey Philip Bancroft Party Democratic Republican Alliance Progressive Townsend Popular vote 1,372,314 1,126,240 Percentage 54.43% 44.67%

County results Downey:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70% Bancroft:      40–50%      50–60%      70–80%

U.S. senator before election William Gibbs McAdoo Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Sheridan Downey Democratic

Colorado

1938 United States Senate election in Colorado

← 1932 November 8, 1938 1942 (special) →

Nominee Alva B. Adams Archibald A. Lee Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 262,806 181,297 Percentage 58.24% 40.18%

Results by county Adams:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80% Lee:      40–50%      50–60%

U.S. senator before election Alva B. Adams Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Alva B. Adams Democratic

Connecticut

1938 United States Senate election in Connecticut

← 1932 November 8, 1938 1944 →

Nominee John A. Danaher Augustine Lonergan Bellani Trombley Party Republican Democratic Socialist Alliance Union Popular vote 270,413 252,426 99,282 Percentage 42.89% 40.04% 15.75%

County results Municipality resultsDanaher:      30–40%      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80% Lonergan:      30–40%      40–50%      50–60%      60–70% Trombley:      40–50% Tie:      30–40%

U.S. senator before election Augustine Lonergan Democratic Elected U.S. Senator John A. Danaher Republican

Florida

1938 United States Senate election in Florida

← 1936 (special) November 8, 1938 1944 →

Nominee Claude Pepper Thomas E. Swanson Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 145,757 31,035 Percentage 82.45% 17.55%

County results Pepper:      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%      90-100%

Senator before election Claude Pepper Democratic Elected Senator Claude Pepper Democratic

Georgia

1938 U.S. Senate Democratic primary in Georgia

← 1932 September 14, 1938 1944 →

Nominee Walter F. George Eugene Talmadge Lawrence Camp Party Democratic Democratic Democratic Electoral vote 242 148 20 Popular vote 141,235 103,075 122,152 Percentage 43.96% 32.08% 19.69%

County results George:      30–40%      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80% Talmadge:      30–40%      40–50%      50–60%      60–70% Camp:      30–40%      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%

U.S. senator before election Walter F. George Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Walter F. George Democratic

Idaho

1938 United States Senate election in Idaho

← 1932 November 8, 1938 1944 →

Nominee D. Worth Clark Donald A. Callahan Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 99,801 81,939 Percentage 54.66% 44.88%

County results Clark:      50–60%      60–70% Callahan:      50-60%      60-70%

U.S. senator before election D. Worth Clark Democratic Elected U.S. Senator D. Worth Clark Democratic

Illinois

1938 United States Senate election in Illinois

← 1932 November 8, 1938 1944 →

Nominee Scott W. Lucas Richard J. Lyons Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 1,638,162 1,542,574 Percentage 51.32% 48.33%

County results Lucas:      50–60%      60–70% Lyons:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%

U.S. senator before election William H. Dieterich Democratic Elected U.S. senator Scott W. Lucas Democratic

Incumbent Democrat William H. Dieterich retired, making this an open-seat.

Indiana

1938 United States Senate election in Indiana

← 1932 November 8, 1938 1944 →

Nominee Frederick Van Nuys Raymond E. Willis Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 788,386 783,189 Percentage 49.85% 49.52%

County results Van Nuys:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70% Willis:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%

U.S. senator before election Frederick Van Nuys Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Frederick Van Nuys Democratic

Iowa

1938 United States Senate election in Iowa

← 1936 (special) November 8, 1938 1944 →

Nominee Guy M. Gillette Lester J. Dickinson Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 413,788 410,983 Percentage 49.74% 49.41%

Gillette:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80% Dickinson:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%

U.S. senator before election Guy M. Gillette Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Guy M. Gillette Democratic

Kansas

1938 United States Senate election in Kansas

← 1932 November 8, 1938 1944 →

Nominee Clyde M. Reed George McGill Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 419,532 326,774 Percentage 56.21% 43.78%

County results Reed:      50–60%      60–70% McGill:      50–60%

U.S. senator before election George McGill Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Clyde M. Reed Republican

This is the last time that a Senator from Kansas lost re-election. Republicans have not lost a Senate election in the state since.

Kentucky

1938 United States Senate election in Kentucky

← 1932 November 8, 1938 1944 →

Nominee Alben W. Barkley John P. Haswell Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 346,735 212,266 Percentage 62.03% 37.97%

County results Barkley:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%      >90% Haswell:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%

U.S. senator before election Alben W. Barkley Democratic Elected U.S. senator Alben W. Barkley Democratic

Louisiana

Maryland

1938 United States Senate election in Maryland

← 1932 November 8, 1938 1944 →

Nominee Millard Tydings Oscar Leser Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 357,245 153,253 Percentage 68.28% 29.29%

County results Tydings:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%

U.S. senator before election Millard Tydings Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Millard Tydings Democratic

Missouri

1938 United States Senate election in Missouri

← 1932 November 8, 1938 1944 →

Nominee Bennett Champ Clark Henry S. Caulfield Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 757,587 488,687 Percentage 60.69% 39.15%

County results Clark:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90% Caulfield:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%

U.S. senator before election Bennett Champ Clark Democratic Elected U.S. senator Bennett Champ Clark Democratic

Nevada

1938 United States Senate election in Nevada

← 1932 November 8, 1938 1944 →

Nominee Pat McCarran Tasker Oddie Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 27,406 19,078 Percentage 58.96% 41.04%

County results McCarran:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90% Oddie:      50–60%

U.S. senator before election Pat McCarran Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Pat McCarran Democratic

New Hampshire

1938 United States Senate election in New Hampshire

← 1932 November 8, 1938 1944 →

Nominee Charles W. Tobey Fred H. Brown Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 100,633 84,920 Percentage 54.23% 45.77%

County results Tobey:      50-60%      60-70% Brown:      50–60%

Senator before election Fred H. Brown Democratic Elected Senator Charles W. Tobey Republican

New Jersey (special)

1938 United States Senate election in New Jersey

← 1934 November 8, 1938 1940 →

Nominee William Warren Barbour William H. J. Ely Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 816,667 704,159 Percentage 52.98% 45.68%

County results Barbour:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80% Ely:      50–60%      70–80%

U.S. senator before election John Gerald Milton Democratic Elected U.S. senator W. Warren Barbour Republican

New York

There were 2 elections due to the June 17, 1938, death of three-term Democrat Royal S. Copeland.

New York (regular)

1938 United States Senate election in New York

← 1932 November 8, 1938 1944 →

Nominee Robert F. Wagner John Lord O'Brian Party Democratic Republican Alliance American Labor Independent Progressive Popular vote 2,497,029 2,058,615 Percentage 54.48% 44.92%

County Results Wagner:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80% O'Brian:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%

Senator before election Robert F. Wagner Democratic Elected Senator Robert F. Wagner Democratic

New York Republicans nominated John Lord O'Brian for the U.S. Senate. Democrats re-nominated the incumbent Wagner. The American Labor Party endorsed Wagner.

New York (special)

1938 United States Senate special election in New York

← 1934 November 8, 1938 1940 →

Nominee James M. Mead Edward F. Corsi Party Democratic Republican Alliance American Labor Party Ind. Progressive Popular vote 2,438,904 2,083,666 Percentage 53.93% 46.08%

Mead:      50-60%      60-70%      70-80% Corsi:      50-60%      60-70%      70-80%

U.S. senator before election Vacant Elected U.S. Senator James M. Mead Democratic

New York Republicans nominated Edward Corsi for the short term to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Royal S. Copeland. Democrats nominated James M. Mead. The American Labor party endorsed Mead.

North Carolina

1938 United States Senate election in North Carolina

← 1932 November 7, 1938 1944 →

Nominee Robert R. Reynolds Charles A. Jonas Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 316,685 179,461 Percentage 63.83% 36.17%

Results by county Reynolds:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%      >90% Jonas:      50–60%      60–70%

Senator before election Robert Rice Reynolds Democratic Elected Senator Robert Rice Reynolds Democratic

North Dakota

1938 United States Senate election in North Dakota

← 1932 November 8, 1938 1944 →

Nominee Gerald Nye William Langer J. J. Nygaard Party Republican Independent Democratic Popular vote 131,907 65,612 19,244 Percentage 50.12% 42.56% 7.31%

County results Nye:      40-50%      50-60%      60-70% Langer:      40-50%      50-60%      60-70%

U.S. senator before election Gerald Nye Republican Elected U.S. Senator Gerald Nye Republican

Ohio

1938 United States Senate election in Ohio

← 1932 November 8, 1938 1944 →

Nominee Robert A. Taft Robert J. Bulkley Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 1,255,414 1,085,792 Percentage 53.62% 46.38%

County results Taft:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80% Bulkley:      50–60%      60–70%

U.S. senator before election Robert J. Bulkley Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Robert A. Taft Republican

Oklahoma

1938 United States Senate election in Oklahoma

← 1932 November 8, 1938 1944 →

Nominee Elmer Thomas Harry O. Glasser Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 307,936 159,734 Percentage 65.37% 33.91%

County results Thomas:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90% Glasser:      40–50%      50–60%

U.S. senator before election Elmer Thomas Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Elmer Thomas Democratic

Oregon

There were 2 elections for the same seat, due to the January 31, 1938, resignation of two-term Republican Frederick Steiwer. Democratic businessman Alfred E. Reames was appointed February 1, 1938, to continue the term, pending a special election, but he did not run in either the special or the general elections.

Oregon (special)

1938 United States Senate special election in Oregon

← 1932 November 8, 1938 1938 (regular) →

Nominee Alexander G. Barry Robert A. Miller Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 180,815 152,773 Percentage 54.20% 45.80%

County results Barry:      50-60%      60-70% Miller:      50-60%

U.S. senator before election Alfred E. Reames Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Guy Cordon Republican

Republican Alexander G. Barry was elected to finish the term, but was not a candidate for the next term.

Oregon (regular)

1938 United States Senate election in Oregon

← 1938 (special) November 8, 1938 1944 →

Nominee Rufus C. Holman Willis Mahoney Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 203,120 167,135 Percentage 54.86% 45.14%

County results Holman:      50-60%      60-70%      70-80% Mahoney:      50-60%

U.S. senator before election Alfred Reames Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Rufus C. Holman Republican

Pennsylvania

1938 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania

← 1932 November 8, 1938 1944 →

Nominee James J. Davis George Howard Earle III Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 2,086,931 1,694,367 Percentage 54.70% 44.41%

County Results: Davis:      40-50%      50-60%      60-70%      70-80% Earle:      50-60%

U.S. senator before election James J. Davis Republican Elected U.S. Senator James J. Davis Republican

South Carolina

1938 Democratic Senate primary election in South Carolina

← 1932 August 30, 1938 1944 →

Nominee Ellison D. Smith Olin D. Johnston Party Democratic Democratic Popular vote 186,579 150,437 Percentage 55.36% 44.64%

County results Smith:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80% Johnston:      50–60%      60–70%

U.S. senator before election Ellison D. Smith Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Ellison D. Smith Democratic

South Dakota

There were 2 elections for the same seat due to the December 20, 1936, death of three-term Republican Peter Norbeck. Democrat Herbert Hitchcock was appointed December 29, 1936, to continue the term, pending a special election.

South Dakota (special)

1938 United States Senate special election in South Dakota

← 1932 November 8, 1938 1944 →

Nominee Gladys Pyle John T. McCullen Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 155,292 112,177 Percentage 58.06% 41.94%

County results Pyle:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90% McCullen:      50–60% Tie:      50% No Vote:

U.S. senator before election Herbert E. Hitchcock Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Gladys Pyle Republican

South Dakota (regular)

1938 United States Senate election in South Dakota

← 1932 November 8, 1938 1944 →

Nominee Chan Gurney Tom Berry Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 146,813 133,064 Percentage 52.46% 47.54%

County results Gurney:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80% Berry:      50–60%      60–70% No Vote:

U.S. senator before election Herbert E. Hitchcock Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Chan Gurney Republican

Hitchcock lost the Democratic May 3, 1938, primary for the next term to Governor of South Dakota Tom Berry.

Tennessee (special)

1938 United States Senate special election in Tennessee

← 1936 November 8, 1938 1942 →

Nominee Tom Stewart Harvey G. Fowler Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 194,028 72,098 Percentage 70.50% 26.20%

Senator before election George L. Berry Democratic Elected Senator Tom Stewart Democratic

Utah

1938 United States Senate election in Utah

← 1932 November 8, 1938 1944 →

Nominee Elbert D. Thomas Franklin S. Harris Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 102,353 81,071 Percentage 55.80% 44.20%

County results Thomas:      50–60%      60–70% Harris:      50–60%      60–70%

U.S. senator before election Elbert D. Thomas Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Elbert D. Thomas Democratic

Vermont

1938 United States Senate election in Vermont

← 1934 November 8, 1938 (1938-11-08) 1940 →

Nominee Ernest W. Gibson Sr. John McGrath Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 73,990 38,673 Percentage 65.7% 34.3%

U.S. senator before election Ernest W. Gibson Sr. Republican Elected U.S. Senator Ernest W. Gibson Sr. Republican

Washington

1938 United States Senate election in Washington

← 1932 November 8, 1938 1944 →

Nominee Homer Bone Ewing D. Colvin Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 371,535 220,204 Percentage 62.62% 37.12%

Results by county Bone:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80% Colvin:      50–60%

U.S. senator before election Homer Bone Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Homer Bone Democratic

Wisconsin

1938 United States Senate election in Wisconsin

← 1932 November 8, 1938 1944 →

Nominee Alexander Wiley Herman L. Ekern F. Ryan Duffy Party Republican Progressive Democratic Popular vote 446,770 249,209 231,976 Percentage 47.66% 26.58% 24.74%

County results Wiley:      30–40%      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80% Ekern:      40–50% Duffy:      30–40%      40–50%

U.S. senator before election F. Ryan Duffy Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Alexander Wiley Republican

Further reading

• Dunn, Susan. Roosevelt's Purge: How FDR Fought to Change the Democratic Party (2010) excerpt and text search
• Hixson, Walter L. "The 1938 Kentucky Senate Election: Alben W. Barkley, "Happy" Chandler, and The New Deal." Register of the Kentucky Historical Society (1982): 309–329. in JSTOR
• Plesur, Milton. "The Republican Congressional Comeback of 1938", Review of Politics Vol. 24, No. 4 (October 1962), pp. 525–562 in JSTOR
• Official New York result: LEHMAN PLURALITY OFFICIALLY 64,394; State Board Puts His Vote Finally at 2,391,286, With 2,326,892 for Dewey LABOR'S POLL AT 419,979 Blank, Void and Scattered Ballots Totaled 75,047; Poletti Won by 229,361 in NYT on December 8, 1938 (subscription required)

See also

• 1938 United States elections
  • 1938 United States gubernatorial elections
  • 1938 United States House of Representatives elections
• 75th United States Congress
• 76th United States Congress

Notes

1. ^ On the day of the special election, the interim appointee, Dixie Bibb Graves had resigned and been replaced by a new interim appointee — J. Lister Hill — who then won the special election ("Hold") and was re-elected in November ("Re-elected").
2. Appointee elected
3. Rev. Herman J. Hahn, of Buffalo, ran also for Lieutenant Governor in 1928 and 1936.
4. O. Martin Olson, of Jamestown, ran also for Comptroller in 1934

References

1. 1939 Britannica Book of the Year, "Democratic Party". pp. 205–206.
2. LIFE. Time Inc. 1994. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-88682-602-4. ISSN 0024-3019. Retrieved October 5, 2014.
3. Murphy, Paul (1974). Political Parties In American History, Volume 3, 1890-present. G. P. Putnam's Sons.
4. "Our Campaigns - AL US Senate - Special D Primary Race - Jan 04, 1938". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
5. "Our Campaigns - AL US Senate - Special Election Race - Apr 26, 1938". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
6. ^ "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 8, 1938" (PDF). Clerk.house.gov. Retrieved July 14, 2019.
7. "Our Campaigns - AL US Senate Race - Nov 08, 1938". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
8. "Our Campaigns - AZ US Senate - D Primary Race - Sep 13, 1938". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved July 16, 2019.
9. "Our Campaigns - AZ US Senate Race - Nov 08, 1938". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved July 15, 2019.
10. ^ Hagerty, James A. (September 30, 1938). "DEWEY NOMINATED BY REPUBLICANS; ATTACKES TAMMANY; CHOICE BY ACCLAMATION Dewey Defends Decision to Run Points to Prosecuting Staff HAILED IN OVATION Prosecutor Promises to Rid State of 'Corruption' in 'Bigger Job' O'Brian and Corsi Nominated for Senate--A. V. McDermott for Attorney General DEWEY NOMINATED BY REPUBLICANS Republican Mayor Gets Bid to Inauguration Delay in Completing Ticket Criticizes Farm Legislation Politics the Biggest Racket". The New York Times. Retrieved July 15, 2019.
11. ^ Warren Moscow (October 1, 1938). "LEHMAN IS DRAFTED FOR FOURTH TERM; HE ATTACKS DEWEY; POLETTI ON TICKET Yielding to Pleas to Run, Governor Insists on Justice as Aide CALLS RIVAL UNQUALIFIED Rochester Platform Hits Republican's Crime Issue--Wagner, Mead Are Nominated Calls Dewey Inexperienced Dewey Crime Speech a Factor LEHMAN DRAFTED FOR FOURTH TERM Platform Strong for New Deal La Guardia a Meed Champion Farley Predicts a Big Victory Hailed as". The New York Times. Retrieved July 16, 2019.
12. ^ Hagerty, James A. (October 4, 1938). "LABORITES NAME LEHMAN WAGNER; ADOPT PLATFORM; OVATION FOR BOTH Governor, Accepting, Stresses Policy of Law Enforcement POLETTI ALSO NOMINATED Endorsement Efforts Fall Wagner Cites Record La Guardia is Acclaimed as He Urges Candidates Friendly to Roosevelt LABORITIES NAME LEHMAN, WAGNER Yields to Dubinsky Lehman Is Acclaimed Hillman Offers Wagner's Name Vladeck in Seconding Speech". The New York Times. Retrieved July 16, 2019.
13. "NY US Senate". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 11, 2020.
14. "Our Campaigns - SD US Senate - D Primary Race - May 03, 1938". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
15. "Our Campaigns - SD US Senate - R Primary Race - May 03, 1938". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved July 17, 2020.